Master Index Hub Overview

Welcome to the Convoluted Organization™ Enterprise Reference Hub. Below are all 38 integrated infrastructure platforms, fully color-coded by category type, expanding each reference table to 200 exhaustive administrative commands with a verbose technical summary header.

Microsoft Purview Gov

Unified data governance, lineage tracking, and automated asset scanning.

200 CommandsGovernance

Collibra Governance Gov

REST API and administrative reference matrix for Collibra governance.

200 CommandsGovernance

Alation Catalog Sync Gov

Metadata extraction, stewardship metrics, and bulk sync matrix.

200 CommandsGovernance

PostgreSQL OLTP

Core transactional engine parameters, extensions, and CLI maintenance.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

MySQL Enterprise OLTP

InnoDB configurations, replication setups, and operational commands.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

SQL Server T-SQL OLTP

Administrative, diagnostic, and maintenance script matrix for T-SQL.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

Oracle Database OLTP

SQL*Plus, RMAN operations, and tablespace management matrix.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

IBM Db2 z/OS OLTP

TSO/ISPF console commands and subsystem operations matrix.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

MariaDB OLTP

Aria/InnoDB storage engine and administrative CLI matrix.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

SQLite OLTP

Lightweight CLI, PRAGMA configuration, and administrative matrix.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

CockroachDB OLTP

Distributed SQL, multi-node ranges, and cluster management.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

PingCAP TiDB OLTP

Distributed HTAP, Placement Driver, and TiUP operational matrix.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

Amazon Aurora OLTP

AWS CLI, RDS parameter groups, and managed cluster operations.

200 CommandsRelational OLTP

Snowflake Data Cloud OLAP

Virtual warehouse sizing, RBAC, time travel, and stream-tasks.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Google BigQuery OLAP

Serverless data warehouse bq CLI and analytics SQL matrix.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Amazon Redshift OLAP

AWS CLI and SQL administrative columnar warehouse matrix.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

ClickHouse Analytics OLAP

MergeTree columnar engine and high-speed analytical queries.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Databricks Unity OLAP

Unity catalog governance, Delta Lake optimization, and Spark SQL.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Apache Druid OLAP

Real-time analytical time-series and ingestion supervisors.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

DuckDB OLAP

Embedded vectorized analytical processing and cloud extension CLI.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Trino (Presto) OLAP

Federated distributed SQL querying across multi-source catalogs.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Apache Hive OLAP

Beeline CLI, Metastore catalog, and HiveQL operational matrix.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

Apache Iceberg OLAP

Open table format snapshot history, compaction, and maintenance.

200 CommandsAnalytical OLAP

MongoDB Enterprise NOSQL

Document-oriented database, replica sets, and aggregations.

200 CommandsNoSQL

Apache Cassandra NOSQL

Wide-column distributed cqlsh CLI and nodetool maintenance.

200 CommandsNoSQL

Apache HBase NOSQL

Hadoop column family database shell and cluster administration.

200 CommandsNoSQL

CouchDB NOSQL

Document store REST API, view indexing, and Couch replication.

200 CommandsNoSQL

Amazon DynamoDB NOSQL

Serverless NoSQL key-value store AWS CLI administration.

200 CommandsNoSQL

Redis Enterprise NOSQL

In-memory data structure store, caching, and streams matrix.

200 CommandsNoSQL

Memcached NOSQL

Distributed memory object caching server management matrix.

200 CommandsNoSQL

Apache Flink Stream

Stateful stream processing and real-time pipeline management.

200 CommandsStreaming

Apache Kafka Events Stream

Distributed event streams, topics, and consumer groups.

200 CommandsStreaming

InfluxDB Stream

Time-series database metrics, Flux queries, and buckets matrix.

200 CommandsStreaming

Neo4j Graph GRAPH

Connected data traversal, Cypher querying, and graph algorithms.

200 CommandsGraph & Vector

Amazon Neptune Graph GRAPH

Managed graph cluster, Gremlin traversal, and SPARQL matrix.

200 CommandsGraph & Vector

Milvus Vector DB VECTOR

High-performance vector similarity search and index management.

200 CommandsGraph & Vector

Qdrant Vector DB VECTOR

Vector database similarity search, payload filters, and snapshots.

200 CommandsGraph & Vector

Pinecone Vector Index VECTOR

Managed vector index serverless SDK and namespace operations.

200 CommandsGraph & Vector

Microsoft Purview Gov

Technical Architecture & Overview

Microsoft Purview is an enterprise-grade, unified data governance and compliance solution designed to manage and govern data across on-premises, multi-cloud (Azure, AWS, GCP), and SaaS environments. Built on an open Apache Atlas metadata framework, Purview automatically scans, classifies, and maps data assets to construct an end-to-end data map and automated lineage graph.

Primary Use Cases: Automated data discovery, PII/PHI sensitive data classification, automated data lineage tracking for ETL/ELT pipelines (Data Factory, Synapse, Databricks), business glossary management, and fine-grained attribute-based access control (ABAC) policies across distributed enterprise storage.

Core Components: Data Map (Atlas-compatible graph engine), Data Catalog (search, business glossary, asset curation), Data Insights (operational telemetry, classification coverage, sensitivity label distributions), and Policy Store (access policies and consent enforcement).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Microsoft Purview.

#	Operation / Action	API / PowerShell Syntax	Description
1	Get Account Info	Get-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview'	Retrieves Purview account metadata.
2	New Scan Rule	New-AzPurviewScanRule -Endpoint https://org-purview.scan.purview.azure.com	Defines custom classification rules.
3	Trigger Data Scan	Start-AzPurviewScan -ScanName 'SqlScan' -ResourceGroupName 'rg-data'	Initiates source metadata extraction.
4	List Classifications	Get-AzPurviewClassificationRule	Outputs built-in/custom classifiers.
5	Get Asset Lineage	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/{guid}	Extracts end-to-end data provenance.
6	Search Catalog Assets	POST /catalog/api/search/query	Executes full-text asset search.
7	Create Glossary Term	POST /catalog/api/glossary/terms	Adds a governance business term.
8	List Collections	GET /account/api/collections	Retrieves hierarchical collection nodes.
9	Assign Collection Role	POST /account/api/collections/{name}/roleAssignments	Delegates security roles.
10	Get Scan Status	Get-AzPurviewScanStatus -ScanId 'scan-123'	Inspects active scan progress.
11	Delete Asset Record	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}	Purges metadata entity from catalog.
12	Create DataSource	PUT /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}	Registers a new target data source.
13	List Data Sources	GET /scan/api/datasources	Lists all registered data sources.
14	Get Classification Rules	GET /scan/api/classificationrules	Fetches all active scanning rules.
15	Trigger Bulk Classification	POST /catalog/api/discovery/classify	Runs batch asset classification.
16	Export Sensitivity Labels	Get-AzPurviewSensitivityLabel	Outputs applied sensitivity tags.
17	Create Policy Assignment	POST /policy/api/assignments	Applies attribute-based access policy.
18	Get Insight Metrics	GET /insights/api/asset/count	Retrieves asset catalog volume counts.
19	Set Managed Endpoint	Set-AzPurviewManagedPrivateEndpoint	Configures secure network peering.
20	Get Insights Scans	GET /insights/api/scan/status	Fetches operational scan analytics.
21	List Custom Attributes	GET /catalog/api/types/typedefs?type=entity	Inspects metadata schema definitions.
22	Create Business Metadata	POST /catalog/api/types/typedefs	Adds custom metadata attributes.
23	Get Credential Reference	Get-AzPurviewCredential	Retrieves secure connector key mapping.
24	Create Credential	New-AzPurviewCredential -Name 'SQLAuth'	Provisions a new scanning credential.
25	Get Kafka Notification	GET /notifications/api/events	Retrieves event stream hooks.
26	Update Glossary Term	PUT /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{guid}	Modifies business definition tags.
27	Get Policy Status	GET /policy/api/status	Verifies data plane policy deployment.
28	List Kerberos Configurations	GET /scan/api/kerberos	Inspects local enterprise auth setups.
29	Test Data Source Connectivity	POST /scan/api/datasources/{name}/testConnect	Validates source reachability.
30	Remove Purview Account	Remove-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview'	Decommissions the Purview service.
31	Get Entity by GUID	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}	Fetches details of a specific metadata entity.
32	Bulk Create Entities	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/bulk	Creates multiple metadata entities in one payload.
33	Bulk Update Entities	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/bulk	Updates multiple entity properties simultaneously.
34	Delete Entity by Unique Attribute	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/uniqueAttribute/type/{typeName}	Deletes an entity based on a unique attribute.
35	Get Glossary by GUID	GET /catalog/api/glossary/{glossaryGuid}	Retrieves a business glossary by its unique GUID.
36	Create New Glossary	POST /catalog/api/glossary	Establishes a new top-level business glossary.
37	Delete Glossary	DELETE /catalog/api/glossary/{glossaryGuid}	Removes a business glossary and its terms.
38	Get Term by GUID	GET /catalog/api/glossary/term/{termGuid}	Fetches detailed metadata for a glossary term.
39	Import Glossary Terms	POST /catalog/api/glossary/{glossaryGuid}/terms/import	Bulk imports business terms from CSV.
40	Export Glossary Terms	POST /catalog/api/glossary/{glossaryGuid}/terms/export	Exports business terms to downloadable CSV.
41	Get Term Assigned Entities	GET /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/assignedEntities	Lists all catalog assets assigned to a term.
42	Assign Term to Entity	POST /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/assignedEntities	Links a business term to catalog assets.
43	Disassociate Term from Entity	DELETE /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/assignedEntities	Unlinks a business term from catalog assets.
44	Get Collection Path	GET /account/api/collections/{collectionName}	Retrieves hierarchical path of a collection.
45	Create Sub-Collection	PUT /account/api/collections/{parentName}/childCollections/{childName}	Provisions a nested collection under parent.
46	Delete Collection	DELETE /account/api/collections/{collectionName}	Removes a governance collection node.
47	List Collection Role Assignments	GET /account/api/collections/{collectionName}/roleAssignments	Inspects security roles assigned to a collection.
48	Revoke Collection Role Assignment	DELETE /account/api/collections/{collectionName}/roleAssignments/{roleAssignmentId}	Revokes security access from a collection.
49	Get Key Vault Connection	GET /scan/api/keyvaults/{keyVaultName}	Inspects Azure Key Vault connector settings.
50	Register Key Vault	PUT /scan/api/keyvaults/{keyVaultName}	Registers Key Vault for scanning secret management.
51	List Scans for Data Source	GET /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans	Lists all scan configurations for a data source.
52	Create Scan Configuration	PUT /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans/{scanName}	Provisions a new scan schedule and rule set.
53	Run Immediate Scan	POST /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans/{scanName}/run	Triggers an on-demand scan execution.
54	Cancel Running Scan	POST /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans/{scanName}/runs/{runId}/cancel	Stops an active data scanning job.
55	Get Scan History	GET /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans/{scanName}/runs	Fetches execution log history for scans.
56	Get Scan Filter	GET /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans/{scanName}/filters/custom	Inspects asset inclusion/exclusion filters.
57	Update Scan Filter	PUT /scan/api/datasources/{dataSourceName}/scans/{scanName}/filters/custom	Updates file and path filters for scanning.
58	List System Classification Rules	GET /scan/api/systemClassificationRules	Lists default system-defined classifiers.
59	Create Custom Classification Rule	PUT /scan/api/classificationrules/{ruleName}	Creates custom regex or dictionary classifier.
60	Delete Classification Rule	DELETE /scan/api/classificationrules/{ruleName}	Removes a custom classification rule.
61	List Rule Sets	GET /scan/api/scanrulesets	Lists all system and custom scan rule sets.
62	Create Scan Rule Set	PUT /scan/api/scanrulesets/{setName}	Groups classifiers into a scan rule set.
63	Delete Scan Rule Set	DELETE /scan/api/scanrulesets/{setName}	Removes a custom scan rule set.
64	Get Lineage Edge	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/{guid}/next	Retrieves downstream data flow lineage steps.
65	Get Ancestor Lineage	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/{guid}/previous	Retrieves upstream data flow origin steps.
66	Create Custom Relationship	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/relationship	Creates custom relationship between assets.
67	Delete Relationship	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/relationship/guid/{guid}	Removes a relationship link between assets.
68	Get Type Definition	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedef/name/{name}	Inspects structural schema for type definition.
69	Delete Type Definition	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs	Deletes custom entity or attribute definitions.
70	List All Classifications	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs?type=classification	Lists all classification type definitions.
71	Create Custom Classification Type	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs	Defines new custom classification category.
72	Add Label to Entity	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/labels	Applies tags/labels to a catalog asset.
73	Remove Label from Entity	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/labels	Removes tags/labels from a catalog asset.
74	List Sensitivity Labels	GET /policy/api/sensitivitylabels	Lists Purview Microsoft Information Protection labels.
75	Set Asset Sensitivity Label	POST /catalog/api/entity/guid/{guid}/sensitivitylabel	Applies MIP sensitivity label to asset.
76	Get Data Map Metrics	GET /insights/api/datamap/summary	Retrieves data map asset counts and size metrics.
77	Get Governance Insights	GET /insights/api/governance/coverage	Evaluates stewardship coverage across data map.
78	Get Classification Insights	GET /insights/api/classifications/summary	Retrieves breakdown of applied classifications.
79	Get Sensitivity Insights	GET /insights/api/sensitivity/summary	Retrieves breakdown of MIP sensitivity labels.
80	Get Glossary Insights	GET /insights/api/glossary/summary	Evaluates glossary term adoption and mapping.
81	List Policy Store Rules	GET /policy/api/policystore/policies	Lists data governance access policies.
82	Create Data Access Policy	POST /policy/api/policystore/policies	Provisions access rule for Purview data map.
83	Delete Access Policy	DELETE /policy/api/policystore/policies/{policyId}	Removes data access policy from store.
84	Set Account Firewall	Set-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' -PublicNetworkAccess Disabled	Enforces private network perimeter.
85	Create Private Endpoint	New-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection	Provisions private endpoint connection.
86	Approve Private Endpoint	Approve-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection	Approves pending private link request.
87	Reject Private Endpoint	Deny-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection	Rejects private link connection request.
88	List Private Endpoints	Get-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection	Lists all connected private endpoints.
89	Set Resource Tags	Update-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' -Tag @{Env='Prod'}	Applies Azure tags to Purview resource.
90	Get Event Hub Notification Config	GET /account/api/eventhub/notification	Inspects Kafka/Event Hub streaming hooks.
91	Set Event Hub Notification Config	PUT /account/api/eventhub/notification	Configures streaming diagnostic notification hub.
92	Get Purview SKU Info	Get-AzPurviewAccountSku	Inspects throughput capacity and SKU units.
93	Update Purview SKU	Update-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' -SkuCapacity 4	Scales Purview Data Map capacity units.
94	List Managed Resources	Get-AzPurviewManagedResource	Lists storage accounts managed by Purview.
95	Get Scan Diagnostics	GET /scan/api/diagnostics/summary	Retrieves error logs for failed scan jobs.
96	Purge Catalog Cache	POST /catalog/api/cache/purge	Flushes temporary search and query caches.
97	Verify Metastore Sync	GET /catalog/api/metastore/sync/status	Checks metadata synchronization state.
98	List Business Metadata Types	GET /catalog/api/types/typedefs?type=business_metadata	Lists custom business metadata groups.
99	Assign Business Metadata	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/businessmetadata	Applies business metadata attributes to asset.
100	Remove Business Metadata	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/businessmetadata	Removes business metadata attributes from asset.
101	Get Private Link Resource	Get-AzPurviewPrivateLinkResource -AccountName 'org-purview'	Lists supported private link resource types.
102	New Private Link Service	New-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection	Provisions a private endpoint for secure catalog traffic.
103	Get Account Key Vault Link	Get-AzPurviewKeyVault -AccountName 'org-purview'	Retrieves Key Vault integration references.
104	Add Key Vault Connection	New-AzPurviewKeyVault -AccountName 'org-purview' -KeyVaultUrl 'https://kv.vault.azure.net/'	Registers Key Vault for scanning secret management.
105	Remove Key Vault Connection	Remove-AzPurviewKeyVault -AccountName 'org-purview' -KeyVaultName 'kv'	Deletes Key Vault integration from Purview.
106	Get Data Factory Lineage Sync	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/datafactory/{factoryGuid}	Inspects Azure Data Factory pipeline lineage sync status.
107	Get Databricks Lineage Sync	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/databricks/{workspaceId}	Inspects Unity Catalog to Purview lineage connector.
108	Get Synapse Lineage Sync	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/synapse/{workspaceGuid}	Inspects Azure Synapse Analytics pipeline lineage sync.
109	Get Snowflake Lineage Sync	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/snowflake/{accountName}	Inspects Snowflake data map lineage extraction.
110	Get PowerBI Lineage Sync	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/powerbi/{tenantId}	Inspects PowerBI dashboard and dataset lineage flow.
111	Get SQL Server Lineage Sync	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/sqlserver/{serverGuid}	Inspects SQL Server stored procedure lineage sync.
112	Create Custom Atlas Type	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs	Provisions custom COM_Asset type in Atlas graph.
113	Get Entity Lineage Depth	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/{guid}?direction=BOTH&depth=5	Fetches 5-level upstream and downstream lineage graph.
114	Get Lineage Impact Analysis	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/{guid}/impact	Evaluates downstream impact score for asset changes.
115	Set Sensitivity Label Batch	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/bulk/classification	Applies sensitivity classification to batch of GUIDs.
116	Remove Sensitivity Label Batch	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/bulk/classification	Removes sensitivity tags from batch of GUIDs.
117	Get Data Map Capacity Units	Get-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' | Select-Object SkuCapacity	Inspects provisioned capacity units (4 CUs = 10k assets/sec).
118	Set Data Map Auto Scale	Set-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' -SkuCapacity 16	Scales Purview Data Map to 16 CUs for large ingestion.
119	Export Data Map Entities CSV	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/export	Exports asset catalog to downloadable CSV archive.
120	Import Data Map Entities CSV	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/import	Imports external metadata assets from CSV payload.
121	Get Atlas Business Metadata Groups	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs?type=business_metadata	Lists all custom business metadata groups.
122	Get Business Metadata Group Schema	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedef/name/{groupName}	Inspects schema of custom business metadata group.
123	Delete Business Metadata Group	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs	Deletes custom business metadata group definition.
124	Get Term Parent Hierarchy	GET /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/parents	Retrieves parent term taxonomy nodes.
125	Get Term Child Hierarchy	GET /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/children	Retrieves child term taxonomy nodes.
126	Link Related Terms	POST /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/related	Creates bidirectional relationship between business terms.
127	Unlink Related Terms	DELETE /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/related	Removes relationship link between business terms.
128	Get Term Synonyms	GET /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/synonyms	Lists alternate synonym names for business term.
129	Add Term Synonym	POST /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/synonyms	Adds alternate synonym to business term.
130	Get Term Acronyms	GET /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/acronyms	Lists business acronyms mapped to term.
131	Add Term Acronym	POST /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{termGuid}/acronyms	Adds business acronym mapping to term.
132	Get Collection Hierarchy Tree	GET /account/api/collections/tree	Fetches complete organizational collection tree.
133	Move Asset Between Collections	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/move?targetCollection={collectionName}	Reassigns asset to new collection node.
134	Bulk Move Assets Between Collections	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/bulk/move	Batch reassigns assets to new collection node.
135	Get Collection Stats	GET /account/api/collections/{collectionName}/stats	Calculates total sub-collections and assets in collection.
136	List Self-Hosted Integration Runtimes	GET /scan/api/integrationruntimes	Lists on-premises SHIR agents for scanning local DBs.
137	Get Self-Hosted IR Status	GET /scan/api/integrationruntimes/{irName}/status	Inspects health and CPU/RAM load of SHIR agent.
138	Get Self-Hosted IR Key	POST /scan/api/integrationruntimes/{irName}/listauthkeys	Generates registration key for local SHIR installation.
139	Regenerate Self-Hosted IR Key	POST /scan/api/integrationruntimes/{irName}/regenerateauthkey	Rotates security registration key for SHIR agent.
140	Delete Self-Hosted IR	DELETE /scan/api/integrationruntimes/{irName}	Removes on-premises SHIR connector.
141	Get Scan Schedule	GET /scan/api/datasources/{ds}/scans/{scanName}/triggers/default	Inspects recurring cron scanning schedule.
142	Set Scan Schedule Cron	PUT /scan/api/datasources/{ds}/scans/{scanName}/triggers/default	Schedules weekly/monthly automated scan cron.
143	Disable Scan Schedule	DELETE /scan/api/datasources/{ds}/scans/{scanName}/triggers/default	Deactivates automated scan schedule.
144	Get Scan Execution Diagnostics Log	GET /scan/api/datasources/{ds}/scans/{scanName}/runs/{runId}/error	Pulls error log trace for failed scan run.
145	Get Custom Classification Rule RegEx	GET /scan/api/classificationrules/{ruleName}/patterns	Inspects regular expression pattern for classifier.
146	Get Classification Rule Dictionary	GET /scan/api/classificationrules/{ruleName}/dictionary	Inspects match dictionary terms for classifier.
147	Get Sensitivity Label Policy Target	GET /policy/api/sensitivitylabels/policies	Inspects MIP sensitivity label auto-apply policies.
148	Create Sensitivity Label Rule	POST /policy/api/sensitivitylabels/rules	Provisions rule auto-labeling assets matching classifications.
149	Get Policy Enforcement Point	GET /policy/api/enforcement/status	Verifies policy enforcement state across target storage.
150	Create Data Governance Role	POST /account/api/roles	Provisions custom role in Purview access control.
151	Get User Assigned Roles	GET /account/api/users/{userId}/roles	Lists Purview roles assigned to specific Azure AD principal.
152	Grant User Collection Admin	POST /account/api/collections/{col}/roleAssignments	Grants Collection Admin role to Azure AD principal.
153	Grant User Data Curator	POST /account/api/collections/{col}/roleAssignments	Grants Data Curator role to Azure AD principal.
154	Grant User Data Reader	POST /account/api/collections/{col}/roleAssignments	Grants Data Reader role to Azure AD principal.
155	Grant User Workflow Admin	POST /account/api/collections/{col}/roleAssignments	Grants Workflow Admin role to Azure AD principal.
156	List Data Workflows	GET /workflow/api/workflows	Lists automated data governance workflows.
157	Create Data Workflow	POST /workflow/api/workflows	Provisions approval workflow for term creation/asset edits.
158	Update Data Workflow	PUT /workflow/api/workflows/{workflowId}	Modifies BPMN approval workflow steps.
159	Delete Data Workflow	DELETE /workflow/api/workflows/{workflowId}	Removes governance workflow.
160	Get Workflow Run History	GET /workflow/api/workflowruns	Inspects pending and completed workflow executions.
161	Approve Workflow Request	POST /workflow/api/userrequests/{requestId}/approve	Approves pending governance approval ticket.
162	Reject Workflow Request	POST /workflow/api/userrequests/{requestId}/reject	Rejects pending governance approval ticket.
163	Get User Inbox Tasks	GET /workflow/api/userrequests/pending	Lists active pending approval tasks assigned to current user.
164	Get Metastore Sync Logs	GET /catalog/api/metastore/sync/logs	Pulls execution logs for Hive Metastore / Unity sync.
165	Get Data Map Search Autocomplete	POST /catalog/api/search/autocomplete	Provides real-time search term completion suggestions.
166	Get Data Map Search Suggest	POST /catalog/api/search/suggest	Provides fuzzy asset search suggestions.
167	Get Asset Relationships List	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/relationships	Lists all connected edge relationships for asset.
168	Get Asset Classification History	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/classificationHistory	Audit trail of applied/removed classifications.
169	Get Data Map Schema Drift	GET /insights/api/schema/drift	Identifies tables where physical schema drifted from catalog.
170	Get Unclassified Assets Report	GET /insights/api/assets/unclassified	Lists assets lacking applied classifications.
171	Get Uncurated Assets Report	GET /insights/api/assets/uncurated	Lists assets lacking business term or owner assignment.
172	Get Stale Assets Report	GET /insights/api/assets/stale	Lists assets untouched by scans in > 90 days.
173	Set Account Storage Firewall	Set-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' -PublicNetworkAccess Disabled	Blocks public internet traffic to Purview endpoint.
174	Get Account Private Endpoint Connections	Get-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection -AccountName 'org-purview'	Lists active private endpoint connections.
175	Delete Private Endpoint Connection	Remove-AzPurviewPrivateEndpointConnection -AccountName 'org-purview' -Name 'pe-1'	Deletes private endpoint connection.
176	Get Account Managed Identity	Get-AzPurviewAccount -Name 'org-purview' | Select-Object Identity	Inspects System-Assigned Managed Identity Object ID.
177	Grant Managed Identity Key Vault Access	Set-AzKeyVaultAccessPolicy -VaultName 'kv' -ObjectId '{purviewMsiId}' -PermissionsToSecrets Get,List	Grants Purview MSI access to Key Vault.
178	Grant Managed Identity Storage Access	New-AzRoleAssignment -ObjectId '{purviewMsiId}' -RoleDefinitionName 'Storage Blob Data Reader' -Scope '/subscriptions/123/...'	Grants Purview MSI storage read rights.
179	Grant Managed Identity SQL Access	CREATE USER [org-purview] FROM EXTERNAL PROVIDER; ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER [org-purview];	Grants Purview MSI SQL Server read rights.
180	Get Notification Event Stream Config	GET /account/api/notification/config	Inspects Kafka/Event Hub streaming hooks for data map mutations.
181	Set Notification Event Stream Config	PUT /account/api/notification/config	Configures streaming topic for Purview atlas mutation events.
182	Test Kafka Notification Producer	POST /account/api/notification/test	Sends test payload to Kafka/Event Hub topic.
183	Get Catalog Audit Trail	GET /account/api/audit/logs	Pulls administrative modification audit logs.
184	Get Metastore Entity Counts	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/types/typedefs/summary	Outputs entity counts categorized by type.
185	Export Catalog Lineage Graph	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/lineage/export	Exports lineage DAG to GraphML/JSON format.
186	Get Glossary Term Access Control	GET /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{guid}/accessControl	Inspects ABAC access policies applied to term.
187	Set Glossary Term Access Control	PUT /catalog/api/glossary/terms/{guid}/accessControl	Restricts term edit/view permissions to specific roles.
188	Get Purview API Version	GET /account/api/version	Outputs Purview REST API build version string.
189	Check Data Map Ping	GET /account/api/ping	Health check endpoint returning 200 OK.
190	Get Data Map Search Filters	POST /catalog/api/search/filters	Inspects available search facets and filters.
191	Get Data Map Asset Owners	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/owners	Lists assigned business and technical owners.
192	Set Data Map Asset Owner	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/owners	Assigns business or technical owner to asset.
193	Remove Data Map Asset Owner	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/owners	Removes assigned owner from asset.
194	Get Data Map Asset Experts	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/experts	Lists assigned subject matter experts.
195	Set Data Map Asset Expert	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/experts	Assigns subject matter expert to asset.
196	Remove Data Map Asset Expert	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/experts	Removes subject matter expert from asset.
197	Get Asset Schema Columns	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/schema	Retrieves column schema definitions for table asset.
198	Get Column Classification Details	GET /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/classifications	Lists classifications applied to column.
199	Add Column Classification	POST /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/classifications	Applies classification tag to column.
200	Remove Column Classification	DELETE /catalog/api/atlas/v2/entity/guid/{guid}/classifications/{name}	Removes classification tag from column.

Collibra Governance Gov

Technical Architecture & Overview

Collibra Governance is an enterprise Data Intelligence Cloud platform that combines data governance, data catalog, data lineage, and data quality into a unified metadata repository. It operates on an operating model composed of Communities, Domains, Asset Types, and Attributes, providing an enterprise-wide system of record for data assets, policies, and business concepts.

Primary Use Cases: Enterprise data governance stewardship, data privacy and compliance (GDPR, CCPA, BCBS 239), business glossary standardization, automated pipeline impact analysis, workflow-driven data access approvals, and data quality rule enforcement.

Core Components: Collibra DGC (Operating Model & Governance Engine), Collibra Catalog (metadata ingestion & automated classification), Collibra Lineage (automated harvest of SQL, ETL, BI scripts), Collibra Edge (on-premises secure agent), and BPMN Workflow Engine.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Collibra Governance.

#	Operation / Action	API Endpoint / Syntax	Description
1	Get All Assets	GET /rest/2.0/assets	Retrieves paginated catalog assets.
2	Create Asset	POST /rest/2.0/assets	Provisions a new catalog object.
3	Update Asset	PATCH /rest/2.0/assets/{id}	Modifies asset properties.
4	Delete Asset	DELETE /rest/2.0/assets/{id}	Removes an asset from the catalog.
5	Find Asset by ID	GET /rest/2.0/assets/{id}	Fetches a single asset's details.
6	List Domains	GET /rest/2.0/domains	Retrieves governance domains.
7	Create Domain	POST /rest/2.0/domains	Creates a logical asset domain.
8	List Communities	GET /rest/2.0/communities	Fetches organizational communities.
9	Create Community	POST /rest/2.0/communities	Establishes a governance community.
10	Get Asset Lineage	GET /rest/2.0/lineage/{id}/upstream	Inspects data lineage upstream.
11	Create Relation	POST /rest/2.0/relations	Links two catalog assets together.
12	List Relations	GET /rest/2.0/relations	Retrieves asset dependencies.
13	Assign Responsibility	POST /rest/2.0/responsibilities	Delegates data stewardship.
14	Get Data Quality Rules	GET /rest/2.0/dataQualityRules	Fetches DQ validation logic.
15	Create Data Quality Rule	POST /rest/2.0/dataQualityRules	Adds a metric validation rule.
16	List Users	GET /rest/2.0/users	Retrieves platform user accounts.
17	Create User	POST /rest/2.0/users	Provisions a new platform user.
18	List Groups	GET /rest/2.0/userGroups	Retrieves user permission groups.
19	Assign User to Group	POST /rest/2.0/userGroups/{id}/users	Adds user to security group.
20	Export Workflow Definition	GET /rest/2.0/workflows/processes	Fetches BPMN governance workflows.
21	Deploy Workflow	POST /rest/2.0/workflows/processes	Uploads a new approval workflow.
22	Get Workflow Tasks	GET /rest/2.0/workflowTasks	Lists pending approval tasks.
23	Complete Workflow Task	POST /rest/2.0/workflowTasks/{id}/complete	Approves/rejects a governance ticket.
24	Search Global Index	GET /rest/2.0/search	Executes enterprise catalog search.
25	Get Asset Attributes	GET /rest/2.0/attributes?assetId={id}	Retrieves metadata attributes.
26	Create Attribute	POST /rest/2.0/attributes	Adds custom metadata fields.
27	Get Asset Types	GET /rest/2.0/assetTypes	Lists available asset type schemas.
28	Create Asset Type	POST /rest/2.0/assetTypes	Provisions a custom asset type.
29	Get System Health	GET /rest/2.0/system/status	Verifies backend engine status.
30	Purge Trash	POST /rest/2.0/trash/empty	Permanently deletes archived objects.
31	Get Domain Details	GET /rest/2.0/domains/{id}	Retrieves properties of a specific domain.
32	Update Domain	PATCH /rest/2.0/domains/{id}	Modifies domain attributes or parent community.
33	Delete Domain	DELETE /rest/2.0/domains/{id}	Removes a domain and optionally contents.
34	Get Community Details	GET /rest/2.0/communities/{id}	Retrieves details of a specific community.
35	Update Community	PATCH /rest/2.0/communities/{id}	Modifies community properties.
36	Delete Community	DELETE /rest/2.0/communities/{id}	Removes a community node.
37	Get Downstream Lineage	GET /rest/2.0/lineage/{id}/downstream	Inspects downstream impact analysis.
38	Get Full Lineage Graph	GET /rest/2.0/lineage/{id}/graph	Extracts complete upstream and downstream DAG.
39	Get Relation Type	GET /rest/2.0/relationTypes/{id}	Inspects definition of a relation type.
40	Create Relation Type	POST /rest/2.0/relationTypes	Defines new relationship schema between asset types.
41	Delete Relation	DELETE /rest/2.0/relations/{id}	Removes relationship link between assets.
42	List Responsibilities	GET /rest/2.0/responsibilities	Lists data stewardship assignments.
43	Delete Responsibility	DELETE /rest/2.0/responsibilities/{id}	Revokes stewardship assignment from user.
44	Get Role	GET /rest/2.0/roles/{id}	Retrieves security role definition.
45	List Roles	GET /rest/2.0/roles	Lists all system and custom governance roles.
46	Create Role	POST /rest/2.0/roles	Provisions a new custom governance role.
47	Get Attribute Type	GET /rest/2.0/attributeTypes/{id}	Inspects schema of attribute type definition.
48	Create Attribute Type	POST /rest/2.0/attributeTypes	Provisions custom attribute definition.
49	Update Attribute	PATCH /rest/2.0/attributes/{id}	Modifies value of an existing asset attribute.
50	Delete Attribute	DELETE /rest/2.0/attributes/{id}	Removes an attribute from an asset.
51	Get Complex Relation	GET /rest/2.0/complexRelations/{id}	Retrieves multi-way relationship object.
52	Create Complex Relation	POST /rest/2.0/complexRelations	Provisions N-ary relation among multiple assets.
53	Delete Complex Relation	DELETE /rest/2.0/complexRelations/{id}	Removes multi-way relationship object.
54	Get DQ Metric Results	GET /rest/2.0/dataQualityResults	Fetches history of DQ execution metrics.
55	Add DQ Metric Result	POST /rest/2.0/dataQualityResults	Posts new DQ test execution score.
56	Get User Profile	GET /rest/2.0/users/{id}	Fetches detailed account info for a user.
57	Update User Account	PATCH /rest/2.0/users/{id}	Updates email, roles, or status of a user.
58	Disable User Account	POST /rest/2.0/users/{id}/disable	Deactivates a user login.
59	Enable User Account	POST /rest/2.0/users/{id}/enable	Reactivates a user login.
60	Get User Group	GET /rest/2.0/userGroups/{id}	Retrieves user group properties.
61	Remove User from Group	DELETE /rest/2.0/userGroups/{id}/users/{userId}	Removes a user from permission group.
62	Get Workflow Instance	GET /rest/2.0/workflows/instances/{id}	Inspects running BPMN workflow instance.
63	Start Workflow Instance	POST /rest/2.0/workflows/processes/{id}/start	Triggers execution of governance workflow.
64	Cancel Workflow Instance	POST /rest/2.0/workflows/instances/{id}/cancel	Aborts a running workflow process.
65	List Workflow Tasks for User	GET /rest/2.0/workflowTasks?userId={userId}	Lists pending inbox tasks for specific user.
66	Reassign Workflow Task	POST /rest/2.0/workflowTasks/{id}/reassign	Delegates approval task to another user.
67	Get Comment	GET /rest/2.0/comments/{id}	Retrieves specific asset discussion comment.
68	Add Comment to Asset	POST /rest/2.0/comments	Posts a collaboration note on catalog asset.
69	Delete Comment	DELETE /rest/2.0/comments/{id}	Removes discussion comment.
70	Get Attachment	GET /rest/2.0/attachments/{id}	Retrieves file attachment metadata.
71	Upload Attachment	POST /rest/2.0/attachments	Attaches document/spec file to catalog asset.
72	Delete Attachment	DELETE /rest/2.0/attachments/{id}	Removes attached file from asset.
73	Get Tag	GET /rest/2.0/tags/{id}	Retrieves specific catalog tag.
74	Add Tag to Asset	POST /rest/2.0/tags/assign	Applies descriptive tag to asset.
75	Remove Tag from Asset	POST /rest/2.0/tags/unassign	Removes descriptive tag from asset.
76	Get View Count	GET /rest/2.0/navigation/mostViewed	Retrieves popularity metrics for catalog assets.
77	Export Catalog Assets CSV	POST /rest/2.0/outputModule/export/csv	Exports search or domain assets to CSV.
78	Export Catalog Assets Excel	POST /rest/2.0/outputModule/export/excel	Exports asset catalog to Excel file.
79	Import Data via Job	POST /rest/2.0/jobs/import	Bulk imports catalog entities via JSON/CSV.
80	Get Job Status	GET /rest/2.0/jobs/{id}	Monitors background import/export batch job.
81	Cancel Job	POST /rest/2.0/jobs/{id}/cancel	Stops background processing batch job.
82	Get System Info	GET /rest/2.0/system/info	Inspects version, license, and cluster build.
83	Get License Details	GET /rest/2.0/system/license	Inspects active Collibra license tier and quotas.
84	Get Audit Logs	GET /rest/2.0/auditLogs	Fetches security and administrative audit event trail.
85	Reindex Search Index	POST /rest/2.0/search/reindex	Triggers full catalog search index rebuild.
86	Get Edge Site Status	GET /rest/2.0/edge/sites	Monitors status of Collibra Edge connectors.
87	Create Edge Integration Job	POST /rest/2.0/edge/jobs	Schedules ingestion job via Edge site.
88	Get Ingestion Capability	GET /rest/2.0/edge/capabilities	Inspects supported databases on Edge sites.
89	List Governance Rules	GET /rest/2.0/rules	Lists business policies and validation logic.
90	Create Governance Rule	POST /rest/2.0/rules	Provisions new policy validation rule.
91	Delete Governance Rule	DELETE /rest/2.0/rules/{id}	Removes governance policy rule.
92	Get Custom Icon	GET /rest/2.0/icons/{id}	Retrieves custom UI icon definition.
93	Upload Custom Icon	POST /rest/2.0/icons	Uploads custom asset icon graphics.
94	Get Mail Configuration	GET /rest/2.0/mail/status	Inspects SMTP email notification server.
95	Send Test Mail	POST /rest/2.0/mail/test	Sends test email to verify SMTP gateway.
96	Get LDAP Config	GET /rest/2.0/ldap/configuration	Inspects enterprise directory integration.
97	Sync LDAP Users	POST /rest/2.0/ldap/sync	Executes directory user synchronization.
98	Get SSO SAML Metadata	GET /rest/2.0/sso/saml/metadata	Exports SAML service provider metadata.
99	Purge Asset Permanently	DELETE /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/purge	Bypasses trash and purges asset.
100	Restore Asset from Trash	POST /rest/2.0/trash/restore	Restores archived asset from trash bin.
101	Purge Asset Permanently	DELETE /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/purge	Bypasses trash and purges asset.
102	Restore Asset from Trash	POST /rest/2.0/trash/restore	Restores archived asset from trash bin.
103	Get All Communities Paginated	GET /rest/2.0/communities?limit=100&offset=0	Paginates through organizational communities.
104	Get Sub-Communities	GET /rest/2.0/communities?parentId={id}	Lists nested sub-communities under parent.
105	Get Community Domains	GET /rest/2.0/domains?communityId={id}	Lists governance domains within community.
106	Get Domain Assets Paginated	GET /rest/2.0/assets?domainId={id}&limit=100	Paginates assets contained in domain.
107	Change Asset Domain	POST /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/domain/{targetDomainId}	Moves asset to different governance domain.
108	Change Asset Name	PATCH /rest/2.0/assets/{id}	Updates primary display name of asset.
109	Change Asset Type	POST /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/type/{targetTypeId}	Converts asset to different asset type.
110	Get Asset Status	GET /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/status	Inspects lifecycle status (Candidate, Approved, Obsolete).
111	Set Asset Status	POST /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/status/{statusId}	Updates lifecycle status of asset.
112	Get Asset Relations By Type	GET /rest/2.0/relations?sourceId={id}&relationTypeId={relTypeId}	Lists relations matching specific type.
113	Delete Relations Batch	DELETE /rest/2.0/relations/bulk	Batch deletes relationship links.
114	Get Complex Relation Type	GET /rest/2.0/complexRelationTypes/{id}	Inspects definition of complex relation type.
115	List Complex Relation Types	GET /rest/2.0/complexRelationTypes	Lists all complex relation schemas.
116	Create Complex Relation Type	POST /rest/2.0/complexRelationTypes	Provisions new multi-way relation schema.
117	Delete Complex Relation Type	DELETE /rest/2.0/complexRelationTypes/{id}	Deletes complex relation schema.
118	Get Attribute Types By Group	GET /rest/2.0/attributeTypes?groupId={id}	Lists attribute types belonging to group.
119	List Attribute Type Groups	GET /rest/2.0/attributeTypeGroups	Lists attribute type organization groups.
120	Create Attribute Type Group	POST /rest/2.0/attributeTypeGroups	Provisions new attribute organization group.
121	Get Asset Type Assignment	GET /rest/2.0/assignments?assetTypeId={id}	Inspects allowed attributes/relations for asset type.
122	Create Asset Type Assignment	POST /rest/2.0/assignments	Binds attribute/relation types to an asset type.
123	Update Asset Type Assignment	PATCH /rest/2.0/assignments/{id}	Modifies allowed attribute cardinality/rules.
124	Delete Asset Type Assignment	DELETE /rest/2.0/assignments/{id}	Unbinds attribute/relation types from asset type.
125	Get Scope Definition	GET /rest/2.0/scopes/{id}	Inspects scope governing assignment rules.
126	List Scopes	GET /rest/2.0/scopes	Lists global and domain scopes.
127	Create Scope	POST /rest/2.0/scopes	Provisions governance assignment scope.
128	Get Stewardship Role Assignments	GET /rest/2.0/responsibilities?roleId={roleId}	Lists all stewards assigned to specific role.
129	Add Responsibility Batch	POST /rest/2.0/responsibilities/bulk	Batch assigns stewardship roles across assets.
130	Remove Responsibility Batch	DELETE /rest/2.0/responsibilities/bulk	Batch revokes stewardship assignments.
131	Get User Permissions Summary	GET /rest/2.0/users/{id}/permissions	Calculates global and domain permissions for user.
132	Get Group Permissions Summary	GET /rest/2.0/userGroups/{id}/permissions	Calculates permissions for security group.
133	Grant Global Permission	POST /rest/2.0/permissions	Grants global administrative permission to group/role.
134	Revoke Global Permission	DELETE /rest/2.0/permissions/{id}	Revokes global administrative permission.
135	Get Workflow Process Definition	GET /rest/2.0/workflows/processes/{id}	Retrieves BPMN XML definition of workflow.
136	Update Workflow Process Definition	PUT /rest/2.0/workflows/processes/{id}	Updates BPMN XML code of workflow.
137	Delete Workflow Process Definition	DELETE /rest/2.0/workflows/processes/{id}	Deletes governance workflow definition.
138	Get Workflow Task Form Data	GET /rest/2.0/workflowTasks/{id}/formProperties	Fetches required user input fields for task.
139	Submit Task Form Data	POST /rest/2.0/workflowTasks/{id}/completed	Submits completed form data to advance workflow.
140	Get Workflow Variable	GET /rest/2.0/workflows/instances/{id}/variables/{name}	Inspects process variable in workflow instance.
141	Set Workflow Variable	PUT /rest/2.0/workflows/instances/{id}/variables/{name}	Modifies process variable in workflow instance.
142	Get Data Quality Rule Definition	GET /rest/2.0/dataQualityRules/{id}	Inspects pass/fail logic of DQ rule.
143	Update Data Quality Rule	PATCH /rest/2.0/dataQualityRules/{id}	Modifies threshold or metric logic of DQ rule.
144	Delete Data Quality Rule	DELETE /rest/2.0/dataQualityRules/{id}	Deletes DQ rule definition.
145	Get DQ Metric Aggregations	GET /rest/2.0/dataQualityResults/aggregation	Calculates average DQ pass rates by domain.
146	Get Lineage Harvesting Execution Logs	GET /rest/2.0/lineage/harvests/{id}/logs	Pulls execution log for lineage extraction job.
147	Trigger Lineage Harvesting Job	POST /rest/2.0/lineage/harvests	Triggers automated lineage harvesting execution.
148	Cancel Lineage Harvesting Job	POST /rest/2.0/lineage/harvests/{id}/cancel	Aborts running lineage harvesting job.
149	Get Edge Connector Site Detail	GET /rest/2.0/edge/sites/{id}	Inspects health, host, and version of Edge site.
150	Upgrade Edge Connector Site	POST /rest/2.0/edge/sites/{id}/upgrade	Triggers remote software upgrade of Edge agent.
151	Get Edge Connection Details	GET /rest/2.0/edge/connections/{id}	Inspects JDBC connection parameters on Edge site.
152	Create Edge Connection	POST /rest/2.0/edge/connections	Registers new JDBC data source on Edge site.
153	Test Edge Connection	POST /rest/2.0/edge/connections/{id}/test	Tests JDBC connectivity from Edge site to database.
154	Delete Edge Connection	DELETE /rest/2.0/edge/connections/{id}	Removes JDBC data source from Edge site.
155	Get Navigation Taxonomy Tree	GET /rest/2.0/navigation/tree	Fetches hierarchical navigation tree.
156	Get Most Frequent Search Queries	GET /rest/2.0/search/topQueries	Pulls top search keywords typed by users.
157	Get Asset View Statistics	GET /rest/2.0/assets/{id}/statistics	Inspects page views and unique visitors for asset.
158	Get Comment Thread	GET /rest/2.0/comments?assetId={id}	Retrieves threaded comments on catalog asset.
159	Update Comment	PATCH /rest/2.0/comments/{id}	Modifies text of posted comment.
160	Get Asset Ratings	GET /rest/2.0/ratings?assetId={id}	Calculates average star rating for asset.
161	Add Asset Rating	POST /rest/2.0/ratings	Submits 1-5 star rating and review for asset.
162	Delete Asset Rating	DELETE /rest/2.0/ratings/{id}	Removes star rating from asset.
163	Get Asset Favorites	GET /rest/2.0/favorites?userId={id}	Lists assets bookmarked by user.
164	Add Asset to Favorites	POST /rest/2.0/favorites	Bookmarks asset for current user.
165	Remove Asset from Favorites	DELETE /rest/2.0/favorites/{id}	Removes bookmarked asset for current user.
166	Get Asset Subscription	GET /rest/2.0/subscriptions?assetId={id}	Lists users subscribed to notification updates on asset.
167	Subscribe to Asset	POST /rest/2.0/subscriptions	Subscribes user to email notifications for asset modifications.
168	Unsubscribe from Asset	DELETE /rest/2.0/subscriptions/{id}	Unsubscribes user from asset notifications.
169	Get Active Session Count	GET /rest/2.0/system/sessions	Lists active HTTP user sessions.
170	Terminate User Session	DELETE /rest/2.0/system/sessions/{sessionId}	Force-logs out active user session.
171	Get Cache Configuration	GET /rest/2.0/system/cache	Inspects status of in-memory application caches.
172	Flush Specific Cache	POST /rest/2.0/system/cache/{cacheName}/flush	Purges specific application cache.
173	Flush All System Caches	POST /rest/2.0/system/cache/flushAll	Purges all in-memory application caches.
174	Get Backup Export File	GET /rest/2.0/system/backup	Downloads platform configuration backup ZIP archive.
175	Restore Platform Backup	POST /rest/2.0/system/restore	Restores platform configuration from ZIP archive.
176	Get Maintenance Mode Status	GET /rest/2.0/system/maintenance	Inspects whether maintenance mode is active.
177	Enable Maintenance Mode	POST /rest/2.0/system/maintenance/enable	Puts Collibra in read-only maintenance mode.
178	Disable Maintenance Mode	POST /rest/2.0/system/maintenance/disable	Restores normal read-write operation.
179	Get SAML Identity Provider Config	GET /rest/2.0/sso/saml/config	Inspects SAML IdP configuration settings.
180	Update SAML Identity Provider Config	PUT /rest/2.0/sso/saml/config	Updates SAML IdP certificate or SSO URL.
181	Get LDAP Synchronization Status	GET /rest/2.0/ldap/status	Inspects background LDAP user directory sync.
182	Cancel LDAP Synchronization	POST /rest/2.0/ldap/cancel	Aborts running LDAP user directory sync.
183	Get Mail Queue Status	GET /rest/2.0/mail/queue	Inspects pending email notification queue.
184	Purge Mail Queue	DELETE /rest/2.0/mail/queue	Clears pending email notification queue.
185	Get API Rate Limit Quotas	GET /rest/2.0/system/ratelimits	Inspects REST API rate limit counters per IP/user.
186	Get System Thread Dump	GET /rest/2.0/system/threaddump	Downloads JVM thread stack trace dump for diagnostics.
187	Get System Memory Metrics	GET /rest/2.0/system/memory	Inspects JVM heap, non-heap, and GC stats.
188	Get Database Migration Status	GET /rest/2.0/system/db/migration	Inspects database Liquibase schema migration status.
189	Check Collibra API Ping	GET /rest/2.0/system/ping	Health check endpoint returning 200 OK.
190	Get Asset Attribute History	GET /rest/2.0/attributes/{id}/history	Audit log of attribute value modifications.
191	Get Asset Relation History	GET /rest/2.0/relations/{id}/history	Audit log of relation link modifications.
192	Get Asset Type Details	GET /rest/2.0/assetTypes/{id}	Inspects structural schema for asset type.
193	Update Asset Type	PATCH /rest/2.0/assetTypes/{id}	Modifies asset type name, icon, or description.
194	Delete Asset Type	DELETE /rest/2.0/assetTypes/{id}	Removes asset type schema definition.
195	Get Community Hierarchy	GET /rest/2.0/communities/hierarchy	Fetches full community hierarchy tree.
196	Get Domain Types	GET /rest/2.0/domainTypes	Lists all domain type schemas.
197	Get Domain Type Details	GET /rest/2.0/domainTypes/{id}	Inspects structural schema for domain type.
198	Create Domain Type	POST /rest/2.0/domainTypes	Provisions custom domain type schema.
199	Delete Domain Type	DELETE /rest/2.0/domainTypes/{id}	Deletes custom domain type schema.
200	Get Role Details	GET /rest/2.0/roles/{id}	Inspects permissions assigned to role.

Alation Catalog Sync Gov

Technical Architecture & Overview

Alation Catalog Sync provides automated metadata extraction, data search and discovery, business glossaries, and behavioral analytics. It interfaces with relational databases, cloud warehouses, BI tools, and data lakehouses using the Open Connector Framework (OCF) and native REST APIs.

Primary Use Cases: Self-service data discovery, SQL query endorsement and sharing via Alation Compose, data stewardship scoring, automated data dictionary curation, and BI dashboard lineage tracking.

Core Components: Alation Server (Django/Postgres metadata store), Open Connector Framework (OCF execution engine), Compose (collaborative SQL editor), and Lexicon (automated term extraction).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Alation Catalog Sync.

#	Operation / Action	API Endpoint / Command	Description
1	Get Catalog Sources	GET /integration/v1/sources/	Lists registered database sources.
2	Trigger Metadata Extraction	POST /integration/v1/source/{id}/extract/	Pulls schema schemas from source.
3	Get Custom Fields	GET /integration/v1/fields/	Retrieves custom metadata attributes.
4	Set Field Value	POST /integration/v1/field_value/	Updates custom asset property.
5	Get Table Metadata	GET /integration/v1/table/{table_id}/	Retrieves table-level properties.
6	Get Column Metadata	GET /integration/v1/column/{column_id}/	Fetches column-level descriptions.
7	Create Article	POST /integration/v1/article/	Publishes a documentation wiki page.
8	List Articles	GET /integration/v1/article/	Retrieves all documentation pages.
9	Upload Lineage Graph	POST /integration/v1/lineage/	Inbound upstream/downstream flow.
10	Get Lineage Graph	GET /integration/v1/lineage/table/{id}/	Retrieves table data provenance.
11	List Users	GET /integration/v1/user/	Fetches registered catalog users.
12	Add Endorsed Query	POST /integration/v1/query/	Publishes a certified SQL query.
13	Search Catalog	GET /api/v1/search/?q={query}	Executes metadata search query.
14	Get BI Reports	GET /integration/v1/bi_reports/	Retrieves connected Tableau/PowerBI items.
15	Push BI Lineage	POST /integration/v1/bi_lineage/	Syncs dashboard data dependencies.
16	Get Glossary Terms	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/	Fetches enterprise dictionary.
17	Create Glossary Term	POST /integration/v1/glossary/terms/	Adds a business data term.
18	Link Term to Column	POST /integration/v1/glossary/mapping/	Associates term with physical column.
19	Get Stewardship Metrics	GET /integration/v1/stewardship/	Evaluates catalog completeness score.
20	Trigger OCF Connector Sync	POST /api/v1/datasource/{id}/run_job/	Executes Open Connector Framework job.
21	Get Job Status	GET /api/v1/job/{job_id}/	Checks background sync task status.
22	Export Schema Dump	GET /integration/v1/export/schema/	Downloads metadata backup payload.
23	Import Schema Metadata	POST /integration/v1/import/schema/	Bulk ingests metadata structures.
24	Get User Groups	GET /integration/v1/group/	Lists permission roles and groups.
25	Assign Group Permissions	POST /integration/v1/group_permissions/	Grants dataset access rights.
26	Get Deleted Assets	GET /integration/v1/trash/	Inspects catalog recycle bin.
27	Restore Deleted Asset	POST /integration/v1/trash/{id}/restore/	Recovers archived catalog objects.
28	Get System Logs	GET /api/v1/admin/logs/	Pulls container and daemon logs.
29	Test API Token	GET /integration/v1/auth/test/	Validates authentication credentials.
30	Restart Alation Worker	sudo systemctl restart alation-worker	Restarts background processing worker.
31	Get Data Source Details	GET /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/	Fetches configuration of specific data source.
32	Create Data Source	POST /integration/v1/datasource/	Registers a new relational or cloud database.
33	Update Data Source	PUT /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/	Modifies connection credentials or host parameters.
34	Delete Data Source	DELETE /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/	Removes data source registration from catalog.
35	Get Schema List	GET /integration/v1/schema/?ds_id={id}	Lists all database schemas within a data source.
36	Get Schema Details	GET /integration/v1/schema/{id}/	Retrieves metadata properties of a schema.
37	Update Schema Metadata	POST /integration/v1/schema/{id}/	Updates schema description or stewardship tags.
38	Update Table Metadata	POST /integration/v1/table/{id}/	Updates table title, description, or custom fields.
39	Delete Table Metadata	DELETE /integration/v1/table/{id}/	Removes table entity from Alation catalog.
40	Update Column Metadata	POST /integration/v1/column/{id}/	Modifies column description or security tags.
41	Bulk Update Columns	POST /integration/v1/column/bulk_update/	Batch updates descriptions for multiple columns.
42	Get Query Details	GET /integration/v1/query/{id}/	Fetches SQL text and metadata of saved query.
43	Update Query	PUT /integration/v1/query/{id}/	Modifies SQL code or endorsement status.
44	Delete Query	DELETE /integration/v1/query/{id}/	Removes saved query from Compose catalog.
45	Run Query in Compose	POST /api/v1/compose/execute/	Executes query against target database engine.
46	Get Query Execution Result	GET /api/v1/compose/result/{id}/	Fetches output dataset of executed query.
47	Get Article Details	GET /integration/v1/article/{id}/	Fetches title and content of wiki article.
48	Update Article	PUT /integration/v1/article/{id}/	Modifies documentation article content.
49	Delete Article	DELETE /integration/v1/article/{id}/	Removes wiki documentation page.
50	Get Custom Field Definition	GET /integration/v1/fields/{id}/	Inspects schema of custom field attribute.
51	Create Custom Field	POST /integration/v1/fields/	Provisions custom metadata field for catalog objects.
52	Delete Custom Field	DELETE /integration/v1/fields/{id}/	Removes custom metadata field definition.
53	Get User Details	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/	Fetches user profile, email, and group membership.
54	Create User Account	POST /integration/v1/user/	Provisions user account in Alation.
55	Update User Account	PUT /integration/v1/user/{id}/	Modifies user role, name, or active status.
56	Deactivate User Account	DELETE /integration/v1/user/{id}/	Deactivates user login in Alation.
57	Get User Group Details	GET /integration/v1/group/{id}/	Retrieves group membership and assigned roles.
58	Create User Group	POST /integration/v1/group/	Provisions security group in Alation.
59	Add User to Group	POST /integration/v1/group/{id}/add_user/	Adds user account to security group.
60	Remove User from Group	POST /integration/v1/group/{id}/remove_user/	Removes user account from security group.
61	Get Trust Flag	GET /integration/v1/trust_flag/	Lists endorsement and deprecation flags.
62	Create Trust Flag	POST /integration/v1/trust_flag/	Applies Warning or Endorsement tag on asset.
63	Delete Trust Flag	DELETE /integration/v1/trust_flag/{id}/	Removes Warning or Endorsement tag from asset.
64	Get Glossary Term Details	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/	Retrieves definition and relationships of term.
65	Update Glossary Term	PUT /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/	Modifies business term definition or acronym.
66	Delete Glossary Term	DELETE /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/	Removes term from business glossary.
67	Get Data Dict Export	GET /integration/v1/data_dictionary/export/	Exports data dictionary to CSV/Excel format.
68	Import Data Dict CSV	POST /integration/v1/data_dictionary/import/	Bulk imports column descriptions from CSV.
69	Get Profiling Results	GET /integration/v1/profiling/table/{id}/	Fetches row counts, null % and distinct counts.
70	Trigger Data Profiling	POST /integration/v1/source/{id}/profile/	Runs automated data profiling job.
71	Get Sampling Config	GET /integration/v1/source/{id}/sample_config/	Inspects sample query limits for profiling.
72	Set Sampling Config	PUT /integration/v1/source/{id}/sample_config/	Modifies sample size limits for profiling.
73	Get Lineage Node	GET /integration/v1/lineage/node/{id}/	Retrieves specific node details in lineage graph.
74	Delete Lineage Link	DELETE /integration/v1/lineage/link/{id}/	Removes automated or manual lineage connection.
75	Get BI Server Details	GET /integration/v1/bi_server/{id}/	Inspects connected Tableau/PowerBI server.
76	Register BI Server	POST /integration/v1/bi_server/	Registers BI server for dashboard cataloging.
77	Trigger BI Server Sync	POST /integration/v1/bi_server/{id}/sync/	Initiates metadata extraction from BI server.
78	Get Policy List	GET /integration/v1/policy/	Lists access policies and data privacy rules.
79	Create Data Privacy Policy	POST /integration/v1/policy/	Provisions data masking or restricted access rule.
80	Delete Data Policy	DELETE /integration/v1/policy/{id}/	Removes data governance policy.
81	Get API Token List	GET /integration/v1/auth/tokens/	Lists active API refresh tokens.
82	Create API Token	POST /integration/v1/auth/create_token/	Generates new API authorization token.
83	Revoke API Token	POST /integration/v1/auth/revoke_token/	Revokes API token credentials.
84	Get Catalog Usage Metrics	GET /api/v1/analytics/usage/	Pulls active user counts and top viewed tables.
85	Get Search Popularity	GET /api/v1/analytics/search_top/	Inspects most frequent user search terms.
86	Reindex Search Index	POST /api/v1/admin/reindex/	Triggers search engine reindexing task.
87	Get Backup Schedule	GET /api/v1/admin/backup/config/	Inspects automated database backup schedule.
88	Trigger Manual Backup	POST /api/v1/admin/backup/run/	Executes immediate Alation database backup.
89	Restore Database Backup	POST /api/v1/admin/restore/	Restores Alation metadata store from backup file.
90	Get License Quotas	GET /api/v1/admin/license/	Inspects licensed user seats and connector quotas.
91	Update License Key	POST /api/v1/admin/license/update/	Applies new enterprise license key file.
92	Get Network Settings	GET /api/v1/admin/network/	Inspects proxy and SSL certificate settings.
93	Update SSL Certificate	POST /api/v1/admin/ssl/update/	Uploads custom TLS/SSL certificate.
94	Get SMTP Settings	GET /api/v1/admin/email/config/	Inspects outbound email notification server.
95	Update SMTP Settings	PUT /api/v1/admin/email/config/	Modifies SMTP host, port, and credentials.
96	Send Test Email	POST /api/v1/admin/email/test/	Sends test email to verify SMTP gateway.
97	Get SSO Configuration	GET /api/v1/admin/sso/config/	Inspects SAML 2.0 / OIDC identity settings.
98	Update SSO Configuration	PUT /api/v1/admin/sso/config/	Updates IdP metadata URL or SSO entity ID.
99	Flush Query Cache	POST /api/v1/admin/cache/flush/	Clears internal query and metadata cache.
100	Get Container Health	GET /api/v1/admin/health/	Verifies Docker/k8s container service health.
101	Purge Catalog Asset	DELETE /integration/v1/trash/{id}/purge/	Permanently purges archived catalog object.
102	Get Data Source Connection Status	GET /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/status/	Checks live connection status to database host.
103	Get Data Source Extraction Schedule	GET /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/schedule/	Inspects automated metadata extraction schedule.
104	Set Data Source Extraction Schedule	PUT /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/schedule/	Configures cron schedule for metadata extraction.
105	Get OCF Connector Version	GET /integration/v1/ocf/connector/{id}/	Inspects installed Open Connector Framework driver version.
106	Upgrade OCF Connector	POST /integration/v1/ocf/connector/{id}/upgrade/	Upgrades OCF connector plugin to latest version.
107	Get Table Row Count	GET /integration/v1/table/{id}/row_count/	Fetches cached or live table row count.
108	Get Table Popularity Score	GET /integration/v1/table/{id}/popularity/	Inspects usage popularity score based on query logs.
109	Get Column Top Values	GET /integration/v1/column/{id}/top_values/	Fetches top frequent distinct values for column.
110	Get Column Value Distribution	GET /integration/v1/column/{id}/histogram/	Fetches value distribution histogram for numeric column.
111	Get Article Revisions	GET /integration/v1/article/{id}/revisions/	Lists historical revision edits for wiki page.
112	Revert Article Revision	POST /integration/v1/article/{id}/revert/{rev_id}/	Rolls back article content to previous revision.
113	Get Article Children	GET /integration/v1/article/{id}/children/	Lists child articles nested under parent article.
114	Get Query Execution History	GET /integration/v1/query/{id}/history/	Inspects past execution runs of saved query.
115	Get Query Endorsements	GET /integration/v1/query/{id}/endorsements/	Lists stewards who endorsed or deprecated query.
116	Get BI Folder List	GET /integration/v1/bi_folders/	Lists folders in connected Tableau/PowerBI catalog.
117	Get BI Workbooks List	GET /integration/v1/bi_workbooks/	Lists workbooks in connected BI server.
118	Get BI Datasources List	GET /integration/v1/bi_datasources/	Lists datasources used by BI dashboards.
119	Get BI Fields List	GET /integration/v1/bi_fields/	Lists calculated fields used in BI reports.
120	Get Glossary Hierarchy	GET /integration/v1/glossary/tree/	Fetches full business term dictionary tree.
121	Get Term Related Terms	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/related/	Lists terms linked as related concepts.
122	Link Related Terms	POST /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/link_related/	Links two business glossary terms together.
123	Get Term Synonyms	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/synonyms/	Lists alternate acronyms and synonyms for term.
124	Add Term Synonym	POST /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/add_synonym/	Adds synonym to business glossary term.
125	Get Stewardship Scores by Schema	GET /integration/v1/stewardship/schema/{id}/	Evaluates documentation completeness for schema.
126	Get Stewardship Top Contributors	GET /integration/v1/stewardship/leaderboard/	Lists top active data stewards by edits.
127	Get Job Log Trace	GET /api/v1/job/{job_id}/log/	Downloads execution log trace for background task.
128	Get Export Task Status	GET /integration/v1/export/task/{id}/	Inspects status of background CSV export task.
129	Get Import Task Status	GET /integration/v1/import/task/{id}/	Inspects status of background CSV import task.
130	Get Group Members	GET /integration/v1/group/{id}/members/	Lists all user accounts in group.
131	Get Group Roles	GET /integration/v1/group/{id}/roles/	Lists administrative roles assigned to group.
132	Assign Role to Group	POST /integration/v1/group/{id}/assign_role/	Grants administrative role to group.
133	Revoke Role from Group	POST /integration/v1/group/{id}/revoke_role/	Revokes administrative role from group.
134	Get Access Request List	GET /integration/v1/access_request/	Lists pending data access requests submitted by users.
135	Approve Access Request	POST /integration/v1/access_request/{id}/approve/	Approves data access request ticket.
136	Deny Access Request	POST /integration/v1/access_request/{id}/deny/	Rejects data access request ticket.
137	Get Access Request Details	GET /integration/v1/access_request/{id}/	Fetches justification and details for access request.
138	Get Policy Rule List	GET /integration/v1/policy_rule/	Lists active data governance rules.
139	Create Policy Rule	POST /integration/v1/policy_rule/	Provisions data masking or restricted access policy rule.
140	Delete Policy Rule	DELETE /integration/v1/policy_rule/{id}/	Removes data governance policy rule.
141	Get User Bookmark List	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/bookmarks/	Lists catalog assets bookmarked by user.
142	Add Bookmark	POST /integration/v1/user/bookmark/	Bookmarks catalog asset for user.
143	Remove Bookmark	DELETE /integration/v1/user/bookmark/{id}/	Removes bookmarked catalog asset.
144	Get User Search History	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/search_history/	Inspects recent search queries typed by user.
145	Clear User Search History	DELETE /integration/v1/user/{id}/search_history/	Purges search query history for user.
146	Get Compose Execution Settings	GET /api/v1/compose/settings/	Inspects row limits and timeouts for SQL execution.
147	Set Compose Execution Settings	PUT /api/v1/compose/settings/	Updates row limits and timeouts for SQL execution.
148	Get Compose Connection List	GET /api/v1/compose/connections/	Lists database connections available in Compose.
149	Get Lexicon Extracted Terms	GET /integration/v1/lexicon/terms/	Lists terms automatically mined from query logs.
150	Approve Lexicon Term	POST /integration/v1/lexicon/terms/{id}/approve/	Promotes auto-mined term to official glossary.
151	Reject Lexicon Term	POST /integration/v1/lexicon/terms/{id}/reject/	Discards auto-mined term.
152	Get System Config Parameter	GET /api/v1/admin/config/{key}/	Inspects Alation system configuration parameter.
153	Set System Config Parameter	PUT /api/v1/admin/config/{key}/	Updates Alation system configuration parameter.
154	Get Database Migration Status	GET /api/v1/admin/db_migration/status/	Inspects Django database migration state.
155	Run Database Migration	POST /api/v1/admin/db_migration/run/	Executes pending database migrations.
156	Get Celery Worker Status	GET /api/v1/admin/celery/status/	Inspects active Celery background task workers.
157	Restart Celery Worker	POST /api/v1/admin/celery/restart/	Restarts Celery background task worker process.
158	Get Redis Cache Status	GET /api/v1/admin/redis/status/	Inspects internal Redis cache utilization.
159	Flush Redis Cache	POST /api/v1/admin/redis/flush/	Flushes internal Redis cache memory.
160	Get Search Index Status	GET /api/v1/admin/search/status/	Inspects status of internal search index.
161	Optimize Search Index	POST /api/v1/admin/search/optimize/	Compacts internal search index storage.
162	Get Memory Usage Metrics	GET /api/v1/admin/metrics/memory/	Pulls RAM usage breakdown across containers.
163	Get CPU Usage Metrics	GET /api/v1/admin/metrics/cpu/	Pulls CPU utilization metrics.
164	Get Disk Storage Metrics	GET /api/v1/admin/metrics/disk/	Pulls disk space usage per partition.
165	Get Audit Trail Log	GET /api/v1/admin/audit_log/	Exports administrative event audit log.
166	Get LDAP Config Status	GET /api/v1/admin/ldap/status/	Inspects LDAP directory integration status.
167	Test LDAP Connection	POST /api/v1/admin/ldap/test/	Tests LDAP server connection and authentication.
168	Get SAML Config Status	GET /api/v1/admin/saml/status/	Inspects SAML 2.0 SSO integration status.
169	Test SAML Configuration	POST /api/v1/admin/saml/test/	Tests SAML IdP metadata and assertion parsing.
170	Get Mail Server Config	GET /api/v1/admin/email/status/	Inspects outbound SMTP server health.
171	Get SSL Certificate Details	GET /api/v1/admin/ssl/info/	Inspects TLS/SSL certificate expiration date.
172	Get License Seat Usage	GET /api/v1/admin/license/usage/	Inspects assigned active user seats vs quota.
173	Check Alation System Version	GET /api/v1/admin/version/	Outputs Alation release version and build hash.
174	Check Alation API Ping	GET /api/v1/ping/	Health check endpoint returning 200 OK.
175	Get Column Data Types	GET /integration/v1/column/{id}/data_type/	Inspects column native and logical data types.
176	Get Table Foreign Keys	GET /integration/v1/table/{id}/foreign_keys/	Lists foreign key relationships for table.
177	Get Table Primary Key	GET /integration/v1/table/{id}/primary_key/	Identifies primary key columns for table.
178	Get Table Indexes	GET /integration/v1/table/{id}/indexes/	Lists secondary indexes on table.
179	Get Schema Table Count	GET /integration/v1/schema/{id}/table_count/	Counts total tables in schema.
180	Get Schema View Count	GET /integration/v1/schema/{id}/view_count/	Counts total views in schema.
181	Get Data Source Table Count	GET /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/table_count/	Counts total tables across data source.
182	Get Data Source Query Count	GET /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/query_count/	Counts total saved queries for data source.
183	Get Data Source User Count	GET /integration/v1/datasource/{id}/user_count/	Counts distinct users querying data source.
184	Get User Recent Queries	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/recent_queries/	Lists recent queries executed by user.
185	Get User Favorite Queries	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/favorite_queries/	Lists favorite queries bookmarked by user.
186	Get User Published Articles	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/articles/	Lists wiki documentation pages published by user.
187	Get User Stewardship Assets	GET /integration/v1/user/{id}/stewardship_assets/	Lists catalog assets mentored by user.
188	Get Article Attachments	GET /integration/v1/article/{id}/attachments/	Lists files attached to wiki page.
189	Upload Article Attachment	POST /integration/v1/article/{id}/upload_attachment/	Attaches file payload to wiki page.
190	Delete Article Attachment	DELETE /integration/v1/article/{id}/attachment/{att_id}/	Removes attached file from wiki page.
191	Get Glossary Term Children	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/children/	Lists child terms nested under business term.
192	Get Glossary Term Parents	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/parents/	Lists parent terms governing business term.
193	Get Glossary Term Assets	GET /integration/v1/glossary/terms/{id}/assets/	Lists physical columns and tables mapped to term.
194	Link Term to Table	POST /integration/v1/glossary/mapping/table/	Associates business term with physical table.
195	Unlink Term from Table	DELETE /integration/v1/glossary/mapping/table/{id}/	Removes association between term and table.
196	Unlink Term from Column	DELETE /integration/v1/glossary/mapping/column/{id}/	Removes association between term and column.
197	Get Group User Count	GET /integration/v1/group/{id}/user_count/	Counts total user accounts in group.
198	Check API Authentication Status	GET /integration/v1/auth/status/	Verifies API session token validity.
199	Check API Version String	GET /integration/v1/version/	Outputs Alation API specification version string.
200	Check System Health REST API	GET /api/v1/health/	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health.

PostgreSQL OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

PostgreSQL is an advanced, enterprise-grade open-source object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). It features full ACID compliance, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC), extensible data types (JSONB, PostGIS spatial, Vector, HSTORE), and sophisticated indexing mechanisms (B-Tree, GIN, GiST, BRIN, SP-GiST).

Primary Use Cases: Mission-critical OLTP applications, geo-spatial systems (PostGIS), AI vector search (pgvector), complex transactional financial platforms, and hybrid relational-document stores.

Core Components: Postmaster process, Shared Buffers, Write-Ahead Log (WAL), Background Writer, Auto-vacuum daemon, and Replication Slots (Streaming & Logical CDC).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for PostgreSQL.

#	Operation / Action	SQL / CLI Syntax	Description
1	Start Service	pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/data start	Boots PostgreSQL postmaster process.
2	Stop Service	pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/data stop -m fast	Safely shuts down database instance.
3	Interactive CLI	psql -U postgres -d enterprise_db	Connects to transactional database.
4	Backup Database	pg_dump -Fc -v enterprise_db -f backup.dump	Generates compressed custom archive.
5	Restore Database	pg_restore -d enterprise_db backup.dump	Restores archive into target DB.
6	Vacuum Maintenance	VACUUM ANALYZE VERBOSE;	Reclaims space and updates stats.
7	Reindex Tables	REINDEX DATABASE CONCURRENTLY enterprise_db;	Rebuilds bloated database indexes.
8	List Active Queries	SELECT pid, query, state FROM pg_stat_activity;	Inspects running database operations.
9	Terminate Query	SELECT pg_cancel_backend(pid);	Stops a long-running transaction.
10	Create Role	CREATE ROLE app_user WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'secure';	Provisions a new database login.
11	Grant Privileges	GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE enterprise_db TO app_user;	Assigns complete access rights.
12	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db ENCODING 'UTF8';	Provisions new transactional DB.
13	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS enterprise_db;	Deletes database instance.
14	Explain Query Plan	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates execution plan performance.
15	Check Table Sizes	SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size('users'));	Calculates total table disk usage.
16	Show Configuration	SHOW max_connections;	Inspects server runtime parameter.
17	Reload Config	SELECT pg_reload_conf();	Reloads postgresql.conf changes.
18	Create Extension	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";	Provisions cryptographic extension.
19	List Extensions	SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions;	Inspects installed modules.
20	Check Replication Lag	SELECT client_addr, write_lag FROM pg_stat_replication;	Monitors standby sync delay.
21	Create Table Partition	CREATE TABLE logs_y2026m07 PARTITION OF logs FOR VALUES FROM ('2026-07-01') TO ('2026-08-01');	Provisions time-series partition.
22	Alter Table Schema	ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;	Modifies physical table schema.
23	Create Index	CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_users_email ON users(email);	Builds index without locking table.
24	Analyze Dead Tuples	SELECT schemaname, relname, n_dead_tup FROM pg_stat_user_tables;	Checks table bloat status.
25	Check Lock Contention	SELECT * FROM pg_locks l JOIN pg_stat_activity a ON l.pid = a.pid;	Inspects blocking locks.
26	Set Statement Timeout	SET statement_timeout = '30s';	Enforces query execution limit.
27	Create Schema	CREATE SCHEMA staging;	Provisions logical namespace.
28	Show Disk Usage	SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size('enterprise_db'));	Measures total database storage.
29	Verify Checkpoints	CHECKPOINT;	Forces immediate dirty buffer flush.
30	Cluster Table	CLUSTER users USING users_pkey;	Physically reorders table by index.
31	Kill Backend Process	SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid);	Hard-terminates connection and transaction immediately.
32	Rotate Log Files	SELECT pg_rotate_logfile();	Forces PostgreSQL logger to switch to new log file.
33	Promote Standby Server	pg_ctl promote -D /var/lib/postgresql/data	Promotes read-only standby node to primary master.
34	Pause WAL Replay	SELECT pg_wal_replay_pause();	Pauses WAL recovery on standby replica server.
35	Resume WAL Replay	SELECT pg_wal_replay_resume();	Resumes WAL recovery replay on standby replica.
36	Check WAL Replay Status	SELECT pg_is_wal_replay_paused();	Checks if WAL replay is currently paused on standby.
37	Get Physical WAL Position	SELECT pg_current_wal_lsn();	Returns current write-ahead log byte LSN location.
38	Create Replication Slot	SELECT * FROM pg_create_physical_replication_slot('standby_1');	Provisions streaming replication slot.
39	Drop Replication Slot	SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot('standby_1');	Deletes physical streaming replication slot.
40	List Replication Slots	SELECT * FROM pg_replication_slots;	Inspects active logical and physical replication slots.
41	Create Logical Replication Slot	SELECT * FROM pg_create_logical_replication_slot('sub_1', 'pgoutput');	Provisions logical decoding slot for CDC.
42	Create Publication	CREATE PUBLICATION app_pub FOR TABLE users, orders;	Provisions publication for logical CDC streaming.
43	Alter Publication	ALTER PUBLICATION app_pub ADD TABLE products;	Adds table to logical replication publication.
44	Drop Publication	DROP PUBLICATION app_pub;	Removes logical replication publication.
45	Create Subscription	CREATE SUBSCRIPTION app_sub CONNECTION 'host=10.0.0.1 dbname=enterprise_db' PUBLICATION app_pub;	Provisions logical subscription node.
46	Alter Subscription	ALTER SUBSCRIPTION app_sub REFRESH PUBLICATION;	Refreshes publication schema on subscriber node.
47	Drop Subscription	DROP SUBSCRIPTION app_sub;	Removes logical replication subscription.
48	Vacuum Full Table	VACUUM FULL VERBOSE users;	Locks table and rebuilds physical relation storage.
49	Analyze Specific Table	ANALYZE VERBOSE users;	Gathers column statistics for specific table.
50	List Database Users	SELECT usename, valuntil FROM pg_user;	Inspects database accounts and password expiry dates.
51	Change User Password	ALTER USER app_user WITH PASSWORD 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates authentication password for database user.
52	Lock User Account	ALTER ROLE app_user NOLOGIN;	Disables login privileges for a role.
53	Unlock User Account	ALTER ROLE app_user LOGIN;	Enables login privileges for a role.
54	Grant Schema Usage	GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA staging TO app_user;	Grants namespace usage access to role.
55	Grant Table Select	GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO app_user;	Grants table access rights in schema.
56	Revoke Table Privileges	REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON TABLE users FROM app_user;	Removes table permissions from role.
57	Set Default Privileges	ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO app_user;	Enforces automatic grants on future tables.
58	Show Connection Limit	SHOW max_connections;	Displays max allowed concurrent client connections.
59	Set Work Memory	SET work_mem = '64MB';	Increases per-operation sort and hash memory for session.
60	Set Maintenance Work Memory	SET maintenance_work_mem = '512MB';	Increases RAM for VACUUM, CREATE INDEX, and ALTER TABLE.
61	Show Shared Buffers	SHOW shared_buffers;	Displays RAM size allocated for shared buffer cache.
62	Check Cache Hit Ratio	SELECT sum(heap_blks_hit) / (sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read)) FROM pg_statio_user_tables;	Calculates database buffer cache hit ratio.
63	Check Index Hit Ratio	SELECT sum(idx_blks_hit) / (sum(idx_blks_hit) + sum(idx_blks_read)) FROM pg_statio_user_indexes;	Calculates index buffer cache hit ratio.
64	List Unused Indexes	SELECT relname, indexrelname, idx_scan FROM pg_stat_user_indexes WHERE idx_scan = 0;	Identifies candidates for index removal.
65	List Duplicate Indexes	SELECT pg_size_pretty(sum(pg_relation_size(idx))) FROM pg_stat_user_indexes;	Inspects memory overhead of secondary indexes.
66	Drop Index	DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_users_email;	Removes index without locking concurrent writes.
67	Create Partial Index	CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(id) WHERE status = 'active';	Builds filtered index for active rows only.
68	Create Expression Index	CREATE INDEX idx_lower_email ON users(LOWER(email));	Builds index on functional string transformation.
69	Create GIN Index	CREATE INDEX idx_data_gin ON log_entries USING GIN(payload);	Provisions Generalized Inverted Index for JSONB.
70	Create GiST Index	CREATE INDEX idx_geom_gist ON locations USING GIST(geom);	Provisions Generalized Search Tree for PostGIS geometries.
71	Create BRIN Index	CREATE INDEX idx_created_brin ON timeseries USING BRIN(created_at);	Provisions Block Range Index for append-only data.
72	Check Table Bloat	SELECT schemaname, tblname, bs*tblpages AS real_size FROM pg_tables;	Estimates physical relation storage bloat.
73	List Prepared Transactions	SELECT * FROM pg_prepared_xacts;	Inspects unresolved two-phase commit transactions.
74	Rollback Prepared Transaction	ROLLBACK PREPARED 'gid_12345';	Aborts an orphaned 2PC transaction.
75	Commit Prepared Transaction	COMMIT PREPARED 'gid_12345';	Finalizes a 2PC transaction.
76	Create Tablespace	CREATE TABLESPACE fast_ssd LOCATION '/mnt/disks/ssd1';	Provisions physical storage tablespace.
77	Move Table to Tablespace	ALTER TABLE users SET TABLESPACE fast_ssd;	Migrates physical table storage to new disk.
78	Move Index to Tablespace	ALTER INDEX idx_users_email SET TABLESPACE fast_ssd;	Migrates index storage to new disk.
79	Drop Tablespace	DROP TABLESPACE fast_ssd;	Deletes empty storage tablespace.
80	Check Table Locks	SELECT relation::regclass, mode, granted FROM pg_locks WHERE NOT granted;	Lists queries waiting for table locks.
81	Set Lock Timeout	SET lock_timeout = '5s';	Aborts statement if lock cannot be acquired in 5s.
82	Set Idle In Transaction Timeout	SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '10s';	Terminates sessions idling inside open transaction.
83	Create Foreign Data Wrapper	CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;	Installs extension for querying external DBs.
84	Create Foreign Server	CREATE SERVER remote_pg FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (host '10.0.0.2', dbname 'remote_db');	Defines remote server endpoint.
85	Create User Mapping	CREATE USER MAPPING FOR local_user SERVER remote_pg OPTIONS (user 'remote_user', password 'pass');	Maps local role to remote server login.
86	Import Foreign Schema	IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA public FROM SERVER remote_pg INTO remote_staging;	Bulk imports remote table definitions.
87	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_user_stats AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions disk-backed view snapshot.
88	Refresh Materialized View	REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY mv_user_stats;	Refreshes view data without blocking queries.
89	Drop Materialized View	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_user_stats;	Removes materialized view.
90	Create Event Trigger	CREATE EVENT TRIGGER ddl_logger ON ddl_command_start EXECUTE FUNCTION log_ddl();	Fires function on DDL schema changes.
91	Disable Event Trigger	ALTER EVENT TRIGGER ddl_logger DISABLE;	Deactivates DDL event trigger.
92	Drop Event Trigger	DROP EVENT TRIGGER ddl_logger;	Deletes DDL event trigger.
93	List Database Triggers	SELECT tgname, relname FROM pg_trigger t JOIN pg_class r ON t.tgrelid = r.oid;	Lists active table triggers.
94	Disable Table Triggers	ALTER TABLE users DISABLE TRIGGER ALL;	Disables trigger execution during bulk load.
95	Enable Table Triggers	ALTER TABLE users ENABLE TRIGGER ALL;	Re-enables table trigger execution.
96	Create Advisory Lock	SELECT pg_advisory_lock(123456);	Acquires application-level lock ID.
97	Release Advisory Lock	SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(123456);	Releases application-level lock ID.
98	Unlock All Advisory Locks	SELECT pg_advisory_unlock_all();	Releases all held session advisory locks.
99	Dump Schema Only	pg_dump -s -d enterprise_db -f schema.sql	Exports database structure without table data.
100	Dump Data Only	pg_dump -a -d enterprise_db -f data.sql	Exports table data rows without DDL schema.
101	Check Table Fillfactor	SELECT relname, reloptions FROM pg_class WHERE reloptions IS NOT NULL;	Inspects custom storage fillfactor settings.
102	Set Table Fillfactor	ALTER TABLE users SET (fillfactor = 80);	Leaves 20% free space per page for HOT updates.
103	Check HOT Updates Ratio	SELECT n_tup_upd, n_tup_hot_upd FROM pg_stat_user_tables;	Measures Heap-Only Tuple update efficiency.
104	Check WAL Disk Usage	SELECT pg_size_pretty(sum(size)) FROM pg_ls_waldir();	Calculates disk space consumed by WAL files.
105	Force Log Rotation	SELECT pg_rotate_logfile();	Forces database log file rotation.
106	Check Foreign Key Indexes	SELECT conname, conrelid::regclass FROM pg_constraint WHERE contype = 'f';	Lists foreign keys to verify indexing.
107	Check Table Toast Size	SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid)) FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'users';	Calculates TOAST out-of-line storage size.
108	Check Database Encoding	SELECT datname, pg_encoding_to_char(encoding) FROM pg_database;	Inspects database character encoding.
109	Check Active Extensions Version	SELECT extname, extversion FROM pg_extension;	Lists installed extensions and versions.
110	Set Session Timezone	SET TIME ZONE 'UTC';	Sets active session time zone to UTC.
111	Show Active Timezone	SHOW TIMEZONE;	Outputs current session time zone.
112	Check Database Collation	SELECT datname, datcollate FROM pg_database;	Inspects character collation order.
113	Check Background Writer Stats	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_bgwriter;	Monitors checkpoint and bgwriter buffer flushes.
114	Check Buffer Pool Usage per Table	SELECT c.relname, count(*) AS buffers FROM pg_buffercache b JOIN pg_class c ON b.relfilenode = c.relfilenode GROUP BY c.relname;	Inspects shared buffers usage per table.
115	Check Sequence Current Value	SELECT last_value FROM user_id_seq;	Inspects current sequence counter value.
116	Set Sequence Value	SELECT setval('user_id_seq', 5000);	Updates sequence counter value.
117	Check Table Storage Encodings	SELECT attname, attstorage FROM pg_attribute WHERE attrelid = 'users'::regclass;	Inspects TOAST compression modes (PLAIN, EXTENDED, MAIN).
118	Set Column Storage Compression	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN payload SET STORAGE EXTENDED;	Enforces main and TOAST storage compression.
119	Check Auto-vacuum Activity	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_progress_vacuum;	Monitors active running vacuum jobs.
120	Check CREATE INDEX Progress	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;	Monitors progress of concurrent index builds.
121	Check ANALYZE Progress	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_progress_analyze;	Monitors active table analyze jobs.
122	Check CLUSTER Progress	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_progress_cluster;	Monitors active cluster/vacuum full jobs.
123	Set Autovacuum Scale Factor	ALTER TABLE users SET (autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05);	Triggers vacuum when 5% rows change.
124	Set Autovacuum Threshold	ALTER TABLE users SET (autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 100);	Sets base dead tuple threshold for vacuum.
125	Check Replication Slot Lag	SELECT slot_name, pg_wal_lsn_diff(pg_current_wal_lsn(), restart_lsn) FROM pg_replication_slots;	Calculates LSN lag bytes for replication slots.
126	Get Transaction ID Age	SELECT datname, age(datfrozenxid) FROM pg_database;	Monitors transaction ID wraparound age.
127	Check Multixact Age	SELECT datname, mxid_age(datminmxid) FROM pg_database;	Monitors multixact ID wraparound age.
128	Set Statement Timeout Global	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db SET statement_timeout = '60s';	Caps statement execution time globally.
129	Set Idle In Transaction Timeout Global	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';	Caps idle transaction time globally.
130	Check Server Version	SELECT version();	Outputs running PostgreSQL release and build version.
131	Check Index Usage Details	SELECT schemaname, relname, indexrelname, idx_scan, idx_tup_read, idx_tup_fetch FROM pg_stat_user_indexes;	Inspects index scan efficiency.
132	Check Table I/O Statistics	SELECT schemaname, relname, heap_blks_read, heap_blks_hit FROM pg_statio_user_tables;	Measures table buffer cache hit ratio.
133	Check Index I/O Statistics	SELECT schemaname, relname, indexrelname, idx_blks_read, idx_blks_hit FROM pg_statio_user_indexes;	Measures index buffer cache hit ratio.
134	Check Database Size Bytes	SELECT pg_database_size('enterprise_db');	Outputs exact database size in bytes.
135	Check Table Size Bytes	SELECT pg_relation_size('users');	Outputs table data size in bytes without indexes.
136	Check Total Relation Size Bytes	SELECT pg_total_relation_size('users');	Outputs table data plus index size in bytes.
137	Check Index Size Bytes	SELECT pg_relation_size('idx_users_email');	Outputs index size in bytes.
138	Check TOAST Size Bytes	SELECT pg_total_relation_size(reltoastrelid) FROM pg_class WHERE relname='users';	Outputs TOAST table size in bytes.
139	Check System Catalogs List	SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE relnamespace='pg_catalog'::regnamespace AND relkind='r';	Lists PostgreSQL system catalog tables.
140	Check System Views List	SELECT viewname FROM pg_views WHERE schemaname='pg_catalog';	Lists PostgreSQL system catalog views.
141	Check Active Replication Origins	SELECT * FROM pg_replication_origin_status;	Inspects active logical replication origin LSNs.
142	Create Replication Origin	SELECT pg_replication_origin_create('origin1');	Provisions logical replication origin slot.
143	Drop Replication Origin	SELECT pg_replication_origin_drop('origin1');	Deletes logical replication origin slot.
144	Check Extension Commands	SELECT * FROM pg_available_extension_versions WHERE name='uuid-ossp';	Inspects available versions of extension.
145	Alter Extension Update	ALTER EXTENSION "uuid-ossp" UPDATE TO '1.1';	Upgrades extension version in active database.
146	Drop Extension	DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS "uuid-ossp";	Removes extension from database.
147	Check Setting Source	SELECT name, setting, source FROM pg_settings WHERE source <> 'default';	Lists non-default server parameters.
148	Set Parameter Session Local	SET LOCAL work_mem = '128MB';	Sets parameter for duration of active transaction.
149	Reset Parameter Session	RESET work_mem;	Restores parameter to default setting.
150	Reset All Session Parameters	RESET ALL;	Restores all session parameters to default settings.
151	Check User Roles Membership	SELECT r.rolname, m.roleid::regrole FROM pg_roles r JOIN pg_auth_members m ON r.oid=m.member;	Lists role memberships.
152	Grant Role to Role	GRANT data_analyst TO app_user;	Assigns role permissions to user account.
153	Revoke Role from Role	REVOKE data_analyst FROM app_user;	Revokes role permissions from user account.
154	Check Default Privileges List	SELECT * FROM pg_default_acl;	Lists schema-level default access control settings.
155	Check Database Triggers List	SELECT tgname, relname FROM pg_trigger JOIN pg_class ON pg_trigger.tgrelid=pg_class.oid;	Lists active database triggers.
156	Check Database Locks Summary	SELECT mode, count(*) FROM pg_locks GROUP BY mode;	Groups active locks by lock mode.
157	Check Database Process Memory	SELECT pid, usename, query, state FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state <> 'idle';	Inspects active processing backends.
158	Check Database Transaction Age	SELECT datname, age(datfrozenxid) FROM pg_database WHERE datname='enterprise_db';	Monitors database transaction ID age.
159	Check Multixact ID Age	SELECT datname, mxid_age(datminmxid) FROM pg_database WHERE datname='enterprise_db';	Monitors database multixact ID age.
160	Check Log File Directory	SELECT pg_ls_dir('log');	Lists log file names in log directory.
161	Read Log File Portion	SELECT pg_read_file('postgresql.log', 0, 1000);	Reads raw text segment from log file.
162	Check Stat Clear Snapshot	SELECT pg_stat_clear_snapshot();	Flushes cached statistics snapshot.
163	Check Stat Reset	SELECT pg_stat_reset();	Resets server-wide statistics counters.
164	Check Stat Reset Shared	SELECT pg_stat_reset_shared('bgwriter');	Resets shared subsystem statistics counters.
165	Check Database System Identifier	SELECT system_identifier FROM pg_control_system();	Outputs unique system cluster ID.
166	Check Database Control File State	SELECT state, checkpoint_lsn FROM pg_control_checkpoint();	Inspects control file state and last LSN.
167	Check Database Recovery Status	SELECT pg_is_in_recovery();	Returns true if database is running in standby/recovery mode.
168	Check Database Last WAL Receive LSN	SELECT pg_last_wal_receive_lsn();	Outputs LSN location of last WAL received by standby.
169	Check Database Last WAL Replay LSN	SELECT pg_last_wal_replay_lsn();	Outputs LSN location of last WAL replayed by standby.
170	Check Database Last WAL Replay Time	SELECT pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp();	Outputs timestamp of last transaction replayed by standby.
171	Check Database WAL Keep Segments	SHOW wal_keep_size;	Inspects WAL retain size setting for replication.
172	Set Database WAL Keep Segments	ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_size = '10GB';	Sets 10GB WAL retain threshold for standby sync.
173	Check Database Max WAL Size	SHOW max_wal_size;	Inspects max WAL size setting before checkpoint.
174	Set Database Max WAL Size	ALTER SYSTEM SET max_wal_size = '16GB';	Configures 16GB max WAL size before checkpoint.
175	Check Database Min WAL Size	SHOW min_wal_size;	Inspects minimum retained WAL size.
176	Check Database Checkpoint Timeout	SHOW checkpoint_timeout;	Inspects automatic checkpoint time window.
177	Set Database Checkpoint Timeout	ALTER SYSTEM SET checkpoint_timeout = '15min';	Sets 15-minute automatic checkpoint interval.
178	Check Database Checkpoint Completion Target	SHOW checkpoint_completion_target;	Inspects checkpoint write spread factor.
179	Set Database Checkpoint Completion Target	ALTER SYSTEM SET checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9;	Spreads checkpoint I/O over 90% of window.
180	Check Database Archive Mode	SHOW archive_mode;	Inspects continuous WAL archive mode.
181	Check Database Archive Command	SHOW archive_command;	Inspects script command used for WAL archiving.
182	Check Database Archive Timeout	SHOW archive_timeout;	Inspects maximum duration before forcing WAL archive segment.
183	Set Database Archive Timeout	ALTER SYSTEM SET archive_timeout = '300s';	Forces WAL segment archive every 5 minutes.
184	Check Database Archive Status	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_archiver;	Monitors total archived and failed WAL segments.
185	Check Database SSL Status	SHOW ssl;	Returns on/off for SSL connection encryption.
186	Check Database SSL Ciphers	SHOW ssl_ciphers;	Lists active SSL cipher algorithms.
187	Check Database Password Encryption	SHOW password_encryption;	Inspects password hashing algorithm (scram-sha-256).
188	Check Database Client Encoding	SHOW client_encoding;	Displays active client character encoding.
189	Set Database Client Encoding	SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';	Configures client character encoding.
190	Check Database Server Version String	SELECT version();	Outputs complete version, compiler, and build architecture string.
191	Check Database Ping Connection	SELECT 1;	Simple database ping test returning 1.
192	Check Database Current Date	SELECT CURRENT_DATE;	Returns current server date.
193	Check Database Current Time	SELECT CURRENT_TIME;	Returns current server time with timezone.
194	Check Database Current Timestamp	SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;	Returns current server timestamp.
195	Check Database Session User	SELECT SESSION_USER;	Returns session user account.
196	Check Database Current User	SELECT CURRENT_USER;	Returns current execution user account.
197	Check Database Current Schema	SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA();	Returns current active schema name.
198	Check Database Current Search Path	SHOW search_path;	Displays active schema search path.
199	Set Database Search Path	SET search_path TO staging, public;	Configures active schema search path.
200	Check Database Uptime	SELECT pg_postmaster_start_time();	Outputs exact postmaster startup timestamp.

MySQL Enterprise OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

MySQL Enterprise is the industry's premier open-source relational database management system, powered by the ACID-compliant InnoDB storage engine. It features thread-based concurrency, pluggable storage engines (InnoDB, NDB Cluster, Memory), and robust high-availability architectures (Group Replication, InnoDB Cluster, Source-Replica GTID replication).

Primary Use Cases: High-volume web applications, e-commerce transaction processing, SaaS backends, scale-out read-heavy microservices, and managed cloud OLTP databases.

Core Components: SQL Parser/Optimizer, InnoDB Buffer Pool, Redo Log, Undo Log, Doublewrite Buffer, Adaptive Hash Index, and Binary Logs (GTID CDC).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for MySQL Enterprise.

#	Operation / Action	SQL / CLI Syntax	Description
1	Start Daemon	sudo systemctl start mysqld	Starts MySQL server daemon.
2	Stop Daemon	sudo systemctl stop mysqld	Stops MySQL server daemon.
3	Interactive Shell	mysql -u root -p	Opens administrative SQL monitor.
4	Full Database Backup	mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > backup.sql	Exports entire cluster data dump.
5	Restore Database	mysql -u root -p enterprise_db < backup.sql	Restores SQL dump file.
6	InnoDB Status Check	SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS\G	Inspects storage engine metrics.
7	Process List Inspection	SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST;	Views active query threads.
8	Kill Process Thread	KILL 4512;	Terminates hung query thread.
9	Create User Account	CREATE USER 'app'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Pass!';	Provisions new MySQL user.
10	Grant Privileges	GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON enterprise_db.* TO 'app'@'localhost';	Assigns database access.
11	Flush Tables	FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;	Locks all tables for backup.
12	Release Read Locks	UNLOCK TABLES;	Releases table locks.
13	Analyze Table	ANALYZE TABLE users;	Updates index cardinality stats.
14	Optimize Table	OPTIMIZE TABLE users;	Defragments InnoDB table space.
15	Check Table Integrity	CHECK TABLE users;	Scans table for corruption.
16	Show Global Status	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Conn%';	Inspects connection metrics.
17	Show Global Variables	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_buffer_pool_size';	Inspects memory configurations.
18	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON SELECT * FROM users;	Performs deep query analysis.
19	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;	Provisions new database.
20	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Deletes database instance.
21	Check Replication Status	SHOW REPLICA STATUS\G	Inspects replica lag and sync.
22	Reset Replica	RESET REPLICA ALL;	Clears replication configuration.
23	Change Master Replica	CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO SOURCE_HOST='10.0.0.5';	Sets replication upstream host.
24	Create Index	ALTER TABLE users ADD INDEX idx_email (email);	Provisions new table index.
25	Drop Index	ALTER TABLE users DROP INDEX idx_email;	Removes table index.
26	Flush Query Cache	RESET QUERY CACHE;	Clears memory query cache.
27	Show Master Logs	SHOW BINARY LOGS;	Lists active binary log files.
28	Purge Binary Logs	PURGE BINARY LOGS BEFORE '2026-06-01 00:00:00';	Removes old binlog files.
29	Set Global Variable	SET GLOBAL max_connections = 500;	Modifies runtime configuration.
30	Check Disk Storage	SELECT table_schema, SUM(data_length + index_length) FROM information_schema.tables GROUP BY table_schema;	Calculates database storage sizes.
31	Start Replica Thread	START REPLICA;	Starts SQL and IO replication threads.
32	Stop Replica Thread	STOP REPLICA;	Stops SQL and IO replication threads.
33	Show Master Status	SHOW BINARY LOG STATUS;	Inspects active binlog filename and offset position.
34	Flush Privileges	FLUSH PRIVILEGES;	Reloads grant tables from mysql database.
35	Flush Logs	FLUSH LOGS;	Flushes error log, binlog, and relay logs.
36	Flush Status	FLUSH STATUS;	Resets status variables to zero.
37	Show Engine Status	SHOW ENGINE PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA STATUS;	Inspects performance schema status.
38	Show Open Tables	SHOW OPEN TABLES WHERE In_use > 0;	Lists tables currently locked by queries.
39	Show Table Status	SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM enterprise_db;	Pulls rows, data length, and engine types.
40	Set Password Expiry	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL 90 DAY;	Enforces password rotation policy.
41	Lock User Account	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' ACCOUNT LOCK;	Disables user authentication.
42	Unlock User Account	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' ACCOUNT UNLOCK;	Enables user authentication.
43	Show User Grants	SHOW GRANTS FOR 'app'@'localhost';	Lists all assigned permissions for user.
44	Revoke Privileges	REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON enterprise_db.* FROM 'app'@'localhost';	Removes permissions from user.
45	Create Role	CREATE ROLE 'app_read_only';	Provisions role container in MySQL.
46	Grant Role to User	GRANT 'app_read_only' TO 'app'@'localhost';	Assigns role to user account.
47	Set Default Role	SET DEFAULT ROLE ALL TO 'app'@'localhost';	Activates roles on user login.
48	Drop Role	DROP ROLE 'app_read_only';	Removes role container.
49	Show Binary Log Events	SHOW BINLOG EVENTS IN 'binlog.000001' LIMIT 10;	Inspects specific transaction log events.
50	Set GTID Mode	SET GLOBAL gtid_mode = ON_PERMISSIVE;	Enables Global Transaction Identifier mode.
51	Check GTID Executed	SELECT @@GLOBAL.gtid_executed;	Inspects list of executed GTID transactions.
52	Set InnoDB Buffer Pool Size	SET GLOBAL innodb_buffer_pool_size = 8589934592;	Adjusts InnoDB buffer pool RAM size.
53	Set InnoDB Log File Size	SET GLOBAL innodb_redo_log_capacity = 2147483648;	Adjusts redo log capacity size.
54	Check InnoDB Lock Waits	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.data_lock_waits;	Inspects blocking transaction lock waits.
55	Check InnoDB Data Locks	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.data_locks;	Inspects active row and table locks.
56	Check InnoDB Metrics	SELECT * FROM information_schema.INNODB_METRICS WHERE status='enabled';	Pulls internal engine telemetry counters.
57	Enable InnoDB Metric	SET GLOBAL innodb_cmp_per_index_enabled = ON;	Activates per-index compression metrics.
58	Set Slow Query Log	SET GLOBAL slow_query_log = 'ON';	Activates slow query logging.
59	Set Long Query Time	SET GLOBAL long_query_time = 2.0;	Log queries taking longer than 2 seconds.
60	Set Log Queries Not Using Indexes	SET GLOBAL log_queries_not_using_indexes = ON;	Logs queries missing index execution.
61	Set Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL read_only = ON;	Blocks writes for non-superusers.
62	Set Super Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL super_read_only = ON;	Blocks writes for all users including root.
63	Disable Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL read_only = OFF;	Enables database write operations.
64	Check System Variables	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_allowed_packet';	Inspects maximum packet size parameter.
65	Set Max Connection Timeout	SET GLOBAL wait_timeout = 600;	Closes non-interactive client connections after 10m.
66	Create Partitioned Table	CREATE TABLE logs (id INT, dt DATE) PARTITION BY RANGE (YEAR(dt)) (PARTITION p2026 VALUES LESS THAN (2027));	Provisions range-partitioned table.
67	Add Table Partition	ALTER TABLE logs ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p2027 VALUES LESS THAN (2028));	Appends new range partition to table.
68	Drop Table Partition	ALTER TABLE logs DROP PARTITION p2026;	Purges partition data instantly.
69	Truncate Table Partition	ALTER TABLE logs TRUNCATE PARTITION p2027;	Clears partition records.
70	Check Partition Info	SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM information_schema.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME='logs';	Inspects table partition sizes.
71	Create Spatial Index	ALTER TABLE locations ADD SPATIAL INDEX idx_geo (coords);	Provisions R-Tree index for spatial data.
72	Create Fulltext Index	ALTER TABLE articles ADD FULLTEXT INDEX idx_ft (content);	Provisions inverted index for text search.
73	Run Fulltext Query	SELECT * FROM articles WHERE MATCH(content) AGAINST('database' IN BOOLEAN MODE);	Executes fulltext search query.
74	Check Table Column Types	DESCRIBE users;	Outputs table column definitions.
75	Rename Table	RENAME TABLE users TO app_users;	Renames table relation in database.
76	Add Foreign Key	ALTER TABLE orders ADD CONSTRAINT fk_user FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id);	Enforces foreign key constraint.
77	Drop Foreign Key	ALTER TABLE orders DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_user;	Removes foreign key constraint.
78	Create Event Scheduler	CREATE EVENT purge_logs ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 DAY DO DELETE FROM logs WHERE dt < NOW() - INTERVAL 30 DAY;	Provisions automated scheduled event.
79	Enable Event Scheduler	SET GLOBAL event_scheduler = ON;	Activates background event execution daemon.
80	Show Scheduled Events	SHOW EVENTS FROM enterprise_db;	Lists all configured scheduled events.
81	Drop Scheduled Event	DROP EVENT IF EXISTS purge_logs;	Removes scheduled background event.
82	Create Stored Procedure	DELIMITER // CREATE PROCEDURE CleanUsers() BEGIN DELETE FROM users WHERE active=0; END // DELIMITER ;	Provisions stored procedure routine.
83	Execute Stored Procedure	CALL CleanUsers();	Runs stored procedure routine.
84	Drop Stored Procedure	DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS CleanUsers;	Deletes stored procedure.
85	Create Stored Function	CREATE FUNCTION AddTax(p DECIMAL(10,2)) RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2) DETERMINISTIC RETURN p * 1.08;	Provisions scalar user function.
86	Drop Stored Function	DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS AddTax;	Deletes stored function.
87	Check Performance Schema Memory	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.memory_summary_global_by_event_name ORDER BY CURRENT_NUMBER_OF_BYTES_USED DESC LIMIT 10;	Analyzes memory allocation across events.
88	Check Statement Execution Stats	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.events_statements_summary_by_digest ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC LIMIT 10;	Finds most resource-intensive SQL queries.
89	Check Table I/O Stats	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_table ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC LIMIT 10;	Measures physical I/O latency across tables.
90	Check File I/O Stats	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.file_summary_by_event_name ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC LIMIT 10;	Measures physical file I/O latency.
91	Create User Savepoint	SAVEPOINT sp1;	Sets savepoint within active transaction.
92	Rollback to Savepoint	ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT sp1;	Reverts transaction state back to savepoint.
93	Release Savepoint	RELEASE SAVEPOINT sp1;	Removes savepoint reference.
94	Check Transaction Isolation Level	SELECT @@transaction_isolation;	Inspects active session isolation mode.
95	Set Transaction Isolation Level	SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED;	Configures read committed transaction isolation.
96	Check Max Allowed Packet	SELECT @@max_allowed_packet;	Inspects max network payload threshold.
97	Check Character Sets	SHOW CHARACTER SET;	Outputs supported database character sets.
98	Check Collations	SHOW COLLATION WHERE Charset='utf8mb4';	Lists supported utf8mb4 collation orderings.
99	Verify Engine Version	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs running MySQL engine version.
100	Shutdown Server via SQL	SHUTDOWN;	Triggers graceful server shutdown via SQL command.
101	Check InnoDB Buffer Pool Hit Rate	SELECT (1 - (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') / (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')) * 100 AS Hit_Rate;	Calculates InnoDB buffer pool hit ratio percentage.
102	Check InnoDB Redo Log Wait Rate	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_log_waits';	Measures redo log write waits.
103	Check InnoDB Lock Waiting Time	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_row_lock_time_avg';	Measures average row lock wait latency.
104	Check Table Cache Status	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Open_tables';	Inspects open table handles count.
105	Set Table Open Cache	SET GLOBAL table_open_cache = 4000;	Increases open table handle capacity.
106	Check Thread Cache Size	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_cached';	Inspects cached connection threads count.
107	Set Thread Cache Size	SET GLOBAL thread_cache_size = 64;	Configures connection thread recycling capacity.
108	Check Max Execution Time	SET SESSION max_execution_time = 5000;	Caps SELECT statement execution time to 5s.
109	Check Connection Limits per User	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' WITH MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR 1000;	Throttles user connections per hour.
110	Check Account Resource Limits	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' WITH MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 50000;	Throttles total queries per hour.
111	Set Password Lifetime	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL 180 DAY;	Configures 180-day password expiration.
112	Set Password History	ALTER USER 'app'@'localhost' PASSWORD HISTORY 5;	Prevents reusing last 5 passwords.
113	Check Binary Log Expiry	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'binlog_expire_logs_seconds';	Inspects automatic binlog purge window.
114	Set Binary Log Expiry	SET GLOBAL binlog_expire_logs_seconds = 604800;	Configures 7-day automatic binlog purge.
115	Check Binlog Format	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'binlog_format';	Inspects replication log format (ROW, STATEMENT, MIXED).
116	Set Binlog Format Row	SET GLOBAL binlog_format = 'ROW';	Enforces row-based replication logging.
117	Check Group Replication Status	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_members;	Inspects active Galera/Group Replication nodes.
118	Check Group Replication Member Stats	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.replication_group_member_stats;	Monitors queue lag across group nodes.
119	Check Performance Schema Stage Progress	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.events_stages_current;	Monitors progress of ALTER TABLE / OPTIMIZE operations.
120	Check Index Usage Digest	SELECT * FROM performance_schema.schema_index_statistics;	Monitors read/write I/O per index.
121	Check Unused Indexes PS	SELECT * FROM sys.schema_unused_indexes;	Identifies candidate indexes for removal via sys schema.
122	Check Duplicate Indexes PS	SELECT * FROM sys.schema_redundant_indexes;	Identifies redundant overlapping indexes via sys schema.
123	Check Table Auto Increment Value	SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name='users';	Inspects current auto-increment counter.
124	Set Table Auto Increment Value	ALTER TABLE users AUTO_INCREMENT = 10000;	Resets auto-increment counter.
125	Check InnoDB Table Compression	ALTER TABLE users ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED KEY_BLOCK_SIZE=8;	Applies page-level compression.
126	Check Query Rewrite Plugin	SHOW PLUGINS;	Inspects installed server plugins.
127	Install Plugin	INSTALL PLUGIN audit_log SONAME 'audit_log.so';	Installs Enterprise Audit plugin.
128	Uninstall Plugin	UNINSTALL PLUGIN audit_log;	Removes server plugin.
129	Check Engine Version Details	SELECT @@version_comment, @@version_compile_os;	Outputs OS build environment and comment.
130	Verify MySQL Uptime	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Uptime';	Displays server uptime seconds.
131	Check InnoDB Buffer Pool Instances	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_buffer_pool_instances';	Inspects buffer pool shard count.
132	Check InnoDB Page Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_page_size';	Inspects physical InnoDB page size in bytes.
133	Check InnoDB Flush Log At Trx Commit	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit';	Inspects ACID redo log flush safety (0, 1, 2).
134	Set InnoDB Flush Log At Trx Commit	SET GLOBAL innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1;	Enforces strict ACID redo log disk flush on commit.
135	Check InnoDB Doublewrite Buffer	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_doublewrite';	Inspects doublewrite buffer safety mode.
136	Check InnoDB File Per Table	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_file_per_table';	Verifies whether each table gets its own .ibd file.
137	Check InnoDB Adaptive Hash Index	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_adaptive_hash_index';	Inspects adaptive hash index state.
138	Disable InnoDB Adaptive Hash Index	SET GLOBAL innodb_adaptive_hash_index = OFF;	Disables adaptive hash index to reduce mutex contention.
139	Enable InnoDB Adaptive Hash Index	SET GLOBAL innodb_adaptive_hash_index = ON;	Activates adaptive hash index.
140	Check InnoDB Read I/O Threads	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_read_io_threads';	Inspects background disk read threads.
141	Check InnoDB Write I/O Threads	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_write_io_threads';	Inspects background disk write threads.
142	Check InnoDB Max Dirty Pages Pct	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct';	Inspects max dirty page ratio in buffer pool.
143	Check InnoDB Flush Method	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_flush_method';	Inspects OS file flush method (O_DIRECT).
144	Check InnoDB IO Capacity	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_io_capacity';	Inspects base I/O operations per second allocation.
145	Set InnoDB IO Capacity	SET GLOBAL innodb_io_capacity = 2000;	Increases base I/O capacity for SSD storage.
146	Check InnoDB IO Capacity Max	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_io_capacity_max';	Inspects peak I/O capacity for background flushing.
147	Set InnoDB IO Capacity Max	SET GLOBAL innodb_io_capacity_max = 4000;	Increases max I/O capacity for SSD storage.
148	Check InnoDB Lock Wait Timeout	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_lock_wait_timeout';	Inspects max seconds query waits for row lock.
149	Set InnoDB Lock Wait Timeout	SET GLOBAL innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 10;	Caps row lock wait duration to 10 seconds.
150	Check InnoDB Print Deadlock Logs	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_print_all_deadlocks';	Inspects if all deadlocks are written to error log.
151	Enable InnoDB Print Deadlock Logs	SET GLOBAL innodb_print_all_deadlocks = ON;	Logs all transaction deadlocks to error log.
152	Check Binlog Cache Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'binlog_cache_size';	Inspects transaction binary log buffer RAM size.
153	Check Sync Binlog	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sync_binlog';	Inspects binary log disk sync frequency (0, 1).
154	Set Sync Binlog	SET GLOBAL sync_binlog = 1;	Enforces disk sync for binary log on every transaction.
155	Check Relay Log Info	SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS IN 'relaylog.000001' LIMIT 10;	Inspects contents of replication relay log.
156	Check Replica Parallel Workers	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'replica_parallel_workers';	Inspects parallel replication applier threads.
157	Set Replica Parallel Workers	SET GLOBAL replica_parallel_workers = 8;	Enables 8 parallel worker threads for replication.
158	Check Replica Parallel Type	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'replica_parallel_type';	Inspects parallel replication dependency algorithm (LOGICAL_CLOCK).
159	Set Replica Parallel Type	SET GLOBAL replica_parallel_type = 'LOGICAL_CLOCK';	Enforces logical clock dependency parallel replication.
160	Check Replica Preserve Commit Order	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'replica_preserve_commit_order';	Ensures replica commits transactions in master order.
161	Set Replica Preserve Commit Order	SET GLOBAL replica_preserve_commit_order = ON;	Enforces commit order preservation on replica.
162	Check Master Info File	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'master_info_repository';	Inspects replication metadata storage (TABLE vs FILE).
163	Check Relay Log Info File	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'relay_log_info_repository';	Inspects relay log metadata storage (TABLE vs FILE).
164	Check Character Set Database	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set_database';	Inspects active database default character set.
165	Check Collation Database	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'collation_database';	Inspects active database default collation.
166	Check Character Set Server	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set_server';	Inspects server-wide default character set.
167	Check Collation Server	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'collation_server';	Inspects server-wide default collation.
168	Set Character Set Client	SET NAMES 'utf8mb4';	Configures client connection character set and collation.
169	Check Auto Increment Increment	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'auto_increment_increment';	Inspects auto-increment step value for multi-master.
170	Check Auto Increment Offset	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'auto_increment_offset';	Inspects auto-increment starting offset for multi-master.
171	Set Auto Increment Step	SET GLOBAL auto_increment_increment = 2;	Configures 2-step increment for dual-master replication.
172	Set Auto Increment Offset	SET GLOBAL auto_increment_offset = 1;	Configures offset 1 for master 1.
173	Check Max Allowed Packet	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_allowed_packet';	Inspects maximum allowed network packet payload size.
174	Set Max Allowed Packet	SET GLOBAL max_allowed_packet = 1073741824;	Increases max packet payload size to 1GB.
175	Check Interactive Timeout	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'interactive_timeout';	Inspects timeout for interactive client connections.
176	Check Wait Timeout	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wait_timeout';	Inspects timeout for non-interactive client connections.
177	Check Max Heap Table Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_heap_table_size';	Inspects max size for MEMORY engine tables.
178	Check Tmp Table Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tmp_table_size';	Inspects max size for in-memory internal temp tables.
179	Check Created Tmp Disk Tables	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Created_tmp_disk_tables';	Monitors temp tables spilling to disk.
180	Check Created Tmp Tables	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Created_tmp_tables';	Monitors total internal temp tables created.
181	Check Select Scan Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Select_scan';	Monitors full table scan execution count.
182	Check Select Full Join Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Select_full_join';	Monitors joins missing index keys.
183	Check Slow Queries Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Slow_queries';	Monitors total slow queries executed.
184	Check Com Select Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_select';	Monitors SELECT statements executed.
185	Check Com Insert Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_insert';	Monitors INSERT statements executed.
186	Check Com Update Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_update';	Monitors UPDATE statements executed.
187	Check Com Delete Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_delete';	Monitors DELETE statements executed.
188	Check Connections Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Connections';	Monitors total connection attempts since boot.
189	Check Aborted Connects	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Aborted_connects';	Monitors failed client connection attempts.
190	Check Aborted Clients	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Aborted_clients';	Monitors client connections dropped improperly.
191	Check Query Ping	SELECT 1;	Simple database ping test returning 1.
192	Check Current User Account	SELECT CURRENT_USER();	Returns current execution user and host.
193	Check Current Database Name	SELECT DATABASE();	Returns active selected database name.
194	Check System Timestamp	SELECT NOW();	Returns current server date and time.
195	Check System UTC Timestamp	SELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP();	Returns current UTC date and time.
196	Check System Connection ID	SELECT CONNECTION_ID();	Returns current connection thread ID.
197	Check MySQL Version Details	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs MySQL server build and patch version.
198	Check Server Uptime Status	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Uptime';	Displays server uptime in seconds.
199	Check Error Log Location	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'log_error';	Inspects file path of server error log.
200	Check Host Name Variable	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'hostname';	Outputs host server hostname.

SQL Server T-SQL OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Microsoft SQL Server (T-SQL) is a relational enterprise database platform featuring advanced memory-optimized tables (In-Memory OLTP / Hekaton), Columnstore indexes, AlwaysOn Availability Groups, transparent data encryption (TDE), and deep integration with Windows/Linux enterprise ecosystems.

Primary Use Cases: Enterprise ERP/CRM transaction engines, high-concurrency financial systems, data warehousing, and mission-critical line-of-business applications.

Core Components: Relational Engine, Storage Engine, Buffer Pool, Transaction Log (WAL), TempDB, Query Store, and AlwaysOn High Availability AGs.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for SQL Server T-SQL.

#	Operation / Action	T-SQL / PowerShell Syntax	Description
1	Check Active Sessions	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions WHERE is_user_process = 1;	Inspects client connections.
2	Check Active Queries	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_exec_requests;	Views running queries.
3	Kill Process Session	KILL 54;	Terminates blocking SPID.
4	Backup Database	BACKUP DATABASE EnterpriseDB TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\db.bak' WITH COMPRESSION;	Generates compressed SQL backup.
5	Restore Database	RESTORE DATABASE EnterpriseDB FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\db.bak';	Restores database backup.
6	Rebuild Indexes	ALTER INDEX ALL ON Users REBUILD WITH (ONLINE = ON);	Rebuilds indexes without downtime.
7	Update Statistics	UPDATE STATISTICS Users WITH FULLSCAN;	Refreshes query optimizer stats.
8	Check Database Integrity	DBCC CHECKDB (EnterpriseDB);	Scans for physical corruption.
9	Shrink Database Log	DBCC SHRINKFILE (EnterpriseDB_Log, 100);	Truncates transaction log size.
10	Create Login	CREATE LOGIN AppUser WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123!';	Provisions server-level login.
11	Create Database User	CREATE USER AppUser FOR LOGIN AppUser;	Maps login to database user.
12	Grant Role Permissions	ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER AppUser;	Grants read-only access rights.
13	Check Index Fragmentation	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED');	Evaluates index fragmentation levels.
14	View Blocking Chains	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks WHERE blocking_session_id IS NOT NULL;	Identifies blocking locks.
15	Get Database Sizes	SELECT name, size * 8 / 1024 AS SizeMB FROM sys.master_files;	Calculates file storage use.
16	Clear Plan Cache	DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;	Flushes compiled query plans.
17	Clear Buffer Pool	DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS;	Flushes clean buffers from memory.
18	Enable Extended Events	ALTER EVENT SESSION [SystemDiagnostics] ON SERVER STATE = START;	Activates diagnostic telemetry.
19	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE EnterpriseDB;	Provisions new database.
20	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE EnterpriseDB;	Deletes database instance.
21	Check AlwaysOn Status	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_hadr_availability_replica_states;	Inspects high availability sync.
22	Failover Availability Group	ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP EnterpriseAG FAILOVER;	Triggers manual AG failover.
23	Set Recovery Model	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET RECOVERY FULL;	Configures transaction log recovery.
24	Create Schema	CREATE AUTHORIZATION ON SCHEMA::dbo TO AppUser;	Modifies schema ownership.
25	Get Execution Stats	SELECT TOP 10 text, execution_count FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.sql_handle);	Finds most expensive queries.
26	Configure Max Server Memory	EXEC sp_configure 'max server memory (MB)', 16384; RECONFIGURE;	Limits buffer pool RAM usage.
27	Check Agent Jobs	EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_help_job;	Lists scheduled SQL Agent jobs.
28	Run Agent Job	EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_start_job N'NightlyBackup';	Manually triggers job execution.
29	View Deadlock Graphs	SELECT xed.value('(event/@name)[1]', 'varchar(150)') FROM sys.fn_xe_file_target_read_file('system_health*.xel', null, null, null);	Inspects historical deadlock logs.
30	Check Service Status	powershell "Get-Service MSSQLSERVER"	Verifies Windows service state.
31	Reorganize Index	ALTER INDEX ALL ON Users REORGANIZE;	Defragments index pages in-place.
32	Set Page Verify Option	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET PAGE_VERIFY CHECKSUM;	Enforces page checksum validation.
33	Set Auto Shrink Off	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET AUTO_SHRINK OFF;	Disables auto-shrink to prevent fragmentation.
34	Set Auto Create Stats	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET AUTO_CREATE_STATISTICS ON;	Enables automatic optimizer stats creation.
35	Set Auto Update Stats	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS ON;	Enables automatic optimizer stats updates.
36	Set Auto Update Stats Async	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS_ASYNC ON;	Asynchronously updates optimizer statistics.
37	Set Parameter Sniffing Off	ALTER DATABASE SCOPED CONFIGURATION SET PARAMETER_SNIFFING = OFF;	Disables parameter sniffing for query plans.
38	Set Max Degree of Parallelism	ALTER DATABASE SCOPED CONFIGURATION SET MAXDOP = 4;	Caps query execution parallel DOP.
39	Set Query Store On	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET QUERY_STORE = ON;	Enables Query Store performance recorder.
40	Clear Query Store	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET QUERY_STORE CLEAR;	Purges recorded Query Store telemetry.
41	Check Query Store Runtime Stats	SELECT * FROM sys.query_store_runtime_stats;	Inspects execution duration and CPU usage.
42	Check Query Store Plans	SELECT * FROM sys.query_store_plan;	Inspects compiled execution plans in Query Store.
43	Force Query Plan	EXEC sp_query_store_force_plan @query_id = 10, @plan_id = 5;	Forces Query Store to use specific plan.
44	Unforce Query Plan	EXEC sp_query_store_unforce_plan @query_id = 10, @plan_id = 5;	Unforces query plan override.
45	Take Differential Backup	BACKUP DATABASE EnterpriseDB TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\db_diff.bak' WITH DIFFERENTIAL;	Backs up changes since full backup.
46	Take Log Backup	BACKUP LOG EnterpriseDB TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\log.trn';	Backs up active transaction log.
47	Restore Log Backup	RESTORE LOG EnterpriseDB FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\log.trn' WITH NORECOVERY;	Restores transaction log chain.
48	Restore Final Log	RESTORE LOG EnterpriseDB FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\log_final.trn' WITH RECOVERY;	Finalizes database recovery sequence.
49	Check Backup History	SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.backupset;	Inspects historical database backup logs.
50	Check Restore History	SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.restorehistory;	Inspects historical database restore logs.
51	Check Suspect Pages	SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.suspect_pages;	Inspects pages flagged for I/O errors.
52	Check DBCC Inputbuffer	DBCC INPUTBUFFER(54);	Shows last SQL statement sent by SPID.
53	Check DBCC OPENTRAN	DBCC OPENTRAN(EnterpriseDB);	Identifies oldest active open transaction.
54	Check DBCC SQLPERF	DBCC SQLPERF(LOGSPACE);	Monitors transaction log space usage.
55	Check DBCC USEROPTIONS	DBCC USEROPTIONS;	Inspects active session SET configuration options.
56	Grant Server Role	ALTER SERVER ROLE sysadmin ADD MEMBER AppUser;	Grants sysadmin server privileges.
57	Deny Table Select	DENY SELECT ON Users TO AppUser;	Explicitly blocks read access on table.
58	Revoke Permission	REVOKE SELECT ON Users FROM AppUser;	Removes granted or denied permission.
59	Create Application Role	CREATE APPLICATION ROLE AppRole WITH PASSWORD = 'RolePass123!';	Provisions application role.
60	Create Server Audit	CREATE SERVER AUDIT AppAudit TO FILE (FILEPATH = 'C:\Audit\');	Provisions server audit specification.
61	Enable Server Audit	ALTER SERVER AUDIT AppAudit WITH (STATE = ON);	Activates server audit logging.
62	Create Database Audit Spec	CREATE DATABASE AUDIT SPECIFICATION DbAudit SPECIFICATION FOR SERVER AUDIT AppAudit ADD (SELECT ON Users BY PUBLIC);	Audits queries on table.
63	Enable Database Audit Spec	ALTER DATABASE AUDIT SPECIFICATION DbAudit WITH (STATE = ON);	Activates database audit spec.
64	Create Column Encryption Key	CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY CEK1 WITH VALUES (COLUMN_MASTER_KEY = CMK1, ALGORITHM = 'RSA_OAEP');	Provisions Always Encrypted key.
65	Create Columnstore Index	CREATE CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX cci_facts ON FactSales;	Provisions high-speed analytics Columnstore.
66	Create Nonclustered Columnstore	CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX ncci_sales ON FactSales(Amount, DateKey);	Provisions secondary Columnstore index.
67	Reorganize Columnstore Index	ALTER INDEX cci_facts ON FactSales REORGANIZE WITH (COMPRESS_ALL_ROW_GROUPS = ON);	Compacts Rowgroups in Columnstore.
68	Create Partition Scheme	CREATE PARTITION SCHEME ps_date AS PARTITION pf_date TO (fg1, fg2, fg3);	Maps partitions to filegroups.
69	Create Partition Function	CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION pf_date (datetime2) AS RANGE RIGHT FOR VALUES ('2026-01-01', '2027-01-01');	Provisions partition boundaries.
70	Split Partition Range	ALTER PARTITION FUNCTION pf_date() SPLIT RANGE ('2026-07-01');	Splits existing partition range.
71	Merge Partition Range	ALTER PARTITION FUNCTION pf_date() MERGE RANGE ('2026-07-01');	Merges adjacent partition ranges.
72	Switch Partition Table	ALTER TABLE Sales SWITCH PARTITION 1 TO SalesArchive PARTITION 1;	Instantly moves partition data.
73	Create Filegroup	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB ADD FILEGROUP FG_Data2026;	Provisions secondary filegroup.
74	Add File to Filegroup	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB ADD FILE (NAME = N'Data2026', FILENAME = N'C:\Data\Data2026.ndf') TO FILEGROUP FG_Data2026;	Adds storage file to filegroup.
75	Set Default Filegroup	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB MODIFY FILEGROUP FG_Data2026 DEFAULT;	Sets primary target filegroup.
76	Check TempDB Contention	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks WHERE page_workspace_clone = 1 OR resource_description LIKE '2:%';	Monitors TempDB allocation bottleneck.
77	Check TempDB Usage	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_file_space_usage;	Monitors TempDB file utilization.
78	Set Containment Type	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET CONTAINMENT = PARTIAL;	Configures contained database model.
79	Set Change Data Capture On	EXEC sys.sp_cdc_enable_db;	Activates CDC on database level.
80	Enable CDC on Table	EXEC sys.sp_cdc_enable_table @source_schema = N'dbo', @source_name = N'Users', @role_name = NULL;	Tracks table changes via CDC.
81	Disable CDC on Table	EXEC sys.sp_cdc_disable_table @source_schema = N'dbo', @source_name = N'Users', @capture_instance = N'all';	Stops CDC tracking on table.
82	Check CDC Errors	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_cdc_errors;	Inspects CDC capture and cleanup job errors.
83	Set Change Tracking On	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET CHANGE_TRACKING = ON (CHANGE_RETENTION = 2 DAYS, AUTO_CLEANUP = ON);	Activates Change Tracking.
84	Enable Change Tracking Table	ALTER TABLE Users ENABLE CHANGE_TRACKING;	Enforces change tracking on table.
85	Get Change Tracking Changes	SELECT * FROM CHANGETABLE(CHANGES Users, 0) AS CT;	Pulls table mutation history.
86	Set Snapshot Isolation	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON;	Enforces row-versioning snapshot isolation.
87	Set Read Committed Snapshot	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON;	Eliminates read locks using RCSI.
88	Check Wait Statistics	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC;	Pulls server-wide wait type statistics.
89	Clear Wait Statistics	DBCC SQLPERF('sys.dm_os_wait_stats', CLEAR);	Resets wait statistics memory counters.
90	Check Memory Clerks	SELECT type, SUM(pages_kb) FROM sys.dm_os_memory_clerks GROUP BY type ORDER BY SUM(pages_kb) DESC;	Analyzes memory allocation breakdown.
91	Check Ring Buffer Events	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_ring_buffers;	Inspects internal memory and exception events.
92	Check Latches	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_latch_stats ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC;	Analyzes thread latch contention.
93	Check Spinlocks	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_spinlock_stats ORDER BY spins DESC;	Analyzes CPU spinlock contention.
94	Check Buffer Descriptors	SELECT count(*)*8/1024 AS MB, DB_NAME(database_id) FROM sys.dm_os_buffer_descriptors GROUP BY database_id;	Inspects RAM cache usage per DB.
95	Check Missing Index DMV	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_missing_index_details;	Finds recommended indexes from optimizer.
96	Check Unused Index DMV	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_index_usage_stats WHERE user_scans = 0 AND user_seeks = 0;	Finds indexes with zero query usage.
97	Create Extended Event Session	CREATE EVENT SESSION [XE_SlowQueries] ON SERVER ADD EVENT sqlserver.sql_statement_completed(WHERE duration > 1000000);	Provisions XE tracing for slow queries.
98	Drop Extended Event Session	DROP EVENT SESSION [XE_SlowQueries] ON SERVER;	Removes Extended Event session.
99	Verify Product Version	SELECT @@VERSION;	Outputs running SQL Server build and patch version.
100	Set Database Offline	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET OFFLINE WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;	Forces database offline instantly.
101	Check TempDB Allocation Contention	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks WHERE resource_description LIKE '2:%';	Identifies PFS/GAM page contention in TempDB.
102	Add TempDB Data Files	ALTER DATABASE tempdb ADD FILE (NAME = N'tempdev2', FILENAME = N'C:\TempDB\tempdev2.ndf', SIZE = 1024MB);	Adds data file to balance TempDB I/O.
103	Check Memory Grant Warnings	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_exec_query_memory_grants WHERE grant_time IS NULL;	Identifies queries waiting for memory grants.
104	Check Resource Governor Pools	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_resource_governor_resource_pools;	Monitors CPU and RAM allocation across pools.
105	Create Resource Governor Pool	CREATE RESOURCE POOL BatchPool WITH (MAX_CPU_PERCENT = 50, MAX_MEMORY_PERCENT = 30);	Caps batch workload CPU/RAM.
106	Create Resource Governor Group	CREATE WORKLOAD GROUP BatchGroup USING BatchPool;	Maps workload group to resource pool.
107	Alter Resource Governor Reconfigure	ALTER RESOURCE GOVERNOR RECONFIGURE;	Applies Resource Governor configuration changes.
108	Check In-Memory OLTP Tables	SELECT * FROM sys.memory_optimized_tables_internal_attributes;	Inspects Hekaton in-memory tables.
109	Create Memory Optimized Table	CREATE TABLE dbo.FastCart (id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED HASH WITH (BUCKET_COUNT = 100000)) WITH (MEMORY_OPTIMIZED = ON, DURABILITY = SCHEMA_AND_DATA);	Provisions Hekaton in-memory table.
110	Check Columnstore Tuple Units	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_column_store_row_group_physical_stats;	Inspects Columnstore compressed rowgroups.
111	Check AlwaysOn Listener Status	SELECT * FROM sys.availability_group_listeners;	Inspects AG network listener IP and port.
112	Check AlwaysOn Sync Lag	SELECT replica_server_name, log_send_queue_size, log_send_rate FROM sys.dm_hadr_database_replica_states;	Monitors log send queue lag in AG.
113	Set AlwaysOn Sync Mode	ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP EnterpriseAG MODIFY REPLICA ON 'NODE2' WITH (AVAILABILITY_MODE = SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT);	Configures zero-data-loss sync mode.
114	Check Backup Verification	RESTORE VERIFYONLY FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\db.bak';	Validates backup tape/disk file integrity.
115	Check Page Verify Error	SELECT DB_NAME(database_id), file_id, page_id, error_type FROM sys.dm_db_mirroring_auto_page_repair;	Inspects automatic page repair logs.
116	Check File Auto Growth Events	SELECT * FROM sys.fn_trace_gettable('C:\Trace\log.trc', default) WHERE EventClass IN (92, 93);	Monitors file auto-expansion events.
117	Set File Autogrowth In MB	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB MODIFY FILE (NAME = N'EnterpriseDB', FILEGROWTH = 512MB);	Enforces fixed MB autogrowth to prevent fragmentation.
118	Check Database Encryption TDE	SELECT db_name(database_id), encryption_state FROM sys.dm_database_encryption_keys;	Inspects TDE transparent encryption state.
119	Enable Database Encryption	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET ENCRYPTION ON;	Activates TDE background encryption.
120	Check Extended Events Sessions	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_xe_sessions;	Lists active running Extended Event sessions.
121	Stop Extended Events Session	ALTER EVENT SESSION [SystemDiagnostics] ON SERVER STATE = STOP;	Halts Extended Event session.
122	Check Partition Ranges Info	SELECT * FROM sys.partition_range_values;	Inspects boundary values of partition functions.
123	Check Table Partition Distribution	SELECT p.partition_number, p.rows FROM sys.partitions p WHERE p.object_id = OBJECT_ID('Sales');	Inspects row count per partition.
124	Check Database Compatibility Level	SELECT name, compatibility_level FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects T-SQL compatibility version.
125	Set Database Compatibility Level	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = 160;	Upgrades compatibility to SQL Server 2022.
126	Check Server Collation	SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('Collation');	Outputs default server collation.
127	Check Database User Permissions	SELECT * FROM sys.database_permissions WHERE grantee_principal_id = USER_ID('AppUser');	Lists explicit permissions assigned to user.
128	Check Server Role Members	SELECT * FROM sys.server_role_members;	Lists accounts assigned to server admin roles.
129	Check System Uptime SQL	SELECT sqlserver_start_time FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info;	Outputs exact SQL Server boot timestamp.
130	Verify SQL Version String	SELECT @@VERSION;	Outputs SQL Server edition and CU patch build string.
131	Check Database Status	SELECT name, state_desc FROM sys.databases;	Inspects database ONLINE/OFFLINE state.
132	Check Database Recovery State	SELECT name, recovery_model_desc FROM sys.databases;	Inspects recovery model (FULL, SIMPLE, BULK_LOGGED).
133	Check Database Log Reuse Wait	SELECT name, log_reuse_wait_desc FROM sys.databases;	Identifies reason preventing log truncation.
134	Check Database File Autogrowth	SELECT name, growth, is_percent_growth FROM sys.master_files;	Inspects autogrowth settings for files.
135	Check Database File Space Free	SELECT name, size*8/1024 AS SizeMB, FILEPROPERTY(name, 'SpaceUsed')*8/1024 AS UsedMB FROM sys.database_files;	Calculates free space inside data files.
136	Check Database VLF Count	SELECT name, COUNT(l.database_id) AS VLFCount FROM sys.databases d CROSS APPLY sys.dm_db_log_info(d.database_id) l GROUP BY name;	Monitors Virtual Log File count to prevent degradation.
137	Check TempDB Allocation Pages	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_page_info(2, 1, 1, 'DETAILED');	Inspects TempDB GAM page header details.
138	Check Wait Stats Top 10	SELECT TOP 10 wait_type, waiting_tasks_count, wait_time_ms FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats WHERE wait_type NOT LIKE '%SLEEP%' ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC;	Lists top blocking wait types.
139	Check Memory Grants Pending	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_exec_query_memory_grants WHERE grant_time IS NULL;	Lists queries queued waiting for RAM grant.
140	Check Active Transactions DMV	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_tran_active_transactions;	Lists all open active transactions.
141	Check Session Transactions DMV	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_tran_session_transactions;	Maps active transactions to SPIDs.
142	Check Lock Escalation Mode	SELECT name, lock_escalation_desc FROM sys.tables;	Inspects lock escalation settings (TABLE, AUTO, DISABLE).
143	Set Lock Escalation Disable	ALTER TABLE Users SET (LOCK_ESCALATION = DISABLE);	Prevents row locks from escalating to table lock.
144	Set Lock Escalation Auto	ALTER TABLE Users SET (LOCK_ESCALATION = AUTO);	Allows partition-level lock escalation.
145	Check Index Usage Stats DMV	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), user_seeks, user_scans, user_lookups, user_updates FROM sys.dm_db_index_usage_stats WHERE database_id = DB_ID();	Pulls read vs write I/O per index.
146	Check Operational Index Stats DMV	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), page_latch_wait_count, page_io_latch_wait_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_operational_stats(DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL);	Monitors latch contention per index page.
147	Check Physical Index Stats DMV	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), avg_fragmentation_in_percent, page_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'SAMPLED');	Evaluates index fragmentation percentage.
148	Check Index Operational Leaf Inserts	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), leaf_insert_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_operational_stats(DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL);	Measures leaf page write activity.
149	Check Missing Index Groups DMV	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_missing_index_groups;	Maps missing index details to group IDs.
150	Check Missing Index Group Stats DMV	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_missing_index_group_stats ORDER BY avg_user_impact DESC;	Ranks missing index recommendations by performance impact.
151	Check Query Execution Stats Top CPU	SELECT TOP 10 total_worker_time/execution_count AS avg_cpu_time, text FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle) ORDER BY avg_cpu_time DESC;	Finds queries with highest average CPU consumption.
152	Check Query Execution Stats Top Logical Reads	SELECT TOP 10 total_logical_reads/execution_count AS avg_logical_reads, text FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle) ORDER BY avg_logical_reads DESC;	Finds queries with highest memory buffer reads.
153	Check Query Execution Stats Top Physical Reads	SELECT TOP 10 total_physical_reads/execution_count AS avg_physical_reads, text FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle) ORDER BY avg_physical_reads DESC;	Finds queries with highest physical disk I/O.
154	Check Cached Execution Plan XML	SELECT TOP 5 query_plan, text FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(plan_handle) CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_query_plan(plan_handle);	Pulls raw graphical XML execution plans from memory.
155	Check Buffer Cache Size per DB	SELECT DB_NAME(database_id), COUNT(*)*8/1024 AS BufferSizeMB FROM sys.dm_os_buffer_descriptors GROUP BY database_id;	Calculates RAM buffer pool usage per database.
156	Check Memory Clerks Top Allocation	SELECT TOP 10 type, SUM(pages_kb)/1024 AS SizeMB FROM sys.dm_os_memory_clerks GROUP BY type ORDER BY SUM(pages_kb) DESC;	Analyzes memory allocation across internal components.
157	Check OS Sys Info	SELECT cpu_count, hyperthread_ratio, physical_memory_kb/1024 AS PhysicalMemoryMB FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info;	Inspects CPU cores, threads, and host RAM.
158	Check OS Ring Buffers Out Of Memory	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_ring_buffers WHERE ring_buffer_type = 'RING_BUFFER_RESOURCE_MONITOR';	Monitors system and process low-memory events.
159	Check Server Properties	SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('MachineName'), SERVERPROPERTY('InstanceName'), SERVERPROPERTY('Edition'), SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion');	Pulls host, instance, edition, and build version.
160	Check Current Session Context	SELECT @@SPID AS SessionID, SYSTEM_USER AS SystemUser, DB_NAME() AS ActiveDatabase;	Pulls current session SPID, user, and database name.
161	Check Server Uptime	SELECT sqlserver_start_time FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info;	Outputs exact SQL Server boot timestamp.
162	Check SQL Agent Service Status	SELECT status_desc FROM sys.dm_server_services WHERE servicename LIKE 'SQL Server Agent%';	Verifies if SQL Agent service is running.
163	Check Database Master Key TDE	SELECT * FROM sys.symmetric_keys WHERE name LIKE '%DatabaseMasterKey%';	Verifies master encryption key for TDE.
164	Check AlwaysOn Replica Health	SELECT replica_server_name, operational_state_desc, connected_state_desc, synchronization_health_desc FROM sys.dm_hadr_availability_replica_states;	Inspects AG replica cluster health.
165	Check AlwaysOn Database State	SELECT database_name, synchronization_state_desc, synchronization_health_desc FROM sys.dm_hadr_database_replica_cluster_states;	Inspects AG database synchronization state.
166	Check Service Broker Queues	SELECT name, is_enqueue_enabled, is_dequeue_enabled FROM sys.service_queues;	Inspects Service Broker message queues.
167	Check Service Broker Endpoints	SELECT name, state_desc, port FROM sys.endpoints WHERE type = 3;	Inspects Service Broker network endpoint port.
168	Check Database Mirroring Endpoints	SELECT name, state_desc, port FROM sys.endpoints WHERE type = 4;	Inspects Database Mirroring network endpoint port.
169	Check Database Mirroring Status	SELECT db_name(database_id), mirroring_state_desc, mirroring_role_desc FROM sys.database_mirroring WHERE mirroring_guid IS NOT NULL;	Inspects legacy database mirroring status.
170	Check Change Tracking Table Status	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), is_track_columns_updated_on FROM sys.change_tracking_tables;	Inspects Change Tracking enabled tables.
171	Check CDC Capture Jobs	SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.cdc_jobs;	Lists active CDC capture and cleanup jobs.
172	Check Extended Events Buffer Target	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_xe_session_targets;	Inspects event ring buffer targets for XE.
173	Check Extended Events Packages	SELECT name, description FROM sys.xe_packages;	Lists installed Extended Events packages.
174	Check Extended Events Event Names	SELECT name, description FROM sys.xe_objects WHERE object_type = 'event' AND name LIKE 'sql%';	Lists available SQL Server Extended Events.
175	Check User Defined Functions List	SELECT name, type_desc FROM sys.objects WHERE type IN ('FN', 'IF', 'TF');	Lists user defined functions in database.
176	Check Stored Procedures List	SELECT name, create_date, modify_date FROM sys.procedures;	Lists stored procedures in database.
177	Check Views List	SELECT name, create_date FROM sys.views;	Lists views in database.
178	Check Triggers List	SELECT name, OBJECT_NAME(parent_id) AS TableName, is_disabled FROM sys.triggers;	Lists triggers in database.
179	Check Fulltext Catalogs	SELECT name, is_default FROM sys.fulltext_catalogs;	Lists full-text search catalogs.
180	Check Fulltext Indexes	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), is_enabled FROM sys.fulltext_indexes;	Lists full-text search indexes.
181	Check Database Filestream Option	SELECT name, non_transacted_access_desc FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects FILESTREAM feature settings.
182	Check Filestream Filegroups	SELECT name, type_desc FROM sys.filegroups WHERE type = 'FD';	Lists FILESTREAM storage filegroups.
183	Check Columnstore Rowgroups Compression	SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id), row_group_id, state_desc, total_rows FROM sys.dm_db_column_store_row_group_physical_stats;	Inspects Columnstore rowgroup compression states.
184	Check In-Memory Container Memory	SELECT memory_consumer_type_desc, alloc_size_mb FROM sys.dm_db_xtp_memory_consumers;	Analyzes memory allocation for Hekaton in-memory tables.
185	Check In-Memory Transactions	SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_xtp_transactions;	Monitors active transactions on in-memory tables.
186	Check Database Read Only Setting	SELECT name, is_read_only FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects read-only setting.
187	Set Database Read Only	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET READ_ONLY WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;	Forces database into read-only mode.
188	Set Database Read Write	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET READ_WRITE;	Restores database to read-write mode.
189	Check Database Single User Setting	SELECT name, user_access_desc FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects user access mode (MULTI_USER, SINGLE_USER, RESTRICTED_USER).
190	Set Database Single User	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;	Forces database into single user mode for maintenance.
191	Set Database Multi User	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET MULTI_USER;	Restores database to multi-user mode.
192	Check Database Parameterization Setting	SELECT name, is_parameterization_forced FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects forced parameterization setting.
193	Set Forced Parameterization	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET PARAMETERIZATION FORCED;	Enforces automatic query parameterization.
194	Set Simple Parameterization	ALTER DATABASE EnterpriseDB SET PARAMETERIZATION SIMPLE;	Restores default simple query parameterization.
195	Check Database ANSI NULLS Setting	SELECT name, is_ansi_nulls_on FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects ANSI NULLS default setting.
196	Check Database QUOTED IDENTIFIER Setting	SELECT name, is_quoted_identifier_on FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects QUOTED_IDENTIFIER default setting.
197	Check Database Cursor Default Setting	SELECT name, is_cursor_close_on_commit_on FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects cursor close on commit setting.
198	Check Database Page Verify Method	SELECT name, page_verify_option_desc FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'EnterpriseDB';	Inspects page verify option (CHECKSUM, TORN_PAGE_DETECTION, NONE).
199	Verify Product Version	SELECT @@VERSION;	Outputs full SQL Server version, architecture, and build string.
200	Check Ping Query	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping query.

Oracle Database OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Oracle Database is a enterprise multi-model RDBMS featuring high-performance Multitenant architecture (Container DB / Pluggable DB), Real Application Clusters (RAC) scale-out shared-everything clustering, Automatic Storage Management (ASM), Data Guard replication, and RMAN recovery manager.

Primary Use Cases: Mission-critical core banking, ERP, global supply chain transactional platforms, and high-availability enterprise applications.

Core Components: System Global Area (SGA), Program Global Area (PGA), Database Writer (DBWn), Log Writer (LGWR), Process Monitor (PMON), System Monitor (SMON), and Multitenant PDBs.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Oracle Database.

#	Operation / Action	SQL*Plus / RMAN Syntax	Description
1	Startup Instance	STARTUP NOMOUNT; ALTER DATABASE MOUNT; ALTER DATABASE OPEN;	Boots Oracle database instance.
2	Shutdown Instance	SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;	Halts database instance safely.
3	Connect via SQL*Plus	sqlplus sys/password@ORCL as sysdba	Opens administrative SQL session.
4	RMAN Backup Database	RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;	Executes RMAN enterprise backup.
5	RMAN Restore Database	RMAN> RESTORE DATABASE; RECOVER DATABASE;	Restores and recovers files.
6	Check Tablespace Usage	SELECT tablespace_name, sum(bytes)/1024/1024 FROM dba_free_space GROUP BY tablespace_name;	Evaluates storage capacity.
7	Add Datafile	ALTER TABLESPACE users ADD DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users02.dbf' SIZE 2G;	Expands tablespace storage.
8	Create User	CREATE USER app_user IDENTIFIED BY SecurePass123;	Provisions database user.
9	Grant DBA Roles	GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE, DBA TO app_user;	Assigns administrative privileges.
10	View Active Sessions	SELECT sid, serial#, username, status FROM v$session;	Inspects active database users.
11	Kill Session	ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION '145,2341';	Terminates hung user session.
12	Gather Table Statistics	EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(ownname => 'HR', tabname => 'EMPLOYEES');	Updates optimizer statistics.
13	Explain Execution Plan	EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT * FROM employees;	Generates query execution plan.
14	Check Alert Log	SELECT message_text FROM v$diag_alert_ext ORDER BY recorded_time DESC;	Inspects system diagnostic alerts.
15	Flush Shared Pool	ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL;	Clears compiled cursor memory.
16	Resize SGA Buffer	ALTER SYSTEM SET sga_target = 8G SCOPE=BOTH;	Adjusts memory allocation pool.
17	Create Index	CREATE INDEX idx_emp_email ON employees(email) TABLESPACE users;	Provisions table index.
18	Drop Index	DROP INDEX idx_emp_email;	Removes table index.
19	Check Redo Log Status	SELECT group#, status, bytes FROM v$log;	Inspects transactional redo logs.
20	Switch Redo Log	ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;	Forces active log file rotation.
21	Create Table Partition	CREATE TABLE sales (sale_date DATE) PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_date) (...);	Provisions partitioned table.
22	Check Data Guard Sync	SELECT dest_id, status, gap_status FROM v$archive_dest_status;	Verifies standby replication sync.
23	Create Profile Password	CREATE PROFILE secure_user LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 90;	Enforces password governance policy.
24	View Lock Waiters	SELECT * FROM v$lock WHERE block > 0;	Identifies lock contention sources.
25	Enable Tracing	EXEC DBMS_SESSION.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(sid=>145, serial#=>2341, sql_trace=>TRUE);	Activates detailed event tracing.
26	Purge Recycle Bin	PURGE DBA_RECYCLEBIN;	Empties dropped table storage.
27	Verify Patch Level	SELECT * FROM dba_registry_sqlpatch;	Inspects database patch history.
28	Create Database Link	CREATE DATABASE LINK remote_db CONNECT TO user IDENTIFIED BY pass USING 'ORCL_REMOTE';	Provisions federated database link.
29	Check Invalid Objects	SELECT owner, object_name FROM dba_objects WHERE status = 'INVALID';	Identifies broken compiled routines.
30	Check Service Status	lsnrctl status	Verifies Oracle TNS listener state.
31	Recompile Invalid Objects	EXEC DBMS_UTILITY.COMPILE_SCHEMA('HR');	Recompiles all invalid PL/SQL objects in schema.
32	Set PGA Target	ALTER SYSTEM SET pga_aggregate_target = 4G SCOPE=BOTH;	Adjusts Program Global Area memory target.
33	Check Memory Advisory	SELECT * FROM v$sga_target_advice;	Provides sizing recommendations for SGA.
34	Check PGA Advisory	SELECT * FROM v$pga_target_advice;	Provides sizing recommendations for PGA.
35	Create Temporary Tablespace	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp02 TEMPFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/temp02.dbf' SIZE 1G;	Adds secondary temp tablespace.
36	Resize Datafile	ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf' RESIZE 10G;	Resizes datafile volume size.
37	Enable Autoextend Datafile	ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf' AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 100M MAXSIZE 32G;	Sets auto-growth settings.
38	Drop Tablespace	DROP TABLESPACE users INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES;	Deletes tablespace and files from disk.
39	Create Undo Tablespace	CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs2 DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/undotbs02.dbf' SIZE 2G;	Provisions new Undo tablespace.
40	Switch Undo Tablespace	ALTER SYSTEM SET undo_tablespace = undotbs2 SCOPE=BOTH;	Activates new Undo tablespace.
41	Check Undo Retention	SHOW PARAMETER undo_retention;	Inspects undo retention duration setting.
42	Set Undo Retention	ALTER SYSTEM SET undo_retention = 3600 SCOPE=BOTH;	Enforces 1-hour undo retention for flashback.
43	Check ASM Disk Group	SELECT name, state, total_mb, free_mb FROM v$asm_diskgroup;	Inspects ASM storage pool capacity.
44	Add ASM Disk	ALTER DISKGROUP data ADD DISK '/dev/oracleasm/disks/DISK05';	Expands ASM disk group storage.
45	Drop ASM Disk	ALTER DISKGROUP data DROP DISK DISK05;	Removes disk from ASM storage group.
46	Rebalance ASM Diskgroup	ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE POWER 8;	Triggers high-priority ASM rebalance.
47	RMAN Crosscheck Backup	RMAN> CROSSCHECK BACKUP;	Validates backup file presence on disk/tape.
48	RMAN Delete Obsolete	RMAN> DELETE OBSOLETE;	Purges expired backups per retention policy.
49	RMAN Validate Database	RMAN> VALIDATE DATABASE;	Checks datafiles for physical block corruption.
50	Check Block Corruption DMV	SELECT * FROM v$database_block_corruption;	Lists corrupted data blocks found by RMAN.
51	Recover Corrupted Block	RMAN> RECOVER DATAFILE 4 BLOCK 128;	Executes online block media recovery.
52	Create Pluggable DB (PDB)	CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 ADMIN USER pdb_admin IDENTIFIED BY pass FILE_NAME_CONVERT=('/pdbseed/','/pdb2/');	Provisions new Multitenant PDB.
53	Plug PDB into CDB	CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb3 USING '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pdb3.xml' NOCOPY;	Plugs PDB into Container DB.
54	Unplug PDB from CDB	ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 UNPLUG INTO '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pdb2.xml';	Unplugs PDB into XML metadata file.
55	Open PDB	ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 OPEN;	Boots PDB into read-write state.
56	Close PDB	ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;	Shuts down pluggable database.
57	Save PDB State	ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL SAVE STATE;	Preserves open state across CDB restarts.
58	Drop PDB	DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 INCLUDING DATAFILES;	Deletes multitenant PDB.
59	Check Container DB List	SELECT name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs;	Lists all PDBs in CDB.
60	Switch Container Session	ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = pdb1;	Changes current session focus to PDB.
61	Create Common User	CREATE USER c##app_admin IDENTIFIED BY SecurePass123 CONTAINER=ALL;	Provisions CDB-wide common account.
62	Grant Common Privilege	GRANT CREATE SESSION TO c##app_admin CONTAINER=ALL;	Grants privilege across all PDBs.
63	Check AWR Snapshot Config	SELECT snap_interval, retention FROM dba_hist_wr_control;	Inspects AWR repository collection schedule.
64	Modify AWR Snapshot Interval	EXEC DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS(retention=>40320, interval=>30);	Sets 28-day retention and 30m snaps.
65	Create AWR Snapshot	EXEC DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.CREATE_SNAPSHOT();	Triggers manual AWR snapshot.
66	Generate AWR Report	SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.AWR_REPORT_HTML(1, 1, 101, 102));	Generates HTML performance report.
67	Generate ASH Report	SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.ASH_REPORT_HTML(1, 1, SYSDATE-1/24, SYSDATE));	Generates Active Session History report.
68	Create SQL Tuning Set	EXEC DBMS_SQLTUNE.CREATE_SQLSET('my_sts');	Provisions container for SQL tuning.
69	Run SQL Tuning Advisor	DECLARE l_task VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN l_task := DBMS_SQLTUNE.CREATE_TUNING_TASK(sql_id=>'43abc123', task_name=>'tune_q1'); DBMS_SQLTUNE.EXECUTE_TUNING_TASK('tune_q1'); END;	Runs AI query tuning analysis.
70	Get Tuning Report	SELECT DBMS_SQLTUNE.REPORT_TUNING_TASK('tune_q1') FROM DUAL;	Fetches recommendations and SQL profiles.
71	Accept SQL Profile	EXEC DBMS_SQLTUNE.ACCEPT_SQL_PROFILE(task_name=>'tune_q1', name=>'prof_q1');	Applies optimizer plan profile.
72	Check Active SQL Execution	SELECT sql_id, elapsed_time/1e6, cpu_time/1e6 FROM v$sql WHERE executions > 0;	Monitors CPU and elapsed time.
73	Gather Schema Statistics	EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS(ownname=>'HR', options=>'GATHER AUTO');	Gathers stats for outdated objects.
74	Lock Table Statistics	EXEC DBMS_STATS.LOCK_TABLE_STATS(ownname=>'HR', tabname=>'EMPLOYEES');	Prevents automatic stats override.
75	Unlock Table Statistics	EXEC DBMS_STATS.UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS(ownname=>'HR', tabname=>'EMPLOYEES');	Allows automatic stats updates.
76	Flashback Table	FLASHBACK TABLE employees TO TIMESTAMP (SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '15' MINUTE);	Reverts table state 15 minutes back.
77	Flashback Database	FLASHBACK DATABASE TO RESTORE POINT before_upgrade;	Reverts whole database to restore point.
78	Create Restore Point	CREATE RESTORE POINT before_upgrade GUARANTEE FLASHBACK DATABASE;	Provisions guaranteed restore point.
79	Drop Restore Point	DROP RESTORE POINT before_upgrade;	Deletes restore point.
80	Check Flashback Logs	SELECT * FROM v$flashback_database_log;	Inspects flashback log space utilization.
81	Enable Archive Log Mode	ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;	Enables continuous WAL archiving.
82	Disable Archive Log Mode	ALTER DATABASE NOARCHIVELOG;	Disables continuous WAL archiving.
83	Check Archive Destinations	SELECT destination, status FROM v$archive_dest;	Inspects archive log destinations.
84	Check Lock Waits DMV	SELECT c.owner, c.object_name, c.object_type, b.sid, b.serial# FROM v$locked_object a, v$session b, dba_objects c WHERE a.session_id = b.sid AND a.object_id = c.object_id;	Finds sessions holding locks on objects.
85	Check Latches DMV	SELECT name, gets, misses, sleeps FROM v$latch ORDER BY sleeps DESC;	Inspects latch contention.
86	Check Library Cache Pin	SELECT * FROM v$session_wait WHERE event LIKE 'library cache%';	Identifies PL/SQL package lock waits.
87	Enable Audit Vault	AUDIT ALL BY app_user BY ACCESS;	Enables fine-grained audit on account.
88	Disable Audit	NOAUDIT ALL BY app_user;	Stops audit tracking on account.
89	View Audit Trail	SELECT username, action_name, timestamp FROM dba_audit_trail;	Inspects historical audit log entries.
90	Check Unified Audit Trail	SELECT event_timestamp, dbusername, action_name FROM unified_audit_trail;	Inspects 12c+ unified audit log.
91	Set Resource Manager Plan	ALTER SYSTEM SET resource_manager_plan = 'DEFAULT_PLAN' SCOPE=BOTH;	Activates CPU resource governor.
92	Create Resource Consumer Group	EXEC DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP(consumer_group=>'batch_grp', comment=>'Batch tasks');	Provisions CPU consumer group.
93	Grant Consumer Group	EXEC DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS.GRANT_SWITCH_CONSUMER_GROUP('app_user', 'batch_grp', FALSE);	Assigns user to consumer group.
94	Switch Consumer Group	EXEC DBMS_SESSION.SWITCH_CURRENT_CONSUMER_GROUP('batch_grp', l_old_group, FALSE);	Changes session CPU priority.
95	Export Schema via Data Pump	expdp hr/pass DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr.dmp SCHEMAS=HR;	Exports schema binary via Data Pump.
96	Import Schema via Data Pump	impdp hr/pass DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr.dmp SCHEMAS=HR;	Imports schema binary via Data Pump.
97	Kill Data Pump Job	impdp hr/pass ATTACH=SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01 -> KILL_JOB	Stops running Data Pump operation.
98	Verify Database Version	SELECT * FROM v$version;	Outputs Oracle DB release and patch level.
99	Check Oracle License Usage	SELECT * FROM v$license;	Inspects active session count vs high-water mark.
100	Check Flash Recovery Area	SELECT * FROM v$recovery_file_dest;	Inspects FRA disk space and usage percentage.
101	Check RAC Cluster Interconnect	SELECT * FROM v$cluster_interconnects;	Inspects private network interfaces for RAC nodes.
102	Check RAC Node Status	SELECT inst_id, instance_name, host_name, status FROM gv$instance;	Inspects status of all RAC cluster instances.
103	Check RAC Lock Ping Latency	SELECT * FROM v$gc_element WHERE flags > 0;	Monitors Global Cache lock element transfers.
104	Check ASM Disk Rebalance Status	SELECT * FROM v$asm_operation;	Monitors background ASM disk rebalance progress.
105	Check Flashback Database Status	SELECT flashback_on FROM v$database;	Verifies if Flashback Database logging is enabled.
106	Check Flashback Area Usage	SELECT name, space_limit/1024/1024/1024 AS limit_gb, space_used/1024/1024/1024 AS used_gb FROM v$recovery_file_dest;	Monitors FRA storage.
107	Check Data Guard Lag	SELECT name, value FROM v$dataguard_stats WHERE name LIKE '%lag%';	Measures transport and apply lag on standby DB.
108	Set Data Guard Protection Mode	ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PROTECTION;	Enforces zero-data-loss synchronous Data Guard.
109	Check Redo Log Thread Group	SELECT thread#, group#, bytes, status FROM v$log;	Inspects redo log threads across RAC instances.
110	Add Redo Log File Group	ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE GROUP 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/redo04.log') SIZE 1G;	Adds 1GB redo log file group.
111	Drop Redo Log File Group	ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE GROUP 4;	Removes empty redo log group.
112	Check Table Partition Bound	SELECT partition_name, high_value FROM dba_tab_partitions WHERE table_name = 'SALES';	Inspects boundary values of table partitions.
113	Truncate Table Partition	ALTER TABLE sales TRUNCATE PARTITION p2026_q1;	Clears partition records instantly.
114	Merge Table Partitions	ALTER TABLE sales MERGE PARTITIONS p2026_q1, p2026_q2 INTO PARTITION p2026_h1;	Merges adjacent partitions.
115	Split Table Partition	ALTER TABLE sales SPLIT PARTITION p2026_h1 AT (TO_DATE('2026-04-01','YYYY-MM-DD')) INTO (PARTITION p2026_q1, PARTITION p2026_q2);	Splits partition.
116	Check Index Fragmentation Oracle	SELECT index_name, blevel, leaf_blocks, distinct_keys FROM dba_indexes WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';	Evaluates B-Tree index depth and blocks.
117	Coalesce Index	ALTER INDEX idx_emp_email COALESCE;	Defragments index leaf blocks in-place.
118	Rebuild Index Online	ALTER INDEX idx_emp_email REBUILD ONLINE;	Rebuilds index without locking concurrent DML writes.
119	Check Table Degree of Parallelism	SELECT table_name, degree FROM dba_tables WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';	Inspects table parallel execution degree.
120	Set Table Parallel Execution	ALTER TABLE employees PARALLEL 8;	Enforces 8 parallel execution threads for queries.
121	Check SQL Execution Cursor Cache	SELECT sql_text, executions, disk_reads, buffer_gets FROM v$sqlarea WHERE executions > 100 ORDER BY disk_reads DESC;	Finds queries with high physical I/O.
122	Check Active Session History (ASH)	SELECT sample_time, session_id, sql_id, event FROM v$active_session_history WHERE sample_time > SYSDATE-1/24;	Analyzes wait events in last hour.
123	Check System Wait Events	SELECT event, total_waits, time_waited FROM v$system_event ORDER BY time_waited DESC;	Pulls top system-wide wait events.
124	Check Enqueue Lock Waits	SELECT * FROM v$enqueue_stat WHERE failed > 0;	Monitors internal lock enqueue failures.
125	Check Library Cache Memory	SELECT * FROM v$librarycache;	Monitors cursor parsing and execution hit ratios.
126	Check Temp Tablespace Space Usage	SELECT tablespace_name, allocated_space, used_space FROM v$temp_space_header;	Inspects temp tablespace page allocations.
127	Check Active Rollback Undo Segments	SELECT segment_name, status, bytes FROM dba_undo_extents;	Inspects Undo segment allocations.
128	Check Oracle Database Name	SELECT name, db_unique_name, open_mode FROM v$database;	Outputs database name and open state.
129	Check Oracle Instance Name	SELECT instance_name, host_name, version FROM v$instance;	Outputs instance name and host info.
130	Verify Listener Status CLI	lsnrctl status	Verifies TNS network listener process status.
131	Check Oracle Database Role	SELECT database_role FROM v$database;	Inspects PRIMARY vs STANDBY role.
132	Check Oracle Protection Mode	SELECT protection_mode, protection_level FROM v$database;	Inspects Data Guard protection level.
133	Check Oracle Log Mode	SELECT log_mode FROM v$database;	Inspects ARCHIVELOG vs NOARCHIVELOG mode.
134	Check Oracle Switchover Status	SELECT switchover_status FROM v$database;	Inspects Data Guard switchover readiness.
135	Check Oracle SGA Dynamic Components	SELECT component, current_size/1024/1024 AS size_mb FROM v$sga_dynamic_components;	Monitors SGA component sizing.
136	Check Oracle Buffer Cache Hit Ratio	SELECT (1 - (phy.value / (cur.value + con.value))) * 100 AS Hit_Ratio FROM v$sysstat phy, v$sysstat cur, v$sysstat con WHERE phy.name = 'physical reads' AND cur.name = 'db block gets' AND con.name = 'consistent gets';	Calculates buffer cache hit ratio.
137	Check Oracle Shared Pool Free Memory	SELECT name, bytes/1024/1024 AS free_mb FROM v$sgastat WHERE name = 'free memory';	Inspects unallocated shared pool memory.
138	Check Oracle Library Cache Hit Ratio	SELECT sum(pins)/(sum(pins)+sum(reloads))*100 AS Hit_Ratio FROM v$librarycache;	Calculates library cache cursor execution hit ratio.
139	Check Oracle Dictionary Cache Hit Ratio	SELECT (1 - (sum(getmisses)/sum(gets)))*100 AS Hit_Ratio FROM v$rowcache;	Calculates data dictionary cache hit ratio.
140	Check Oracle Undo Retention Guarantee	SELECT tablespace_name, retention FROM dba_tablespaces WHERE contents = 'UNDO';	Inspects UNDO retention guarantee setting.
141	Check Oracle Undo Space Usage	SELECT sum(bytes)/1024/1024 AS total_undo_mb FROM dba_data_files WHERE tablespace_name LIKE 'UNDO%';	Calculates allocated Undo tablespace capacity.
142	Check Oracle Temp Space Usage	SELECT tablespace_name, sum(bytes_cached)/1024/1024 AS used_temp_mb FROM v$temp_extent_pool GROUP BY tablespace_name;	Calculates temp space usage.
143	Check Oracle ASM Disks State	SELECT mount_status, header_status, mode_status, path FROM v$asm_disk;	Inspects ASM disk headers and mount state.
144	Check Oracle ASM Diskgroup Balance	SELECT group_number, name, state, type, total_mb, free_mb FROM v$asm_diskgroup;	Inspects ASM diskgroup total vs free capacity.
145	Check Oracle RMAN Backup Status	SELECT operation, status, start_time, end_time FROM v$rman_status WHERE start_time > SYSDATE-7 ORDER BY start_time DESC;	Inspects RMAN job statuses for last 7 days.
146	Check Oracle RMAN Backup Progress	SELECT sid, serial#, opname, sofar, totalwork, round(sofar/totalwork*100,2) AS pct FROM v$session_longops WHERE opname LIKE 'RMAN%' AND totalwork > 0;	Monitors active RMAN backup progress.
147	Check Oracle Datafile Header Status	SELECT file#, name, status, error FROM v$datafile_header;	Inspects datafile header consistency.
148	Check Oracle Control Files List	SELECT name FROM v$controlfile;	Lists active control file paths.
149	Check Oracle Redo Log Member Files	SELECT group#, member, status FROM v$logfile;	Lists redo log member paths and mirror status.
150	Check Oracle Archived Logs List	SELECT thread#, sequence#, first_change#, next_change#, completion_time FROM v$archived_log WHERE completion_time > SYSDATE-1 ORDER BY sequence# DESC;	Lists archived log files generated in last 24h.
151	Check Oracle Pluggable DB Open Mode	SELECT name, open_mode, restricted FROM v$pdbs;	Lists PDBs and open status.
152	Check Oracle PDB Save State	SELECT instance_name, pdb_name, state FROM cdb_pdb_saved_states;	Inspects PDB preserved startup state.
153	Check Oracle PDB Resource Manager	SELECT plan, status FROM dba_cdb_rsrc_plans;	Inspects multitenant resource manager plan.
154	Check Oracle Tablespace Encryption	SELECT tablespace_name, encrypted FROM dba_tablespaces;	Inspects TDE encrypted tablespaces.
155	Check Oracle Wallet Status	SELECT status, wallet_type FROM v$encryption_wallet;	Inspects TDE master key wallet status.
156	Check Oracle Tablespace Autoextend	SELECT tablespace_name, file_name, autoextensible, maxbytes/1024/1024 AS max_mb FROM dba_data_files;	Inspects auto-growth limits.
157	Check Oracle Segment Size Top 10	SELECT * FROM (SELECT owner, segment_name, segment_type, bytes/1024/1024 AS size_mb FROM dba_segments ORDER BY bytes DESC) WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;	Finds 10 largest storage segments in database.
158	Check Oracle Table Row Count Stats	SELECT table_name, num_rows, blocks, last_analyzed FROM dba_tables WHERE owner = 'HR';	Inspects table optimizer row count stats.
159	Check Oracle Index Clustering Factor	SELECT index_name, clustering_factor, leaf_blocks FROM dba_indexes WHERE owner = 'HR';	Evaluates index data layout alignment with table rows.
160	Check Oracle Stored Code Errors	SELECT name, type, line, text FROM dba_errors WHERE owner = 'HR';	Pulls PL/SQL compilation error messages.
161	Check Oracle System Privilege Grants	SELECT grantee, privilege FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE grantee = 'APP_USER';	Lists system privileges assigned to user.
162	Check Oracle Role Grants	SELECT grantee, granted_role FROM dba_role_privs WHERE grantee = 'APP_USER';	Lists roles assigned to user.
163	Check Oracle Object Privilege Grants	SELECT grantee, table_name, privilege FROM dba_tab_privs WHERE grantee = 'APP_USER';	Lists object privileges assigned to user.
164	Check Oracle Password Profile Limits	SELECT profile, resource_name, limit FROM dba_profiles WHERE resource_type = 'PASSWORD';	Inspects password policy rules.
165	Check Oracle User Profile Assignment	SELECT username, profile, account_status FROM dba_users WHERE username = 'APP_USER';	Inspects assigned profile for account.
166	Check Oracle Audit Policies	SELECT policy_name, enabled FROM audit_unified_enabled_policies;	Lists active unified audit policies.
167	Check Oracle Audit Trail Events	SELECT event_timestamp, dbusername, action_name, return_code FROM unified_audit_trail WHERE event_timestamp > SYSDATE-1 ORDER BY event_timestamp DESC;	Pulls recent audit events.
168	Check Oracle Scheduler Jobs	SELECT job_name, state, last_start_date, next_run_date FROM dba_scheduler_jobs;	Lists DBMS_SCHEDULER jobs.
169	Check Oracle Scheduler Job Logs	SELECT job_name, status, log_date FROM dba_scheduler_job_run_details WHERE log_date > SYSDATE-1 ORDER BY log_date DESC;	Inspects DBMS_SCHEDULER execution logs.
170	Run Oracle Scheduler Job	EXEC DBMS_SCHEDULER.RUN_JOB('NIGHTLY_BACKUP');	Triggers immediate execution of DBMS_SCHEDULER job.
171	Check Oracle Database Parameter non-default	SELECT name, value FROM v$parameter WHERE isdefault = 'FALSE';	Lists non-default initialization parameters.
172	Check Oracle SPFile Location	SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'spfile';	Outputs path to active SPFILE binary.
173	Check Oracle Session CPU Usage	SELECT s.sid, s.username, ss.value/100 AS cpu_sec FROM v$session s JOIN v$sesstat ss ON s.sid = ss.sid JOIN v$statname sn ON ss.statistic# = sn.statistic# WHERE sn.name = 'CPU used by this session' ORDER BY ss.value DESC;	Finds sessions using highest CPU time.
174	Check Oracle Session Memory Usage	SELECT s.sid, s.username, ss.value/1024/1024 AS pga_mb FROM v$session s JOIN v$sesstat ss ON s.sid = ss.sid JOIN v$statname sn ON ss.statistic# = sn.statistic# WHERE sn.name = 'session pga memory' ORDER BY ss.value DESC;	Finds sessions using highest PGA memory.
175	Check Oracle Long Running Operations	SELECT sid, serial#, opname, target_desc, sofar, totalwork, round(sofar/totalwork*100,2) AS pct FROM v$session_longops WHERE totalwork > 0 AND sofar < totalwork;	Monitors long-running queries and utilities.
176	Check Oracle Query Ping	SELECT 1 FROM DUAL;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
177	Check Oracle Current User	SELECT USER FROM DUAL;	Outputs active execution user account.
178	Check Oracle Current Container	SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'CON_NAME') FROM DUAL;	Outputs active container PDB name.
179	Check Oracle Current DB Name	SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'DB_NAME') FROM DUAL;	Outputs active database name.
180	Check Oracle Current Hostname	SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SERVER_HOST') FROM DUAL;	Outputs host server hostname.
181	Check Oracle Current Time	SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;	Outputs current database server date and time.
182	Check Oracle Current Timestamp	SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;	Outputs current database server timestamp with timezone.
183	Check Oracle Database Version	SELECT * FROM v$version;	Outputs full Oracle release and build version string.
184	Check Oracle Instance Startup Time	SELECT startup_time FROM v$instance;	Outputs exact instance boot timestamp.
185	Check Oracle Listener Port TNS	SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'local_listener';	Inspects local TNS listener parameter.
186	Check Oracle Database Character Set	SELECT value FROM nls_database_parameters WHERE parameter = 'NLS_CHARACTERSET';	Outputs database character set encoding.
187	Check Oracle Database NLS Territory	SELECT value FROM nls_database_parameters WHERE parameter = 'NLS_TERRITORY';	Outputs database territory NLS setting.
188	Check Oracle Database NLS Language	SELECT value FROM nls_database_parameters WHERE parameter = 'NLS_LANGUAGE';	Outputs database language NLS setting.
189	Check Oracle Service Names	SELECT name FROM v$active_services;	Lists active network service names registered with listener.
190	Check Oracle Dispatchers Status	SELECT name, status, accept FROM v$dispatcher;	Inspects shared server dispatcher status.
191	Check Oracle Instance Status	SELECT instance_name, status FROM v$instance;	Inspects instance status.
192	Check Oracle Database Name	SELECT name FROM v$database;	Inspects database name.
193	Check Oracle Log Mode	SELECT log_mode FROM v$database;	Inspects archivelog mode.
194	Check Oracle Open Mode	SELECT open_mode FROM v$database;	Inspects database open mode.
195	Check Oracle DBID	SELECT dbid FROM v$database;	Inspects unique database ID.
196	Check Oracle Platform Name	SELECT platform_name FROM v$database;	Inspects OS platform name.
197	Check Oracle Controlfile Type	SELECT controlfile_type FROM v$database;	Inspects controlfile type.
198	Check Oracle Guard Status	SELECT guard_status FROM v$database;	Inspects Data Guard protection status.
199	Check Oracle Flashback Status	SELECT flashback_on FROM v$database;	Inspects flashback status.
200	Check Oracle Instance Startup	SELECT startup_time FROM v$instance;	Inspects instance boot time.

IBM Db2 z/OS OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

IBM Db2 z/OS is a enterprise database management system engineered for IBM Z mainframes. It features extreme availability, tight integration with z/OS (WLM, Parallel Sysplex, Cross-System Coupling Facility), massive scalability, and hybrid transaction/analytical processing (HTAP) with the IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator (IDAA).

Primary Use Cases: Core mainframe transaction processing, banking ledger systems, insurance claim processing, and enterprise data warehousing.

Core Components: DSN1 Subsystem, Buffer Pools (BP0-BP80), Group Buffer Pools (GBP), Distributed Data Facility (DDF), VSAM Datasets, and System Catalog SYSIBM.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for IBM Db2 z/OS.

#	Operation / Action	Db2 Console / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Start Db2 Subsystem	-START DB2 SUBSYS(DSN1)	Boots Db2 z/OS instance.
2	Stop Db2 Subsystem	-STOP DB2 ACCESS(FORCE)	Halts Db2 z/OS instance.
3	Display Subsystem Status	-DISPLAY SUBSYS	Inspects operational subsystem state.
4	Display Active Threads	-DISPLAY THREAD(*)	Views connected application threads.
5	Cancel Thread	-CANCEL THREAD(1245)	Terminates active thread.
6	Start Database Space	-START DATABASE(DSNDB04) SPACENAM(USERTBL) ACCESS(RW)	Opens tablespace read-write.
7	Stop Database Space	-STOP DATABASE(DSNDB04) SPACENAM(USERTBL)	Closes tablespace access.
8	Run Image Copy Utility	COPY TABLESPACE DSNDB04.USERTBL COPYDDN(COPY1)	Backs up Db2 tablespace.
9	Run Reorg Utility	REORG TABLESPACE DSNDB04.USERTBL	Defragments dataset storage.
10	Run Runstats Utility	RUNSTATS TABLESPACE DSNDB04.USERTBL TABLE(ALL) INDEX(ALL)	Refreshes optimizer statistics.
11	Run Check Index	CHECK INDEX (DSNDB04.IX01)	Validates index consistency.
12	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE PRODDB BUFFERPOOL BP1;	Provisions Db2 database.
13	Create Tablespace	CREATE TABLESPACE USERTBL IN PRODDB SEGSIZE 32;	Provisions logical tablespace.
14	Create Table	CREATE TABLE USERTBL.EMPLOYEES (EMPNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL);	Provisions table schema.
15	Create Index	CREATE UNIQUE INDEX USERTBL.XEMP1 ON USERTBL.EMPLOYEES(EMPNO);	Provisions unique index.
16	Grant Authority	GRANT SELECT ON TABLE USERTBL.EMPLOYEES TO PUBLIC;	Assigns table access rights.
17	Explain Plan	EXPLAIN STMT; SELECT * FROM USERTBL.EMPLOYEES;	Generates query optimization plan.
18	Display Archive Log	-DISPLAY LOG	Inspects active logging status.
19	Archive Log Switch	-ARCHIVE LOG	Forces active log file archive.
20	Display Traces	-DISPLAY TRACE(*)	Inspects performance monitor traces.
21	Start Trace	-START TRACE (PERF) CLASS(1,2,3)	Activates performance data collection.
22	Stop Trace	-STOP TRACE (PERF)	Halts performance trace collection.
23	Display Buffer Pools	-DISPLAY BUFFERPOOL(BP1) DETAIL	Inspects buffer pool cache hit ratios.
24	Alter Buffer Pool Size	-ALTER BUFFERPOOL(BP1) VPSIZE(50000)	Modifies virtual buffer pool RAM.
25	Recover Table Space	RECOVER TABLESPACE PRODDB.USERTBL TOCOPY LAST	Recovers corrupted tablespace.
26	Bind Application Package	BIND PACKAGE(PRODCOLL) MEMBER(PRODPROG) QUALIFIER(PRODSCH)	Binds static SQL application package.
27	Free Package	FREE PACKAGE(PRODCOLL.PRODPROG(V1))	Removes application package.
28	Check Workfile Usage	-DISPLAY FUNCTION SPECIFIC(*)	Inspects sorting workfile usage.
29	Display Storage Groups	SELECT SGNAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSSTOGROUP;	Lists VSAM storage groups.
30	Display System Parameters	-DISPLAY ZPARM	Inspects subsystem tuning parameters.
31	Start Database Read-Only	-START DATABASE(PRODDB) SPACENAM(*) ACCESS(RO)	Opens database in read-only mode.
32	Start Database Utility Mode	-START DATABASE(PRODDB) SPACENAM(*) ACCESS(UT)	Opens database for utility jobs only.
33	Display Database Status	-DISPLAY DATABASE(PRODDB) SPACENAM(*)	Inspects operational status of tablespaces.
34	Display Restricted Spaces	-DISPLAY DATABASE(*) SPACENAM(*) RESTRICT	Lists tablespaces in advisory or execution lock.
35	Modify Buffer Pool Sequential Threshold	-ALTER BUFFERPOOL(BP1) VPSEQT(80)	Adjusts sequential prefetch threshold.
36	Display Group Buffer Pool	-DISPLAY BUFFERPOOL(GBP1) GBPDB2	Inspects data sharing group buffer pool.
37	Start Trace Accounting	-START TRACE (ACCT) CLASS(1,2,3) DEST(SMF)	Activates SMF accounting data logging.
38	Stop Trace Accounting	-STOP TRACE (ACCT)	Halts SMF accounting data collection.
39	Display Location	-DISPLAY LOCATION	Inspects distributed DDF connection locations.
40	Start DDF Daemon	-START DDF	Boots Distributed Data Facility daemon.
41	Stop DDF Daemon	-STOP DDF MODE(QUIESCE)	Gracefully stops DDF networking service.
42	Display DDF Detail	-DISPLAY DDF DETAIL	Inspects active TCP/IP port and thread usage.
43	Cancel DDF Thread	-CANCEL DDF THREAD(1245)	Terminates remote network SQL thread.
44	Run Load Utility	LOAD DATA INFILE 'DSN.DATA' INTO TABLE USERTBL.EMPLOYEES	Bulk ingests sequential dataset into table.
45	Run Unload Utility	UNLOAD TABLESPACE PRODDB.USERTBL PUNCHDDN(SYSPUNCH) UNLDDN(SYSREC)	Exports tablespace rows to dataset.
46	Run Check Data Utility	CHECK DATA TABLESPACE PRODDB.USERTBL FOR EXCEPTION DELETE	Validates referential integrity constraint rules.
47	Run Repair Utility	REPAIR SET TABLESPACE PRODDB.USERTBL NOCHECKPEND	Resets check pending status flags.
48	Run Quiesce Utility	QUIESCE TABLESPACE PRODDB.USERTBL	Forces point-in-time write commit across tablespaces.
49	Run Modify Utility	MODIFY RECOVERY TABLESPACE PRODDB.USERTBL DELETE AGE(30)	Purges obsolete image copy records from SYSCOPY.
50	Display RLST	-DISPLAY RLST	Inspects Resource Limit Specification Table (governor).
51	Start RLST Governor	-START RLST ID=01	Activates SQL CPU governor limits.
52	Stop RLST Governor	-STOP RLST	Deactivates SQL CPU governor limits.
53	Create Storage Group	CREATE STOGROUP SGPROD VOLUMES ('VOL01','VOL02') VCAT DSN1;	Provisions VSAM storage group.
54	Alter Storage Group	ALTER STOGROUP SGPROD ADD VOLUMES ('VOL03');	Appends volume serial to storage group.
55	Drop Storage Group	DROP STOGROUP SGPROD;	Deletes VSAM storage group definition.
56	Create Table Space Partitioned	CREATE TABLESPACE TS01 IN PRODDB NUMPARTS 4 (PART 1 BUFFERPOOL BP1);	Provisions partitioned tablespace.
57	Alter Table Space Max partitions	ALTER TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 MAXPARTITIONS 64;	Converts tablespace to Partition-By-Growth.
58	Alter Table Compress	ALTER TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 COMPRESS YES;	Enforces hardware dictionary data compression.
59	Create Index Partitioned	CREATE INDEX USERTBL.XEMP1 ON USERTBL.EMPLOYEES(EMPNO) PARTITION BY PART 1 VALUES ('100000');	Provisions partitioned index.
60	Alter Index Rebuild	ALTER INDEX USERTBL.XEMP1 REBUILD;	Rebuilds index tree structure.
61	Grant SYSADM Authority	GRANT SYSADM TO USER JLAWREN;	Assigns full Db2 system admin authority.
62	Grant DBADM Authority	GRANT DBADM ON DATABASE PRODDB TO USER JLAWREN;	Assigns database administrator rights.
63	Revoke SYSADM Authority	REVOKE SYSADM FROM USER JLAWREN;	Revokes system admin authority.
64	Display Utility Job	-DISPLAY UTILITY(*)	Inspects active running batch utilities.
65	Term Utility Job	-TERM UTILITY(JLAWREN.JOB100)	Terminates hung or failed utility job.
66	Restart Utility Job	RESTART UTILITY(JLAWREN.JOB100)	Resumes interrupted utility job from last checkpoint.
67	Bind Plan	BIND PLAN(PLANPROD) PKLIST(PRODCOLL.*) ACTION(REPLACE)	Binds static packages into executable plan.
68	Free Plan	FREE PLAN(PLANPROD)	Deletes static plan from subsystem.
69	Rebind Package	REBIND PACKAGE(PRODCOLL.PRODPROG)	Recompiles static SQL package against new stats.
70	Rebind Plan	REBIND PLAN(PLANPROD)	Recompiles static execution plan.
71	Check Catalog Tables	SELECT NAME, CREATOR FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLES WHERE DBName='PRODDB';	Inspects Db2 system catalog.
72	Check Catalog Columns	SELECT NAME, COLTYPE, LENGTH FROM SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS WHERE TBNAME='EMPLOYEES';	Inspects column definitions in catalog.
73	Check Catalog Indexes	SELECT NAME, TBNAME, UNIQUERULE FROM SYSIBM.SYSINDEXES WHERE TBNAME='EMPLOYEES';	Inspects index definitions in catalog.
74	Check Catalog Tablespaces	SELECT NAME, DBNAME, NTOTAL FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLESPACE WHERE DBNAME='PRODDB';	Inspects tablespace storage pages.
75	Check Catalog Copies	SELECT DSNAME, DATE, START_LBN FROM SYSIBM.SYSCOPY WHERE DBNAME='PRODDB';	Inspects image copy backup history.
76	Check Catalog Packages	SELECT NAME, COLLID, VERSION FROM SYSIBM.SYSPACKAGE WHERE COLLID='PRODCOLL';	Inspects bound static packages.
77	Check Catalog Plans	SELECT NAME, CREATOR, BOUNDTIME FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN WHERE NAME='PLANPROD';	Inspects bound static plans.
78	Check Catalog Volume Space	SELECT NAME, SPACE FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLEPART WHERE DBNAME='PRODDB';	Inspects partition disk page usage.
79	Check Catalog Locks	SELECT * FROM SYSIBM.SYSLOCKS;	Inspects active subsystem locks.
80	Set Current SQLID	SET CURRENT SQLID = 'PRODGRP';	Changes active primary authorization ID for DDL.
81	Set Current Degree	SET CURRENT DEGREE = 'ANY';	Enables parallel processing for dynamic SQL.
82	Set Current Rules	SET CURRENT RULES = 'DB2';	Enforces native Db2 syntax rules.
83	Set Current Precision	SET CURRENT PRECISION = 'DEC31';	Configures BCD decimal math precision.
84	Display Archive Log Status	-DISPLAY ARCHIVE	Inspects status of archive log datasets.
85	Display Profile	-DISPLAY PROFILE	Inspects active performance profiling configurations.
86	Start Profile	-START PROFILE	Activates dynamic SQL performance monitoring.
87	Stop Profile	-STOP PROFILE	Halts dynamic SQL performance monitoring.
88	Display Accelerator	-DISPLAY ACCEL(*)	Inspects IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator (IDAA) hardware.
89	Start Accelerator	-START ACCEL(IDAA01)	Boots IDAA analytics accelerator appliance.
90	Stop Accelerator	-STOP ACCEL(IDAA01)	Halts IDAA analytics accelerator appliance.
91	Display Function	-DISPLAY FUNCTION(*)	Inspects active user-defined routines.
92	Start Function	-START FUNCTION(PRODSCH.*)	Enables user-defined function execution.
93	Stop Function	-STOP FUNCTION(PRODSCH.*)	Disables user-defined function execution.
94	Display Procedure	-DISPLAY PROCEDURE(*)	Inspects active stored procedures.
95	Start Procedure	-START PROCEDURE(PRODSCH.*)	Enables stored procedure execution.
96	Stop Procedure	-STOP PROCEDURE(PRODSCH.*)	Disables stored procedure execution.
97	Display Claimers	-DISPLAY DATABASE(PRODDB) CLAIMERS	Identifies threads claiming locks on space.
98	Check Locks Detail	-DISPLAY DATABASE(PRODDB) LOCKS	Inspects detailed page and row lock states.
99	Check Subsystem Version	SELECT VERSION FROM SYSIBM.SYSENVIRONMENT;	Outputs running Db2 z/OS release version.
100	Display Storage Group Detail	-DISPLAY GROUP	Inspects data sharing group subsystem state.
101	Display DDF Detail Network	-DISPLAY DDF DETAIL	Inspects IP addresses, port numbers, and active DDF threads.
102	Start DDF Network Service	-START DDF	Boots Distributed Data Facility network listener.
103	Stop DDF Network Service	-STOP DDF MODE(QUIESCE)	Gracefully stops DDF network connections.
104	Display Archive Log Details	-DISPLAY LOG	Inspects active log dataset names and current LSN byte range.
105	Display Buffer Pool Detail Stats	-DISPLAY BUFFERPOOL(BP1) LIST(*)	Inspects page getpages, read I/O, and write I/O per tablespace.
106	Display Group Buffer Pool Detail	-DISPLAY BUFFERPOOL(GBP1) GBPCACHE(ALL)	Inspects coupling facility GBP hit ratios in Data Sharing.
107	Display Active Traces	-DISPLAY TRACE	Lists active SMF performance and accounting traces.
108	Start Performance Trace Class 3	-START TRACE(PERF) CLASS(3) DEST(SMF)	Activates class 3 performance lock tracing.
109	Stop Performance Trace	-STOP TRACE(PERF)	Halts active performance trace collection.
110	Display Database Lock Detail	-DISPLAY DATABASE(PRODDB) SPACENAM(*) LOCKS	Lists page, row, and table locks held across spaces.
111	Display Database Claimers	-DISPLAY DATABASE(PRODDB) SPACENAM(*) CLAIMERS	Identifies threads holding claims on tablespaces.
112	Display Thread Detail	-DISPLAY THREAD(*) DETAIL	Outputs execution details and active SQL text for thread.
113	Cancel Thread Force	-CANCEL THREAD(1245) FORCE	Hard-terminates blocking thread immediately.
114	Run Image Copy Full Utility	COPY TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 FULL YES COPYDDN(COPY1)	Executes full image copy backup to dataset.
115	Run Image Copy Incremental Utility	COPY TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 FULL NO COPYDDN(COPY1)	Executes incremental image copy backup.
116	Run Reorg Table Space Utility	REORG TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 SHRLEVEL CHANGE	Defragments tablespace without blocking concurrent writes.
117	Run Runstats Table Space Utility	RUNSTATS TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 TABLE(ALL) INDEX(ALL) SHRLEVEL CHANGE	Updates system catalog statistics online.
118	Run Check Data Utility	CHECK DATA TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 FOR EXCEPTION	Validates referential integrity constraint rules.
119	Run Check Index Utility	CHECK INDEX (ALL) TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01	Scans index pages for structural corruption.
120	Run Repair Set Utility	REPAIR SET TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 NOCHECKPEND	Resets check pending status flag.
121	Run Quiesce Table Space Utility	QUIESCE TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01	Enforces write flush and records log LSN point.
122	Run Modify Recovery Utility	MODIFY RECOVERY TABLESPACE PRODDB.TS01 DELETE AGE(60)	Purges image copy records older than 60 days.
123	Display RLST Table	-DISPLAY RLST	Inspects active Resource Limit Specification Table ID.
124	Start RLST Table	-START RLST ID=01	Activates SQL CPU governor rules from RLST 01.
125	Stop RLST Table	-STOP RLST	Deactivates SQL CPU governor rules.
126	Bind Package Replace	BIND PACKAGE(PRODCOLL) MEMBER(PRODPROG) ACTION(REPLACE) ISOLATION(CS)	Binds static package with Cursor Stability.
127	Free Package Version	FREE PACKAGE(PRODCOLL.PRODPROG.(V1))	Deletes static package version from catalog.
128	Rebind Package Version	REBIND PACKAGE(PRODCOLL.PRODPROG)	Recompiles static package execution paths.
129	Check Catalog Tablespace Pages	SELECT NAME, NACTIVE FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLESPACE WHERE DBNAME='PRODDB';	Inspects total allocated pages in tablespace.
130	Check System Subsystem Version	SELECT VERSION FROM SYSIBM.SYSENVIRONMENT;	Outputs Db2 z/OS subsystem release and version string.
131	Display Storage Group Detail	-DISPLAY GROUP	Inspects data sharing group subsystem state.
132	Check Catalog Database List	SELECT NAME, CREATOR, STOGROUP FROM SYSIBM.SYSDATABASES;	Lists all databases defined in catalog.
133	Check Catalog Tablespace Detail	SELECT NAME, DBNAME, PAGESIZE, BUFFERPOOL FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLESPACE;	Inspects page size and buffer pool for tablespaces.
134	Check Catalog Tables Count	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLES;	Counts total tables defined in system catalog.
135	Check Catalog Indexes Count	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYSIBM.SYSINDEXES;	Counts total indexes defined in system catalog.
136	Check Catalog Foreign Keys	SELECT RELNAME, TBNAME, REFTBNAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSRELS;	Lists foreign key relationships in system catalog.
137	Check Catalog Views List	SELECT NAME, CREATOR FROM SYSIBM.SYSVIEWS;	Lists views defined in system catalog.
138	Check Catalog Triggers List	SELECT NAME, SCHEMA, TBNAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSTRIGGERS;	Lists triggers defined in system catalog.
139	Check Catalog Routines List	SELECT NAME, SCHEMA, ROUTINETYPE FROM SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES;	Lists stored procedures and UDFs in system catalog.
140	Check Catalog Synonyms List	SELECT NAME, TBNAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSSYNONYMS;	Lists synonyms defined in system catalog.
141	Check Catalog User Authorizations	SELECT GRANTEE, AUTHHOWGOT FROM SYSIBM.SYSUSERAUTH;	Lists system authorization privileges assigned to users.
142	Check Catalog DB Authorizations	SELECT GRANTEE, DBNAME, DBADMAUTH FROM SYSIBM.SYSDBAUTH;	Lists database administrative privileges.
143	Check Catalog Table Authorizations	SELECT GRANTEE, TBNAME, SELECTAUTH FROM SYSIBM.TABAUTH;	Lists table read privileges in system catalog.
144	Check Catalog Package Authorizations	SELECT GRANTEE, PACKNAME, EXECUTEAUTH FROM SYSIBM.SYSPACKAUTH;	Lists package execution privileges in system catalog.
145	Check Catalog Plan Authorizations	SELECT GRANTEE, PLANNAME, EXECUTEAUTH FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLANAUTH;	Lists plan execution privileges in system catalog.
146	Check Catalog Buffer Pool List	SELECT BPNAME, VPSIZE FROM SYSIBM.SYSBUFFERPOOLS;	Lists buffer pool configurations.
147	Check Catalog Storage Group List	SELECT NAME, VOLID FROM SYSIBM.SYSVOLUMES;	Lists DASD volume serials in storage groups.
148	Check Catalog Image Copy List	SELECT DBNAME, TSNAME, DATE, START_LBN FROM SYSIBM.SYSCOPY ORDER BY DATE DESC;	Lists historical image copies in catalog.
149	Check Catalog Utility Status	SELECT UTILID, STATE FROM SYSIBM.SYSUTIL;	Lists active utility execution states in catalog.
150	Check Catalog Pending Status	SELECT DBNAME, NAME, STAT TYPE FROM SYSIBM.SYSPENDING;	Lists tablespaces in advisory pending status.
151	Check Catalog LOB Table Spaces	SELECT NAME, DBNAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLESPACE WHERE TYPE='LOB';	Lists LOB tablespaces in system catalog.
152	Check Catalog XML Table Spaces	SELECT NAME, DBNAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLESPACE WHERE TYPE='XML';	Lists XML tablespaces in system catalog.
153	Check Catalog Partition Storage	SELECT DBNAME, TSNAME, PARTITION, PQTY, SQTY FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLEPART;	Inspects primary/secondary VSAM allocation quantities.
154	Check Catalog Index Partition Storage	SELECT IXNAME, PARTITION, PQTY, SQTY FROM SYSIBM.SYSINDEXPART;	Inspects index partition VSAM allocation quantities.
155	Check Catalog Plan Statements	SELECT PLANNAME, STMTNO, TEXT FROM SYSIBM.SYSSTMT;	Inspects static SQL statement text bound to plans.
156	Check Catalog Package Statements	SELECT PKGNAME, STMTNO, TEXT FROM SYSIBM.SYSPACKSTMT;	Inspects static SQL statement text bound to packages.
157	Check Catalog DDF Locations	SELECT LINKNAME, IPADDR, PORT FROM SYSIBM.SYSLUNAMES;	Inspects remote location network addresses in catalog.
158	Check Catalog DDF User Mappings	SELECT USERNM, RECORGNM FROM SYSIBM.SYSUSERNAMES;	Inspects inbound remote user authentication mappings.
159	Check Catalog System Parameters	SELECT ZPARM_NAME, ZPARM_VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS;	Inspects system parameter overrides.
160	Check Db2 Subsystem Name	SELECT SUBSYSTEM_NAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSENVIRONMENT;	Outputs active Db2 subsystem name.
161	Check Db2 Workload Manager Class	SELECT WLM_ENV FROM SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES WHERE WLM_ENV IS NOT NULL;	Lists z/OS WLM environment names for stored procedures.
162	Check Db2 Coupling Facility Locks	SELECT * FROM SYSIBM.SYSLOCKS WHERE LOCK_TYPE='GBP';	Inspects group buffer pool coupling facility locks.
163	Check Db2 Log Buffer Size	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='OUTBUFF';	Inspects output log buffer RAM size.
164	Check Db2 Max Remote Connections	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='CONDBAT';	Inspects max concurrent remote DDF threads.
165	Check Db2 Max Active Users	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='CTHREAD';	Inspects max concurrent allied threads.
166	Check Db2 Lock Timeout Parameter	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='IRLMRLT';	Inspects IRLM lock wait timeout seconds.
167	Check Db2 Deadlock Timeout Parameter	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='DEADLOCK';	Inspects IRLM deadlock detection interval milliseconds.
168	Check Db2 Checkpoint Frequency Parameter	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='CHKFREQ';	Inspects checkpoint frequency in log records or minutes.
169	Check Db2 Max Storage Files Per Space	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='MAXCAP';	Inspects maximum VSAM datasets per tablespace.
170	Check Db2 Archive Log Destination 1	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='ARCLOG1';	Inspects primary archive log dataset prefix.
171	Check Db2 Archive Log Destination 2	SELECT VALUE FROM SYSIBM.SYSZPARMS WHERE ZPARM_NAME='ARCLOG2';	Inspects secondary archive log dataset prefix.
172	Check Db2 System Uptime Timestamp	SELECT START_TIME FROM SYSIBM.SYSENVIRONMENT;	Outputs subsystem startup timestamp.
173	Check Db2 Query Ping	SELECT 1 FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Simple connection ping query against SYSDUMMY1.
174	Check Db2 Current Date	SELECT CURRENT DATE FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns current z/OS system date.
175	Check Db2 Current Time	SELECT CURRENT TIME FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns current z/OS system time.
176	Check Db2 Current Timestamp	SELECT CURRENT TIMESTAMP FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns current z/OS system timestamp.
177	Check Db2 Current User	SELECT USER FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active execution user primary auth ID.
178	Check Db2 Current SQLID	SELECT CURRENT SQLID FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active current SQLID for DDL.
179	Check Db2 Current Server Name	SELECT CURRENT SERVER FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active subsystem location name.
180	Check Db2 Current Timezone	SELECT CURRENT TIMEZONE FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active system timezone offset.
181	Check Db2 Current Schema	SELECT CURRENT SCHEMA FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active default schema name.
182	Check Db2 Current Package Version	SELECT CURRENT PACKAGE VERSION FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active running package version string.
183	Check Db2 Current Precision	SELECT CURRENT PRECISION FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active decimal math precision setting.
184	Check Db2 Current Rules	SELECT CURRENT RULES FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active SQL rules mode (DB2 vs STD).
185	Check Db2 Current Degree	SELECT CURRENT DEGREE FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active query parallelism degree.
186	Check Db2 Current Application Encoding	SELECT CURRENT APPLICATION ENCODING SCHEME FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Returns active EBCDIC or ASCII encoding scheme.
187	Check Db2 Subsystem Build Level	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.VERSION') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs exact Db2 z/OS version string (DSN13010).
188	Check Db2 Subsystem Code Page	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.SYSTEM_EBCDIC_CCSID') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs system EBCDIC code page number.
189	Check Db2 Subsystem Timezone Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.TIMEZONE_NAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs system IANA timezone name.
190	Check Db2 Subsystem Host Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.HOSTNAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs mainframe z/OS LPAR host name.
191	Check Db2 Subsystem IP Address	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.IPADDR') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs primary IP address of mainframe DDF listener.
192	Check Db2 Subsystem Job Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.JOB_NAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs active batch job name or DSN1MSTR task name.
193	Check Db2 Subsystem Job ID	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.JOB_ID') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs active JES2 job ID.
194	Check Db2 Subsystem Step Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.STEP_NAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs active job step name.
195	Check Db2 Subsystem User Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.USER_NAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs authenticated RACF/ACF2 user ID.
196	Check Db2 Subsystem Client IP	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.CLIENT_IPADDR') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs remote client IP address.
197	Check Db2 Subsystem Client App Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.CLIENT_APPLNAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs remote client application name.
198	Check Db2 Subsystem Client User Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.CLIENT_USERID') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs remote client user ID.
199	Check Db2 Subsystem Client Workstation Name	SELECT GETVARIABLE('SYSIBM.CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME') FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Outputs remote workstation host name.
200	Verify Db2 Ping Connection	SELECT 1 FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;	Verifies active connection to Db2 subsystem.

MariaDB OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

MariaDB is an open-source relational database created by the original developers of MySQL. It expands traditional relational capabilities with modern pluggable storage engines (InnoDB, Aria, ColumnStore, MyRocks, Spider), temporal system-versioning tables, sequence objects, and Galera multi-master synchronous clustering.

Primary Use Cases: Web application transactions, high-concurrency OLTP, columnar real-time analytics (ColumnStore), temporal auditing, and multi-master scale-out clusters.

Core Components: Server Daemon (mariadbd), Aria Engine, InnoDB Buffer Pool, Galera Replication Plugin (wsrep), ColumnStore Analytics Engine, and Binary Logs.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for MariaDB.

#	Operation / Action	SQL / CLI Syntax	Description
1	Start MariaDB Daemon	sudo systemctl start mariadb	Boots MariaDB server service.
2	Stop MariaDB Daemon	sudo systemctl stop mariadb	Stops MariaDB server service.
3	Interactive Console	mariadb -u root -p	Opens administrative SQL monitor.
4	Logical Backup	mariadb-dump -u root -p --all-databases > all_dbs.sql	Exports database cluster dump.
5	Restore Dump	mariadb -u root -p enterprise_db < all_dbs.sql	Restores SQL backup dump.
6	Check Aria Engine Status	SHOW ENGINE ARIARUNNING STATUS;	Inspects Aria storage engine metrics.
7	Inspect Active Processes	SHOW PROCESSLIST;	Views running client connections.
8	Kill Query Thread	KILL QUERY 832;	Terminates long-running query.
9	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;	Provisions new database.
10	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Deletes database instance.
11	Create User	CREATE USER 'app_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'SecurePass!';	Provisions database user.
12	Grant Access Privileges	GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON enterprise_db.* TO 'app_user'@'localhost';	Assigns database rights.
13	Analyze Table	ANALYZE TABLE users;	Refreshes index statistics.
14	Optimize Table	OPTIMIZE TABLE users;	Defragments Aria/InnoDB storage.
15	Check Table Integrity	CHECK TABLE users EXTENDED;	Performs deep table corruption scan.
16	Repair Table	REPAIR TABLE users;	Repairs corrupted table file.
17	Explain Query Plan	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE status = 'active';	Evaluates query execution strategy.
18	Show Status Variables	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Conn%';	Inspects connection counters.
19	Show System Variables	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_buffer_pool_size';	Inspects configuration parameters.
20	Set Runtime Variable	SET GLOBAL max_allowed_packet = 67108864;	Modifies network buffer limit.
21	Check Replication Status	SHOW ALL SLAVES STATUS;	Inspects multi-source replication sync.
22	Reset Replica	RESET SLAVE;	Clears replication configurations.
23	Change Replication Master	CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.10';	Sets replication upstream source.
24	Create Index	CREATE INDEX idx_user_status ON users(status);	Provisions new table index.
25	Drop Index	DROP INDEX idx_user_status ON users;	Removes table index.
26	Flush Table Privilege	FLUSH PRIVILEGES;	Reloads grant permission tables.
27	Show Binary Logs	SHOW BINARY LOGS;	Lists active transaction binlogs.
28	Purge Binary Logs	PURGE BINARY LOGS TO 'mariadb-bin.000450';	Removes old transaction binlogs.
29	Check Disk Usage	SELECT table_name, data_length FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='enterprise_db';	Calculates table storage sizes.
30	Version Inspection	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs running MariaDB engine version.
31	Start Slave Thread	START SLAVE;	Starts replication receiver and SQL worker threads.
32	Stop Slave Thread	STOP SLAVE;	Stops replication receiver and SQL worker threads.
33	Start Named Slave	START SLAVE 'master_node2';	Starts specific multi-source replication channel.
34	Stop Named Slave	STOP SLAVE 'master_node2';	Stops specific multi-source replication channel.
35	Show Named Slave Status	SHOW SLAVE 'master_node2' STATUS\G	Inspects status of named replication channel.
36	Check Galera Cluster Status	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';	Inspects number of active nodes in Galera cluster.
37	Check Galera Sync State	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_state_comment';	Verifies if node is Synced in Galera cluster.
38	Check Galera Flow Control	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_flow_control_paused';	Monitors Galera replication flow control pause time.
39	Set Galera Desync Mode	SET GLOBAL wsrep_desync = ON;	Desynchronizes node from cluster for maintenance.
40	Re-sync Galera Node	SET GLOBAL wsrep_desync = OFF;	Re-synchronizes node with Galera cluster.
41	Check ColumnStore Status	SELECT * FROM information_schema.columnstore_tables;	Inspects MariaDB ColumnStore engine tables.
42	Create ColumnStore Table	CREATE TABLE sales_fact (id INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)) ENGINE=ColumnStore;	Provisions analytical columnar table.
43	Create Sequence	CREATE SEQUENCE user_seq START WITH 1000 INCREMENT BY 1;	Provisions database sequence object.
44	Get Sequence Value	SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR user_seq;	Fetches next value from sequence.
45	Drop Sequence	DROP SEQUENCE user_seq;	Deletes sequence object.
46	Create Flashback Table	CREATE TABLE users_history FOR SYSTEM_TIME ALL SELECT * FROM users;	Inspects temporal table history.
47	Query System Time Travel	SELECT * FROM users FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF '2026-07-01 10:00:00';	Queries historical state via system-versioning.
48	Create System-Versioned Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name VARCHAR(50)) WITH SYSTEM VERSIONING;	Provisions temporal historical table.
49	Set Password Expiry	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'localhost' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL 90 DAY;	Enforces password rotation policy.
50	Lock User Account	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'localhost' ACCOUNT LOCK;	Disables user authentication.
51	Unlock User Account	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'localhost' ACCOUNT UNLOCK;	Enables user authentication.
52	Show User Grants	SHOW GRANTS FOR 'app_user'@'localhost';	Lists all assigned permissions for user.
53	Revoke Privileges	REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON enterprise_db.* FROM 'app_user'@'localhost';	Removes permissions from user.
54	Create Role	CREATE ROLE 'app_read_role';	Provisions security role container.
55	Grant Role to User	GRANT 'app_read_role' TO 'app_user'@'localhost';	Assigns role to user account.
56	Set Default Role	SET DEFAULT ROLE 'app_read_role' FOR 'app_user'@'localhost';	Activates default role on login.
57	Drop Role	DROP ROLE 'app_read_role';	Deletes security role container.
58	Show Engines	SHOW ENGINES;	Lists supported storage engines and default state.
59	Check Aria Log File	SHOW ENGINE ARIA STATUS;	Inspects Aria recovery log state.
60	Set InnoDB Buffer Pool Size	SET GLOBAL innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4294967296;	Adjusts RAM assigned to buffer pool.
61	Set Slow Query Log	SET GLOBAL slow_query_log = 1;	Activates slow query logging.
62	Set Long Query Time	SET GLOBAL long_query_time = 1.5;	Logs queries taking over 1.5 seconds.
63	Set Max Connections	SET GLOBAL max_connections = 1000;	Increases max client connection limit.
64	Set Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL read_only = ON;	Blocks writes for non-admin accounts.
65	Disable Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL read_only = OFF;	Enables database write operations.
66	Create Range Partitioned Table	CREATE TABLE orders (id INT, dt DATE) PARTITION BY RANGE (YEAR(dt)) (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (2026));	Provisions range partition table.
67	Add Partition	ALTER TABLE orders ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2027));	Appends new partition range.
68	Drop Partition	ALTER TABLE orders DROP PARTITION p0;	Deletes partition data instantly.
69	Truncate Partition	ALTER TABLE orders TRUNCATE PARTITION p1;	Clears partition records.
70	Check Partition Info	SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM information_schema.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME='orders';	Inspects table partition metrics.
71	Create Virtual Column	ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN full_name VARCHAR(100) AS (CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name)) VIRTUAL;	Provisions computed virtual column.
72	Create Stored Column	ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN full_name VARCHAR(100) AS (CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name)) STORED;	Provisions computed persistent column.
73	Create Fulltext Index	CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX idx_ft_bio ON users(bio);	Provisions inverted index for text search.
74	Run Fulltext Search	SELECT * FROM users WHERE MATCH(bio) AGAINST('engineer' IN BOOLEAN MODE);	Executes fulltext search query.
75	Create Invisible Index	ALTER TABLE users ADD INDEX idx_status (status) INVISIBLE;	Provisions index hidden from optimizer.
76	Make Index Visible	ALTER TABLE users ALTER INDEX idx_status VISIBLE;	Restores index visibility to optimizer.
77	Show Create Table	SHOW CREATE TABLE users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
78	Show Create Database	SHOW CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build DB.
79	Show Create View	SHOW CREATE VIEW v_users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build view.
80	Create Trigger	CREATE TRIGGER trg_user_bi BEFORE INSERT ON users FOR EACH ROW SET NEW.created_at = NOW();	Provisions pre-insert trigger.
81	Drop Trigger	DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trg_user_bi;	Deletes trigger routine.
82	Show Triggers	SHOW TRIGGERS FROM enterprise_db;	Lists all triggers in database.
83	Create Event Scheduler	CREATE EVENT ev_purge ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 DAY DO DELETE FROM logs WHERE dt < NOW() - INTERVAL 7 DAY;	Provisions automated event.
84	Show Scheduled Events	SHOW EVENTS;	Lists all configured scheduled events.
85	Drop Scheduled Event	DROP EVENT IF EXISTS ev_purge;	Deletes scheduled event.
86	Check Table Lock Waiters	SELECT * FROM information_schema.INNODB_LOCK_WAITS;	Inspects blocking lock wait chains.
87	Check Table Locks Held	SELECT * FROM information_schema.INNODB_LOCKS;	Inspects active InnoDB locks.
88	Check Transaction Status	SELECT * FROM information_schema.INNODB_TRX;	Inspects active transactions.
89	Create Savepoint	SAVEPOINT svp_1;	Sets savepoint inside transaction.
90	Rollback to Savepoint	ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT svp_1;	Reverts transaction state to savepoint.
91	Release Savepoint	RELEASE SAVEPOINT svp_1;	Removes savepoint reference.
92	Check Max Allowed Packet	SELECT @@max_allowed_packet;	Inspects max network packet size threshold.
93	Check Character Sets	SHOW CHARACTER SET;	Outputs supported character set encodings.
94	Check Collations	SHOW COLLATION WHERE Charset='utf8mb4';	Lists supported utf8mb4 collation rules.
95	Check Uptime	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Uptime';	Displays server uptime in seconds.
96	Flush Query Cache	FLUSH QUERY CACHE;	Defragments query cache memory.
97	Reset Query Cache	RESET QUERY CACHE;	Clears query cache memory contents.
98	Flush User Resources	FLUSH USER_RESOURCES;	Resets user resource limit counters.
99	Flush Error Logs	FLUSH ERROR LOGS;	Rotates error log files.
100	Shutdown Server via SQL	SHUTDOWN;	Triggers graceful server shutdown via SQL.
101	Check Galera Cluster Size Status	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';	Inspects active node count in Galera cluster.
102	Check Galera Node Sync Status	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_state_comment';	Verifies if node is Synced in Galera cluster.
103	Check Galera Flow Control Status	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_flow_control_paused';	Monitors replication flow control pause time.
104	Set Galera Desync Mode	SET GLOBAL wsrep_desync = ON;	Desynchronizes node for maintenance operations.
105	Set Galera Resync Mode	SET GLOBAL wsrep_desync = OFF;	Re-synchronizes node with Galera cluster.
106	Check ColumnStore Tables	SELECT * FROM information_schema.columnstore_tables;	Inspects MariaDB ColumnStore engine tables.
107	Create ColumnStore Table	CREATE TABLE sales_col (id INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)) ENGINE=ColumnStore;	Provisions analytical columnar table.
108	Create Sequence Object	CREATE SEQUENCE user_seq START WITH 1000 INCREMENT BY 1;	Provisions database sequence object.
109	Get Sequence Next Value	SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR user_seq;	Fetches next value from sequence.
110	Drop Sequence Object	DROP SEQUENCE user_seq;	Deletes sequence object.
111	Create System-Versioned Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name VARCHAR(50)) WITH SYSTEM VERSIONING;	Provisions temporal historical table.
112	Query System-Versioned Table	SELECT * FROM users FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF '2026-07-01 10:00:00';	Queries historical state via system-versioning.
113	Check Aria Engine Status	SHOW ENGINE ARIA STATUS;	Inspects Aria crash-safe storage engine state.
114	Set Password Expiry Interval	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'localhost' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL 90 DAY;	Enforces password rotation policy.
115	Lock Account Login	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'localhost' ACCOUNT LOCK;	Disables user authentication.
116	Unlock Account Login	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'localhost' ACCOUNT UNLOCK;	Enables user authentication.
117	Show User Grants	SHOW GRANTS FOR 'app_user'@'localhost';	Lists permissions assigned to user.
118	Create Role	CREATE ROLE 'app_read_role';	Provisions security role container.
119	Grant Role to User	GRANT 'app_read_role' TO 'app_user'@'localhost';	Assigns role to user account.
120	Drop Role	DROP ROLE 'app_read_role';	Deletes security role container.
121	Set InnoDB Buffer Pool Size	SET GLOBAL innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4294967296;	Adjusts RAM assigned to buffer pool.
122	Set Slow Query Log	SET GLOBAL slow_query_log = 1;	Activates slow query logging.
123	Set Long Query Time	SET GLOBAL long_query_time = 1.5;	Logs queries taking over 1.5 seconds.
124	Set Max Connections	SET GLOBAL max_connections = 1000;	Increases max client connection limit.
125	Set Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL read_only = ON;	Blocks writes for non-admin accounts.
126	Disable Read Only Mode	SET GLOBAL read_only = OFF;	Enables database write operations.
127	Check Table Lock Waiters	SELECT * FROM information_schema.INNODB_LOCK_WAITS;	Inspects blocking lock wait chains.
128	Check Active Transactions	SELECT * FROM information_schema.INNODB_TRX;	Inspects active InnoDB transactions.
129	Verify Engine Version	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs running MariaDB engine version string.
130	Shutdown MariaDB Server	SHUTDOWN;	Gracefully shuts down MariaDB server daemon.
131	Check Galera Cluster State	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_state';	Inspects numeric state of local Galera node.
132	Check Galera Cluster Status Comment	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_state_comment';	Inspects human-readable state (Synced/Donor/Joined).
133	Check Galera Cluster Conf ID	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_conf_id';	Inspects cluster configuration change counter.
134	Check Galera Cluster Weight	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_weight';	Inspects total quorum weight of active cluster.
135	Check Galera Cluster Status Health	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_connected';	Verifies whether node is connected to Galera cluster.
136	Check Galera Ready Status	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_ready';	Verifies whether node is ready to accept SQL queries.
137	Check Galera Received Queue	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_recv_queue';	Inspects length of received replication queue.
138	Check Galera Send Queue	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_send_queue';	Inspects length of local send queue.
139	Check Galera Cert Failures	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_cert_failures';	Monitors total certification conflict transaction aborts.
140	Check Galera BF Aborts	SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_local_bf_aborts';	Monitors brute-force transaction aborts by high priority cluster node.
141	Check Aria Page Cache Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'aria_pagecache_buffer_size';	Inspects RAM allocated for Aria storage engine page cache.
142	Set Aria Page Cache Size	SET GLOBAL aria_pagecache_buffer_size = 1073741824;	Allocates 1GB RAM for Aria page cache.
143	Check Aria Log File Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'aria_log_file_size';	Inspects max size of Aria transaction log files.
144	Check Aria Recover Mode	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'aria_recover_options';	Inspects automatic recovery mode for corrupted Aria tables.
145	Check ColumnStore Engine Version	SELECT * FROM information_schema.plugins WHERE plugin_name='ColumnStore';	Verifies ColumnStore plugin release version.
146	Check Sequence Cache Size	CREATE SEQUENCE seq_cached START 1 CACHE 1000;	Provisions sequence with 1000 in-memory pre-allocated IDs.
147	Check System Versioning Mode	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'system_versioning_asof';	Inspects default system-versioning time travel mode.
148	Alter System Versioned Table Add Column	ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN bio TEXT;	Appends column preserving historical temporal versions.
149	Alter System Versioned Table Drop Versioning	ALTER TABLE users DROP SYSTEM VERSIONING;	Removes system-versioning tracking from table.
150	Check InnoDB Buffer Pool Instances	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_buffer_pool_instances';	Inspects buffer pool shard count.
151	Check InnoDB Log File Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_log_file_size';	Inspects size of redo log files.
152	Check Max Allowed Packet	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_allowed_packet';	Inspects maximum allowed packet payload size.
153	Set Max Allowed Packet	SET GLOBAL max_allowed_packet = 1073741824;	Increases max packet payload size to 1GB.
154	Check Slow Query Log Location	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'slow_query_log_file';	Inspects file path of slow query log.
155	Check Error Log Location	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'log_error';	Inspects file path of server error log.
156	Check Query Exec Time Limit	SET SESSION max_statement_time = 10.0;	Caps SQL query execution time to 10 seconds.
157	Check Active Server Threads	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running';	Monitors active concurrent query execution threads.
158	Check Server Connection Limits	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_connections';	Inspects maximum allowed client connections.
159	Check Server Uptime Status	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Uptime';	Displays server uptime in seconds.
160	Check Database Ping Query	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
161	Check Current User Account	SELECT CURRENT_USER();	Returns current execution user account.
162	Check Current Database Name	SELECT DATABASE();	Returns active selected database name.
163	Check System Timestamp	SELECT NOW();	Returns current server timestamp.
164	Check System UTC Timestamp	SELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP();	Returns current UTC timestamp.
165	Check Connection Thread ID	SELECT CONNECTION_ID();	Returns current connection thread ID.
166	Check MariaDB Version Details	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs MariaDB server build and patch version string.
167	Check Server Host Name	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'hostname';	Outputs host server hostname.
168	Check Server Port Number	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'port';	Outputs TCP/IP listening port number (3306).
169	Check Socket File Path	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'socket';	Outputs Unix domain socket file path.
170	Check Data Directory Path	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'datadir';	Outputs physical database files storage path.
171	Check Tmp Directory Path	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tmpdir';	Outputs temporary files storage path.
172	Check Open File Limit	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'open_files_limit';	Outputs max OS file handles allowed for server.
173	Check Key Buffer Size (MyISAM)	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'key_buffer_size';	Inspects memory allocated for MyISAM index blocks.
174	Check Read Buffer Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'read_buffer_size';	Inspects per-thread sequential scan buffer size.
175	Check Read Rnd Buffer Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'read_rnd_buffer_size';	Inspects per-thread sorted scan buffer size.
176	Check Sort Buffer Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sort_buffer_size';	Inspects per-thread ORDER BY sort buffer size.
177	Check Join Buffer Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'join_buffer_size';	Inspects per-thread full join buffer size.
178	Check Max Heap Table Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_heap_table_size';	Inspects max size for MEMORY engine tables.
179	Check Tmp Table Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tmp_table_size';	Inspects max size for internal in-memory temp tables.
180	Check Created Tmp Disk Tables	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Created_tmp_disk_tables';	Monitors internal temp tables spilling to disk.
181	Check Created Tmp Tables	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Created_tmp_tables';	Monitors total internal temp tables created.
182	Check Select Scan Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Select_scan';	Monitors full table scan execution count.
183	Check Select Full Join Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Select_full_join';	Monitors joins missing index keys.
184	Check Slow Queries Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Slow_queries';	Monitors total slow queries executed.
185	Check Com Select Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_select';	Monitors SELECT statements executed.
186	Check Com Insert Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_insert';	Monitors INSERT statements executed.
187	Check Com Update Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_update';	Monitors UPDATE statements executed.
188	Check Com Delete Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Com_delete';	Monitors DELETE statements executed.
189	Check Connections Count	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Connections';	Monitors total connection attempts since boot.
190	Check Aborted Connects	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Aborted_connects';	Monitors failed client connection attempts.
191	Check Aborted Clients	SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Aborted_clients';	Monitors client connections dropped improperly.
192	Check Character Set System	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set_system';	Inspects system metadata character set (utf8mb3).
193	Check Character Set Server	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set_server';	Inspects default server character set.
194	Check Collation Server	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'collation_server';	Inspects default server collation.
195	Check Time Zone Variable	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'time_zone';	Inspects active server time zone.
196	Set Time Zone Session	SET time_zone = '+00:00';	Configures active session time zone to UTC.
197	Check Default Storage Engine	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'default_storage_engine';	Inspects default storage engine (InnoDB).
198	Check SQL Mode	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode';	Inspects active SQL syntax mode and strictness flags.
199	Set SQL Mode Strict	SET GLOBAL sql_mode = 'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER';	Enforces strict transaction safety mode.
200	Shutdown MariaDB Server SQL	SHUTDOWN;	Gracefully shuts down MariaDB server daemon.

SQLite OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

SQLite is a C-language library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration, transactional SQL database engine. It writes directly to a single disk file, featuring Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) concurrency, full-text search (FTS5), and R-Tree spatial extensions.

Primary Use Cases: Embedded systems, mobile applications (iOS/Android), desktop software, edge IoT devices, local application caching, and lightweight standalone testing environments.

Core Components: SQL Compiler, Virtual Machine (VDBE), B-Tree Manager, Page Cache, OS Interface (VFS), and WAL Journal File.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for SQLite.

#	Operation / Action	CLI / PRAGMA Syntax	Description
1	Open Database CLI	sqlite3 enterprise.db	Launches interactive SQLite shell.
2	Backup Database File	sqlite3 enterprise.db ".backup 'backup.db'"	Creates a safe online database backup.
3	Restore Database	sqlite3 enterprise.db ".restore 'backup.db'"	Restores database from backup file.
4	Export SQL Dump	sqlite3 enterprise.db ".dump" > dump.sql	Exports schema and records to SQL.
5	Import SQL Dump	sqlite3 enterprise.db ".read dump.sql"	Imports SQL script into database.
6	List Tables	.tables	Outputs all database table names.
7	Show Table Schema	.schema users	Displays table creation DDL syntax.
8	Enable Header Display	.headers on	Displays column headers in CLI.
9	Set CSV Output Mode	.mode csv	Changes output format to comma-separated.
10	Export CSV File	.import --csv data.csv users	Bulk imports CSV file into table.
11	Analyze Database Stats	ANALYZE;	Gathers query planner statistics.
12	Vacuum Defragment	VACUUM;	Rebuilds database file to reclaim space.
13	Check Integrity	PRAGMA integrity_check;	Scans database file for corruption.
14	Set Journal Mode WAL	PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;	Enables Write-Ahead Logging concurrency.
15	Check Journal Mode	PRAGMA journal_mode;	Inspects active journal mode.
16	Set Synchronous Mode	PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;	Configures disk write synchronization.
17	Check Page Size	PRAGMA page_size;	Inspects database page size in bytes.
18	Set Cache Size	PRAGMA cache_size = -64000;	Allocates 64MB memory page cache.
19	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;	Evaluates index search strategy.
20	Attach External Database	ATTACH DATABASE 'archive.db' AS archive;	Mounts secondary database file.
21	Detach External Database	DETACH DATABASE archive;	Unmounts external database file.
22	Create Index	CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);	Provisions table index.
23	Drop Index	DROP INDEX idx_user_email;	Removes table index.
24	Enable Foreign Keys	PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;	Enforces relational foreign key constraints.
25	Check Foreign Key Status	PRAGMA foreign_keys;	Inspects foreign key enforcement state.
26	List Indexes on Table	PRAGMA index_list('users');	Outputs table index definitions.
27	List Table Columns	PRAGMA table_info('users');	Inspects table column data types.
28	Check Database Size	SELECT page_count * page_size FROM pragma_page_count(), pragma_page_size();	Calculates database file disk size.
29	Set Busy Timeout	PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000;	Waits 5 seconds for locked database locks.
30	Exit SQLite CLI	.exit	Closes interactive shell.
31	Quick Integrity Check	PRAGMA quick_check;	Fast integrity scan omitting index validation.
32	Check Foreign Key Violations	PRAGMA foreign_key_check;	Scans database tables for broken FK references.
33	Set Auto Vacuum	PRAGMA auto_vacuum = FULL;	Enforces automatic database page reclamation.
34	Check Auto Vacuum Mode	PRAGMA auto_vacuum;	Inspects active auto-vacuum setting.
35	Incremental Vacuum	PRAGMA incremental_vacuum(100);	Reclaims up to 100 free pages from database.
36	Set Mmap Size	PRAGMA mmap_size = 268435456;	Allocates 256MB memory-mapped I/O limit.
37	Check Mmap Size	PRAGMA mmap_size;	Inspects memory-mapped I/O limit.
38	Set Locking Mode	PRAGMA locking_mode = EXCLUSIVE;	Enforces exclusive file locking for performance.
39	Reset Locking Mode	PRAGMA locking_mode = NORMAL;	Restores shared file locking.
40	Set Temp Store in Memory	PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY;	Forces temporary tables and indexes into RAM.
41	Check Temp Store Setting	PRAGMA temp_store;	Inspects location setting for temp objects.
42	Set WAL Checkpoint	PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE);	Flushes WAL file and truncates it to 0 bytes.
43	Check User Version	PRAGMA user_version;	Inspects application-defined schema version integer.
44	Set User Version	PRAGMA user_version = 5;	Sets application schema version integer.
45	Check Application ID	PRAGMA application_id;	Inspects application identifier integer.
46	Set Application ID	PRAGMA application_id = 123456;	Sets application identifier integer.
47	Check Compile Options	PRAGMA compile_options;	Lists compiler flags used to build SQLite binary.
48	Check Database Encoding	PRAGMA encoding;	Outputs database text encoding (UTF-8, UTF-16).
49	Check Hard Heap Limit	PRAGMA soft_heap_limit = 104857600;	Sets 100MB soft memory heap limit.
50	Check Freed List Count	PRAGMA freelist_count;	Displays number of unused free pages in DB file.
51	Check Max Page Count	PRAGMA max_page_count;	Inspects maximum allowed pages in database file.
52	Set Max Page Count	PRAGMA max_page_count = 1000000;	Limits maximum database file size.
53	Check Schema Version	PRAGMA schema_version;	Inspects internal schema modification counter.
54	Check Secure Delete	PRAGMA secure_delete = ON;	Overwrites deleted content with zeroes.
55	Set Threads Count	PRAGMA threads = 4;	Enables multi-threaded sorting and helper tasks.
56	Set Column Output Mode	.mode column	Formats CLI output into aligned text columns.
57	Set JSON Output Mode	.mode json	Formats CLI query results as JSON array.
58	Set HTML Output Mode	.mode html	Formats CLI query results as HTML table tags.
59	Set List Output Mode	.mode list	Formats CLI query results as pipe-separated list.
60	Set Markdown Output Mode	.mode markdown	Formats CLI query results as Markdown table.
61	Set Output File	.output output.txt	Redirects CLI query results to text file.
62	Restore Output Screen	.output stdout	Restores CLI query results to screen stdout.
63	Show Active Databases	.databases	Lists primary, temp, and attached database files.
64	Show CLI Prompt Setting	.prompt 'sqlite> ' ' ...> '	Customizes interactive shell prompt strings.
65	Show CLI Timeout	.timeout 10000	Sets CLI lock wait timeout to 10 seconds.
66	Check Table Count	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table';	Calculates total table count in schema.
67	List Table Indexes via Master	SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='index' AND tbl_name='users';	Queries system catalog for table indexes.
68	List Triggers via Master	SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='trigger';	Lists all triggers in database.
69	List Views via Master	SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='view';	Lists all views in database.
70	Create View	CREATE VIEW v_active_users AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = 1;	Provisions virtual table view.
71	Drop View	DROP VIEW IF EXISTS v_active_users;	Deletes virtual table view.
72	Create Trigger	CREATE TRIGGER trg_user_bu BEFORE UPDATE ON users BEGIN SELECT RAISE(FAIL, 'Updates forbidden'); END;	Provisions pre-update validation trigger.
73	Drop Trigger	DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trg_user_bu;	Deletes trigger routine.
74	Create Unique Index	CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_uniq_email ON users(email);	Enforces unique constraint via index.
75	Create Partial Index	CREATE INDEX idx_active ON users(created_at) WHERE active = 1;	Provisions index on subset of rows.
76	Create Virtual Table FTS5	CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE docs_fts USING fts5(title, body);	Provisions full-text search 5 table.
77	Insert FTS5 Record	INSERT INTO docs_fts (title, body) VALUES ('Doc 1', 'Database architecture guide');	Writes text record into FTS5 index.
78	Query FTS5 Fulltext Search	SELECT * FROM docs_fts WHERE docs_fts MATCH 'architecture';	Executes high-speed full-text search.
79	Optimize FTS5 Index	INSERT INTO docs_fts(docs_fts) VALUES('optimize');	Compacts FTS5 index storage structures.
80	Create Virtual Table RTree	CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE geo_index USING rtree(id, minX, maxX, minY, maxY);	Provisions spatial R-Tree index table.
81	Insert Spatial Box RTree	INSERT INTO geo_index VALUES (1, -73.9, -73.8, 40.7, 40.8);	Writes bounding box into RTree index.
82	Query Spatial Bounding Box	SELECT id FROM geo_index WHERE minX >= -74.0 AND maxX <= -73.0;	Executes spatial bounding box search.
83	Reindex All Tables	REINDEX;	Rebuilds all indexes across all attached databases.
84	Reindex Specific Table	REINDEX users;	Rebuilds all indexes for specific table.
85	Reindex Specific Index	REINDEX idx_user_email;	Rebuilds a single index file.
86	Check DB Page Count	PRAGMA page_count;	Inspects total pages allocated in DB file.
87	Check DB Free List	PRAGMA freelist_count;	Inspects free pages available for reuse.
88	Check Table Column Defaults	SELECT dflt_value FROM pragma_table_info('users') WHERE name='status';	Inspects default column value.
89	Check Table Primary Key	SELECT name FROM pragma_table_info('users') WHERE pk > 0;	Identifies primary key columns.
90	Check Foreign Key List	PRAGMA foreign_key_list('orders');	Inspects target tables and referenced columns.
91	Check Index Info Details	PRAGMA index_info('idx_user_email');	Inspects indexed columns and sort order.
92	Check Index XInfo Details	PRAGMA index_xinfo('idx_user_email');	Inspects extended index properties.
93	Savepoint Transaction	SAVEPOINT sp1;	Provisions transaction savepoint.
94	Release Savepoint	RELEASE SAVEPOINT sp1;	Commits transaction savepoint.
95	Rollback to Savepoint	ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT sp1;	Reverts transaction state to savepoint.
96	Begin Immediate Transaction	BEGIN IMMEDIATE TRANSACTION;	Acquires reserved lock before writes.
97	Begin Exclusive Transaction	BEGIN EXCLUSIVE TRANSACTION;	Acquires exclusive write lock on DB file.
98	Commit Transaction	COMMIT;	Finalizes active transaction.
99	Rollback Transaction	ROLLBACK;	Aborts active transaction.
100	Exit Shell Quietly	.quit	Exits command-line tool.
101	Quick Integrity Check	PRAGMA quick_check;	Fast integrity scan omitting index validation.
102	Check Foreign Key Violations	PRAGMA foreign_key_check;	Scans database tables for broken FK references.
103	Set Auto Vacuum	PRAGMA auto_vacuum = FULL;	Enforces automatic database page reclamation.
104	Incremental Vacuum	PRAGMA incremental_vacuum(100);	Reclaims up to 100 free pages from database.
105	Set Mmap Size	PRAGMA mmap_size = 268435456;	Allocates 256MB memory-mapped I/O limit.
106	Set Locking Mode Exclusive	PRAGMA locking_mode = EXCLUSIVE;	Enforces exclusive file locking for performance.
107	Set Temp Store Memory	PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY;	Forces temporary tables and indexes into RAM.
108	WAL Checkpoint Truncate	PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE);	Flushes WAL file and truncates it to 0 bytes.
109	Check User Version	PRAGMA user_version;	Inspects application-defined schema version integer.
110	Set User Version	PRAGMA user_version = 5;	Sets application schema version integer.
111	Check Database Encoding	PRAGMA encoding;	Outputs database text encoding (UTF-8, UTF-16).
112	Set Threads Count	PRAGMA threads = 4;	Enables multi-threaded sorting and helper tasks.
113	Set Output Mode JSON	.mode json	Formats CLI query results as JSON array.
114	Set Output Mode Column	.mode column	Formats CLI query results as aligned columns.
115	Show Active Databases	.databases	Lists primary, temp, and attached database files.
116	Check Table Count	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table';	Calculates total table count in schema.
117	Create View	CREATE VIEW v_active_users AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = 1;	Provisions virtual table view.
118	Drop View	DROP VIEW IF EXISTS v_active_users;	Deletes virtual table view.
119	Create FTS5 Table	CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE docs_fts USING fts5(title, body);	Provisions full-text search 5 table.
120	Insert FTS5 Record	INSERT INTO docs_fts (title, body) VALUES ('Doc 1', 'Database architecture guide');	Writes text record into FTS5 index.
121	Query FTS5 Search	SELECT * FROM docs_fts WHERE docs_fts MATCH 'architecture';	Executes high-speed full-text search.
122	Optimize FTS5 Index	INSERT INTO docs_fts(docs_fts) VALUES('optimize');	Compacts FTS5 index storage structures.
123	Create RTree Spatial Table	CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE geo_index USING rtree(id, minX, maxX, minY, maxY);	Provisions spatial R-Tree index table.
124	Reindex All Tables	REINDEX;	Rebuilds all indexes across all attached databases.
125	Check DB Page Count	PRAGMA page_count;	Inspects total pages allocated in DB file.
126	Check DB Free List	PRAGMA freelist_count;	Inspects free pages available for reuse.
127	Begin Immediate Transaction	BEGIN IMMEDIATE TRANSACTION;	Acquires reserved lock before writes.
128	Begin Exclusive Transaction	BEGIN EXCLUSIVE TRANSACTION;	Acquires exclusive write lock on DB file.
129	Commit Transaction	COMMIT;	Finalizes active transaction.
130	Exit Shell Quietly	.quit	Exits command-line tool.
131	Check Database Page Count	PRAGMA page_count;	Inspects total allocated pages in DB file.
132	Check Database Free Page Count	PRAGMA freelist_count;	Inspects unallocated free pages available for reuse.
133	Check Database Page Size	PRAGMA page_size;	Inspects page size in bytes (default 4096).
134	Set Database Page Size	PRAGMA page_size = 8192;	Configures 8KB page size for new database files.
135	Check Database Cache Size	PRAGMA cache_size;	Inspects active page cache memory limit.
136	Set Database Cache Size KB	PRAGMA cache_size = -128000;	Allocates 128MB RAM for page cache.
137	Check Database Max Page Count	PRAGMA max_page_count;	Inspects maximum allowed pages in database file.
138	Set Database Max Page Count	PRAGMA max_page_count = 2000000;	Caps database file size to ~8GB.
139	Check Database Busy Timeout	PRAGMA busy_timeout;	Inspects lock wait timeout in milliseconds.
140	Set Database Busy Timeout	PRAGMA busy_timeout = 10000;	Sets 10-second lock wait timeout before throwing SQLITE_BUSY.
141	Check Database Synchronous Setting	PRAGMA synchronous;	Inspects disk write sync mode (0=OFF, 1=NORMAL, 2=FULL, 3=EXTRA).
142	Set Database Synchronous Off	PRAGMA synchronous = OFF;	Disables disk sync for maximum write speed in temp DBs.
143	Set Database Synchronous Full	PRAGMA synchronous = FULL;	Enforces full disk sync for maximum crash durability.
144	Check Database Journal Mode	PRAGMA journal_mode;	Inspects active journal mode (DELETE, TRUNCATE, PERSIST, MEMORY, WAL, OFF).
145	Set Database Journal Mode Delete	PRAGMA journal_mode = DELETE;	Restores traditional rollback journal mode.
146	Set Database Journal Mode Memory	PRAGMA journal_mode = MEMORY;	Stores rollback journal in RAM.
147	Check Database WAL Auto Checkpoint	PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint;	Inspects WAL auto-checkpoint page threshold (default 1000).
148	Set Database WAL Auto Checkpoint	PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint = 5000;	Sets auto-checkpoint trigger to 5000 pages.
149	Check Database Lock Status	PRAGMA lock_status;	Inspects active read/write file locks held.
150	Check Database Temp Store	PRAGMA temp_store;	Inspects storage location for temp tables (0=DEFAULT, 1=FILE, 2=MEMORY).
151	Set Database Temp Store File	PRAGMA temp_store = FILE;	Forces temp tables into disk files.
152	Check Database Foreign Keys	PRAGMA foreign_keys;	Inspects foreign key enforcement setting.
153	Disable Database Foreign Keys	PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;	Disables foreign key constraint checks during bulk loads.
154	Check Database Recursive Triggers	PRAGMA recursive_triggers;	Inspects recursive trigger execution setting.
155	Enable Database Recursive Triggers	PRAGMA recursive_triggers = ON;	Allows triggers to fire recursively.
156	Check Database Secure Delete	PRAGMA secure_delete;	Inspects whether deleted pages are zero-overwritten.
157	Disable Database Secure Delete	PRAGMA secure_delete = OFF;	Disables zero-overwrite on deleted pages for speed.
158	Check Database Mmap Size	PRAGMA mmap_size;	Inspects memory-mapped I/O byte limit.
159	Set Database Mmap Size 1GB	PRAGMA mmap_size = 1073741824;	Allocates 1GB memory-mapped I/O limit.
160	Check Database Threads	PRAGMA threads;	Inspects helper thread pool limit.
161	Check Database User Version	PRAGMA user_version;	Inspects user schema version integer.
162	Check Database Application ID	PRAGMA application_id;	Inspects application ID integer.
163	Check Database Schema Version	PRAGMA schema_version;	Inspects internal schema modification sequence.
164	Check Database Encoding	PRAGMA encoding;	Outputs text encoding (UTF-8, UTF-16le, UTF-16be).
165	Check Database Compile Options	PRAGMA compile_options;	Outputs list of C compiler flags used to build SQLite.
166	Check Database Soft Heap Limit	PRAGMA soft_heap_limit;	Inspects soft memory heap limit in bytes.
167	Set Database Soft Heap Limit	PRAGMA soft_heap_limit = 2147483648;	Sets 2GB soft memory heap limit.
168	Check Table Column Info	PRAGMA table_info('users');	Outputs column names, types, nullability, and primary key status.
169	Check Table Extended Column Info	PRAGMA table_xinfo('users');	Outputs column details including generated columns.
170	Check Table Index List	PRAGMA index_list('users');	Lists all secondary and primary indexes on table.
171	Check Index Column Details	PRAGMA index_info('idx_users_email');	Lists columns included in specific index.
172	Check Index Extended Details	PRAGMA index_xinfo('idx_users_email');	Lists key and non-key columns in index.
173	Check Foreign Key References	PRAGMA foreign_key_list('orders');	Lists foreign key target tables and columns.
174	Check Database Integrity Full	PRAGMA integrity_check;	Scans entire database file for structural corruption.
175	Check Database Integrity Quick	PRAGMA quick_check;	Scans database file omitting index leaf validation.
176	Check Database Foreign Key Violations	PRAGMA foreign_key_check;	Scans entire database for broken foreign key references.
177	Check Table Foreign Key Violations	PRAGMA foreign_key_check('orders');	Scans specific table for broken foreign key references.
178	Checkpoint WAL Passive	PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(PASSIVE);	Checkpoints WAL pages without blocking active readers/writers.
179	Checkpoint WAL Full	PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(FULL);	Checkpoints all WAL pages waiting for readers to finish.
180	Checkpoint WAL Restart	PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(RESTART);	Flushes WAL and blocks new readers to restart WAL at byte 0.
181	Checkpoint WAL Truncate	PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE);	Flushes WAL, blocks readers, and truncates file to 0 bytes.
182	Set CLI Mode Table	.mode table	Formats CLI query output as ASCII box table.
183	Set CLI Mode Box	.mode box	Formats CLI query output as Unicode box table.
184	Set CLI Mode CSV	.mode csv	Formats CLI query output as comma-separated values.
185	Set CLI Mode JSON	.mode json	Formats CLI query output as JSON array.
186	Set CLI Mode Line	.mode line	Formats CLI query output as key-value lines.
187	Set CLI Mode List	.mode list	Formats CLI query output as pipe-separated list.
188	Set CLI Mode Markdown	.mode markdown	Formats CLI query output as Markdown table.
189	Set CLI Mode HTML	.mode html	Formats CLI query output as HTML table tags.
190	Set CLI Output File	.output results.txt	Redirects query results output to text file.
191	Restore CLI Output Screen	.output stdout	Restores query results output to terminal screen.
192	Show CLI Tables List	.tables	Lists all tables in connected databases.
193	Show CLI Schema DDL	.schema	Outputs full DDL schema for all tables and indexes.
194	Show Table DDL	.schema users	Outputs DDL syntax for specific table.
195	Show Active Database Files	.databases	Lists primary, temp, and attached database files.
196	Show CLI Headers On	.headers on	Enables column headers in query output.
197	Show CLI Headers Off	.headers off	Disables column headers in query output.
198	Check SQLite Version SQL	SELECT sqlite_version();	Outputs running SQLite engine release version string.
199	Check SQLite Source ID SQL	SELECT sqlite_source_id();	Outputs exact git commit hash used to build SQLite.
200	Check Connection Ping SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.

CockroachDB OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

CockroachDB is a cloud-native, distributed SQL database designed for global scalability and strong consistency. It uses a transactional key-value store layered under a distributed SQL query engine, leveraging the Raft consensus algorithm for Multi-Raft data replication and Range splitting.

Primary Use Cases: Multi-region cloud applications, global SaaS platforms, distributed financial ledgers, and scale-out transactional services requiring serializable isolation.

Core Components: SQL Layer, Distributed KV Layer, Raft Consensus Protocol, Storage Layer (Pebble engine), Range Allocator, and System Jobs Manager.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for CockroachDB.

#	Operation / Action	CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Start Node Server	cockroach start --insecure --store=node1 --listen-addr=localhost:26257	Boots distributed database node.
2	Initialize Cluster	cockroach init --insecure --host=localhost:26257	Bootstraps new distributed cluster.
3	Interactive SQL Shell	cockroach sql --insecure --host=localhost:26257	Opens distributed SQL monitor.
4	Export Cluster Backup	BACKUP INTO 's3://my-bucket/backup' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '-1m';	Takes distributed cluster snapshot.
5	Restore Cluster Backup	RESTORE FROM 's3://my-bucket/backup';	Restores distributed database snapshot.
6	Check Node Status	SHOW CONSTRAINTS; SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.gossip_nodes;	Inspects active cluster nodes.
7	Check Range Replication	SHOW RANGES FROM TABLE users;	Inspects distributed data raft ranges.
8	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Provisions new distributed database.
9	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Deletes distributed database.
10	Create User	CREATE USER app_user WITH PASSWORD 'SecurePass!';	Provisions cluster user login.
11	Grant Privileges	GRANT ALL ON DATABASE enterprise_db TO app_user;	Assigns distributed data access.
12	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 5;	Evaluates distributed execution plan.
13	Check Table Stats	SHOW STATISTICS FOR TABLE users;	Inspects cost-based optimizer statistics.
14	Create Index	CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);	Provisions distributed table index.
15	Drop Index	DROP INDEX users@idx_user_email;	Removes distributed index.
16	Set Zone Configuration	ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE USING num_replicas = 5;	Configures data replication zones.
17	View Zone Configs	SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR DATABASE enterprise_db;	Inspects replication zone rules.
18	Check Cluster Metrics	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'sql.query%';	Pulls cluster telemetry metrics.
19	Decommission Node	cockroach node decommission 2 --insecure	Safely removes node from cluster.
20	Inspect Node Liveness	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.liveness;	Checks node heartbeat status.
21	Pause Job Execution	CANCEL JOB 8492038420;	Stops background schema change job.
22	List Running Jobs	SHOW JOBS;	Inspects asynchronous cluster jobs.
23	Set Session Setting	SET application_name = 'EnterpriseBatch';	Configures connection metadata.
24	Create Schema	CREATE SCHEMA staging;	Provisions logical database namespace.
25	Set Default TTL	ALTER TABLE logs SET (ttl_expire_after = '90 days');	Enables automatic data expiration.
26	Inspect KV Storage Size	SELECT sum(range_size) FROM crdb_internal.ranges;	Calculates physical cluster storage size.
27	Verify Cluster Version	SHOW CLUSTER SETTING version;	Inspects running software version.
28	Set Cluster Setting	SET CLUSTER SETTING kv.rangefeed.enabled = true;	Modifies global cluster parameter.
29	Trace Query Execution	EXPLAIN DISTSQL SELECT * FROM users;	Inspects distributed query flow.
30	Quit SQL Shell	\q	Closes interactive shell session.
31	Check Active Sessions	SHOW SESSIONS;	Inspects connected client session threads.
32	Check Active Queries	SHOW STATEMENTS;	Views currently executing SQL queries.
33	Cancel Session	CANCEL SESSION '16834abc';	Terminates active client connection session.
34	Cancel Statement	CANCEL STATEMENT '16834abc';	Terminates specific running SQL query.
35	Pause Job	PAUSE JOB 8492038420;	Temporarily halts execution of background job.
36	Resume Job	RESUME JOB 8492038420;	Resumes execution of paused background job.
37	Show Job Details	SHOW JOB 8492038420;	Inspects progress and error details of background job.
38	Create Inverted Index	CREATE INVERTED INDEX idx_payload ON logs(payload);	Provisions GIN-like index for JSONB columns.
39	Create Stored Procedure	CREATE PROCEDURE clean_data() AS $$ BEGIN DELETE FROM logs WHERE created_at < NOW() - INTERVAL '30 days'; END; $$ LANGUAGE PLpgSQL;	Provisions stored procedure routine.
40	Call Stored Procedure	CALL clean_data();	Executes stored procedure routine.
41	Drop Stored Procedure	DROP PROCEDURE clean_data;	Deletes stored procedure routine.
42	Create User Defined Function	CREATE FUNCTION add_tax(p DECIMAL) RETURNS DECIMAL AS $$ SELECT p * 1.08; $$ LANGUAGE SQL;	Provisions scalar user function.
43	Drop User Defined Function	DROP FUNCTION add_tax;	Deletes user defined function.
44	Create Changefeed (CDC)	CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE users INTO 'kafka://localhost:9092';	Streams CDC row mutations to Kafka.
45	Create Changefeed with Filter	CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE users WHERE email LIKE '%@org.com' INTO 'kafka://localhost:9092';	Streams filtered CDC events.
46	Show Changefeeds	SHOW CHANGEFEEDS;	Lists active CDC changefeed pipelines.
47	Cancel Changefeed	CANCEL JOB (SELECT job_id FROM [SHOW CHANGEFEEDS] WHERE topic = 'users');	Stops running CDC changefeed.
48	Create Regional Table	ALTER TABLE users SET LOCALITY REGIONAL BY TABLE IN "us-east1";	Binds table storage to specific cloud region.
49	Create Global Table	ALTER TABLE reference_data SET LOCALITY GLOBAL;	Optimizes table for fast low-latency reads worldwide.
50	Create Regional Row Table	ALTER TABLE users SET LOCALITY REGIONAL BY ROW AS region;	Binds individual rows to cloud region.
51	Show Table Locality	SHOW LOCALITY FROM TABLE users;	Inspects multi-region locality configuration.
52	Add Region to Database	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db ADD REGION "us-west1";	Expands database multi-region footprint.
53	Drop Region from Database	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db DROP REGION "us-west1";	Removes cloud region from database.
54	Set Primary Region	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";	Designates primary region for database metadata.
55	Show Database Regions	SHOW REGIONS FROM DATABASE enterprise_db;	Lists cloud regions assigned to database.
56	Check Range Leases	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.range_leases;	Inspects active Raft leaseholders per range.
57	Check Range Replicas	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.kv_node_status;	Inspects KV node status and Raft replica count.
58	Check Range Splitting	ALTER TABLE users CONFIGURE ZONE USING range_max_bytes = 67108864;	Configures 64MB max Range split size.
59	Split Range Manually	ALTER TABLE users SPLIT AT VALUES (100000);	Manually forces range split at key boundary.
60	Unsplit Range Manually	ALTER TABLE users UNSPLIT AT VALUES (100000);	Removes manual range split boundary.
61	Check Cluster Settings	SHOW ALL CLUSTER SETTINGS;	Lists all configurable cluster parameters.
62	Reset Cluster Setting	RESET CLUSTER SETTING kv.rangefeed.enabled;	Restores cluster setting to default value.
63	Check Table Locks	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.locks;	Inspects lock contention across KV keys.
64	Check Contention Events	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.transaction_contention_events;	Analyzes transaction retry bottlenecks.
65	Set Transaction Isolation	SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;	Enforces strict serializable isolation.
66	Set Transaction Priority	SET TRANSACTION PRIORITY HIGH;	Increases transaction priority to reduce retries.
67	Show Table Schema DDL	SHOW CREATE TABLE users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
68	Show Database Schema DDL	SHOW CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build DB.
69	Check Indexes on Table	SHOW INDEXES FROM users;	Lists all primary and secondary index keys.
70	Create Partial Index	CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(created_at) WHERE active = true;	Provisions filtered index for active rows.
71	Create Covering Index	CREATE INDEX idx_email_name ON users(email) STORING (name);	Includes non-key columns in index storage.
72	Create Hash Partitioned Index	CREATE INDEX idx_id_hash ON users(id) USING HASH;	Distributes index traffic across ranges.
73	Check Disk Usage per Table	SELECT table_name, pg_size_pretty(total_bytes) FROM crdb_internal.table_sizes;	Calculates disk usage per table.
74	Check Disk Usage per Node	SELECT node_id, pg_size_pretty(available_bytes) FROM crdb_internal.kv_node_status;	Calculates disk space per node.
75	Create Role	CREATE ROLE read_only_role;	Provisions access role container.
76	Grant Role to User	GRANT read_only_role TO app_user;	Assigns role permissions to user.
77	Revoke Role from User	REVOKE read_only_role FROM app_user;	Revokes role permissions from user.
78	Drop Role	DROP ROLE read_only_role;	Deletes role container.
79	Grant Schema Usage	GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA staging TO app_user;	Grants namespace access rights.
80	Revoke Schema Usage	REVOKE USAGE ON SCHEMA staging FROM app_user;	Revokes namespace access rights.
81	Show Grants for User	SHOW GRANTS FOR app_user;	Lists all privileges assigned to user.
82	Set Password Expiry	ALTER USER app_user WITH PASSWORD 'Pass123!' VALID UNTIL '2027-01-01';	Sets login expiration date.
83	Check System Jobs History	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE job_type = 'BACKUP';	Inspects backup job history log.
84	Check Node Hardware Specs	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.node_hardware;	Inspects CPU cores and RAM per node.
85	Check Hot Ranges	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.hot_ranges;	Identifies ranges receiving high QPS traffic.
86	Check Table Column Types	SHOW COLUMNS FROM users;	Inspects table column definitions.
87	Rename Table	ALTER TABLE users RENAME TO app_users;	Renames table relation in database.
88	Rename Column	ALTER TABLE users RENAME COLUMN email TO user_email;	Renames table column.
89	Add Column Default	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN status SET DEFAULT 'active';	Sets default value for column.
90	Drop Column Default	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN status DROP DEFAULT;	Removes default value from column.
91	Set Column Type	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN age SET DATA TYPE INT8;	Changes column data type definition.
92	Create Savepoint	SAVEPOINT cockroach_restart;	Provisions savepoint for application retries.
93	Release Savepoint	RELEASE SAVEPOINT cockroach_restart;	Finalizes transaction retry savepoint.
94	Rollback Savepoint	ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT cockroach_restart;	Retries transaction after conflict.
95	Check Cluster License	SHOW CLUSTER SETTING enterprise.license;	Inspects enterprise license key status.
96	Set Enterprise License	SET CLUSTER SETTING enterprise.license = 'ccl_key_xyz';	Applies enterprise feature key.
97	Check Cluster CPU Telemetry	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'sys.cpu%';	Inspects CPU load across cluster.
98	Check Cluster Memory Telemetry	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'sys.rss%';	Inspects RAM usage across cluster.
99	Flush Table Stats	ANALYZE users;	Triggers on-demand optimizer statistics collection.
100	Node Health Check HTTP	curl http://localhost:8080/health	Queries HTTP diagnostic endpoint for node status.
101	Check Active Sessions	SHOW SESSIONS;	Inspects connected client session threads.
102	Check Active Statements	SHOW STATEMENTS;	Views currently executing SQL queries.
103	Cancel Statement	CANCEL STATEMENT '16834abc';	Terminates specific running SQL query.
104	Pause Background Job	PAUSE JOB 8492038420;	Temporarily halts execution of background job.
105	Resume Background Job	RESUME JOB 8492038420;	Resumes execution of paused background job.
106	Show Job Details	SHOW JOB 8492038420;	Inspects progress and error details of background job.
107	Create Inverted Index	CREATE INVERTED INDEX idx_payload ON logs(payload);	Provisions GIN-like index for JSONB columns.
108	Create Changefeed (CDC)	CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE users INTO 'kafka://localhost:9092';	Streams CDC row mutations to Kafka.
109	Show Active Changefeeds	SHOW CHANGEFEEDS;	Lists active CDC changefeed pipelines.
110	Create Regional Table	ALTER TABLE users SET LOCALITY REGIONAL BY TABLE IN "us-east1";	Binds table storage to specific cloud region.
111	Create Global Table	ALTER TABLE reference_data SET LOCALITY GLOBAL;	Optimizes table for fast low-latency reads worldwide.
112	Create Regional Row Table	ALTER TABLE users SET LOCALITY REGIONAL BY ROW AS region;	Binds individual rows to cloud region.
113	Show Table Locality	SHOW LOCALITY FROM TABLE users;	Inspects multi-region locality configuration.
114	Add Region to DB	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db ADD REGION "us-west1";	Expands database multi-region footprint.
115	Drop Region from DB	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db DROP REGION "us-west1";	Removes cloud region from database.
116	Set Primary Region	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";	Designates primary region for database metadata.
117	Show Database Regions	SHOW REGIONS FROM DATABASE enterprise_db;	Lists cloud regions assigned to database.
118	Check Range Leases	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.range_leases;	Inspects active Raft leaseholders per range.
119	Check Range Replicas	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.kv_node_status;	Inspects KV node status and Raft replica count.
120	Split Range Manually	ALTER TABLE users SPLIT AT VALUES (100000);	Manually forces range split at key boundary.
121	Unsplit Range Manually	ALTER TABLE users UNSPLIT AT VALUES (100000);	Removes manual range split boundary.
122	Check Cluster Settings	SHOW ALL CLUSTER SETTINGS;	Lists all configurable cluster parameters.
123	Check Transaction Contention	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.transaction_contention_events;	Analyzes transaction retry bottlenecks.
124	Set Isolation Level	SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;	Enforces strict serializable isolation.
125	Show Create Table DDL	SHOW CREATE TABLE users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
126	Create Covering Index	CREATE INDEX idx_email_name ON users(email) STORING (name);	Includes non-key columns in index storage.
127	Check Disk Usage per Table	SELECT table_name, pg_size_pretty(total_bytes) FROM crdb_internal.table_sizes;	Calculates disk usage per table.
128	Check Disk Usage per Node	SELECT node_id, pg_size_pretty(available_bytes) FROM crdb_internal.kv_node_status;	Calculates disk space per node.
129	Check Hot Ranges	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.hot_ranges;	Identifies ranges receiving high QPS traffic.
130	Check Node Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8080/health	Queries HTTP diagnostic endpoint for node status.
131	Check Cluster ID	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.cluster_id;	Outputs unique cluster GUID.
132	Check Cluster Nodes List	SELECT node_id, address, build_tag FROM crdb_internal.gossip_nodes;	Lists all active nodes in cluster gossip.
133	Check Node Network Liveness	SELECT node_id, is_live, updated_at FROM crdb_internal.liveness;	Monitors node heartbeat timestamps.
134	Check Range Count Total	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.ranges;	Calculates total Raft range count in cluster.
135	Check Range Size Metrics	SELECT min(range_size), avg(range_size), max(range_size) FROM crdb_internal.ranges;	Calculates min, avg, and max Raft range byte sizes.
136	Check Range Under Replicated Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.ranges WHERE array_length(replicas, 1) < 3;	Identifies under-replicated ranges.
137	Check Range Unavailable Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.ranges WHERE array_length(replicas, 1) = 0;	Identifies offline unavailable ranges.
138	Check Table Partition Ranges	SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.ranges WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects Raft ranges belonging to specific table.
139	Check Raft Leader Distribution	SELECT lease_holder, count(*) FROM crdb_internal.ranges GROUP BY lease_holder;	Calculates Raft leaseholder distribution across nodes.
140	Check Table Column Metadata	SELECT column_name, data_type, is_nullable FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects column definitions.
141	Check Table Primary Key Metadata	SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.key_column_usage WHERE table_name = 'users';	Identifies primary key columns.
142	Check Table Foreign Key Metadata	SELECT * FROM information_schema.referential_constraints;	Lists foreign key relationships in database.
143	Check Table Indexes Metadata	SELECT index_name, column_name, direction FROM information_schema.statistics WHERE table_name = 'users';	Lists indexed columns and sort directions.
144	Check Table Constraints List	SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name = 'users';	Lists unique, check, and foreign key constraints.
145	Check System Jobs Running	SELECT job_id, description, status FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE status = 'running';	Lists active background jobs.
146	Check System Jobs Failed	SELECT job_id, description, error FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE status = 'failed';	Inspects failed background jobs and stack traces.
147	Check System Jobs Completed	SELECT job_id, description, created, finished FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE status = 'succeeded' ORDER BY finished DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects recently completed jobs.
148	Check Active SQL Sessions	SELECT session_id, user_name, client_address, application_name FROM crdb_internal.node_sessions;	Lists active client sessions across all nodes.
149	Check Active SQL Queries	SELECT query_id, user_name, query, phase FROM crdb_internal.node_statement_statistics WHERE phase = 'executing';	Lists active running SQL queries.
150	Check Slow SQL Queries	SELECT query, service_lat, exec_lat FROM crdb_internal.node_statement_statistics ORDER BY exec_lat DESC LIMIT 10;	Finds queries with highest execution latency.
151	Check SQL Memory Usage	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'sql.mem.sql.current';	Monitors RAM allocated to SQL query execution.
152	Check KV Memory Usage	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'val.mem.pebble.current';	Monitors RAM allocated to Pebble KV storage engine.
153	Check Go Runtime Memory Usage	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'sys.rss';	Monitors resident set size RAM per node.
154	Check Go Runtime Garbage Collection	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'sys.gc.pause.ns';	Monitors Go GC pause latency.
155	Check CPU User Percent	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'sys.cpu.user.percent';	Monitors user-space CPU utilization percentage.
156	Check CPU System Percent	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'sys.cpu.sys.percent';	Monitors kernel-space CPU utilization percentage.
157	Check Disk Free Bytes	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'capacity.available';	Monitors free storage disk space per node.
158	Check Disk Total Bytes	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'capacity';	Monitors total storage disk space per node.
159	Check Disk Used Bytes	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'capacity.used';	Monitors used storage disk space per node.
160	Check Network Bytes Sent	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'exec.net.bytes-sent';	Monitors inter-node network egress bytes.
161	Check Network Bytes Received	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'exec.net.bytes-rcvd';	Monitors inter-node network ingress bytes.
162	Check Raft Proposals Count	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'raft.commands.applied';	Monitors total Raft consensus state machine commits.
163	Check Raft Command Latency	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'raft.process.logcommit.latency';	Monitors Raft log write commit latency.
164	Check Storage Engine Pebble Compaction	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'storage.compaction.count';	Monitors background Pebble SSTable compactions.
165	Check Storage Engine Pebble Write Amplification	SELECT node_id, value FROM crdb_internal.node_metrics WHERE metric = 'storage.write-amp';	Monitors Pebble storage write amplification ratio.
166	Check Session Application Name	SHOW application_name;	Outputs active connection application name.
167	Check Session Timezone	SHOW TIME ZONE;	Outputs active session time zone.
168	Set Session Timezone	SET TIME ZONE 'UTC';	Sets active session time zone to UTC.
169	Check Session Transaction Isolation	SHOW TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL;	Outputs active transaction isolation mode (SERIALIZABLE).
170	Check Current User Account	SELECT current_user();	Returns active execution user name.
171	Check Current Database Name	SELECT current_database();	Returns active selected database name.
172	Check Current Schema Name	SELECT current_schema();	Returns active selected schema name.
173	Check Current Timestamp	SELECT clock_timestamp();	Returns current wall-clock timestamp.
174	Check CockroachDB Version SQL	SELECT version();	Outputs running CockroachDB build version and git commit hash.
175	Check Connection Ping SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
176	Check Health Endpoint HTTP	curl http://localhost:8080/health	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for node health status.
177	Check Health Readiness HTTP	curl http://localhost:8080/health?ready=1	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for node readiness probe.
178	Check Metrics Endpoint HTTP	curl http://localhost:8080/_status/vars	Pulls Prometheus metrics endpoint.
179	Check CLI Node Status	cockroach node status --insecure	Outputs status table for all nodes via CLI tool.
180	Check CLI Cluster Version	cockroach version	Outputs client CLI binary version string.
181	Check Table Column Default Values	SELECT column_name, column_default FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects column default values.
182	Check Table Column Data Types	SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects column data types.
183	Check Table Column Nullability	SELECT column_name, is_nullable FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects column nullability.
184	Check Table Primary Key Columns	SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.key_column_usage WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects primary key columns.
185	Check Table Foreign Keys List	SELECT constraint_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name = 'users' AND constraint_type = 'FOREIGN KEY';	Lists foreign key constraints.
186	Check Table Unique Constraints List	SELECT constraint_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name = 'users' AND constraint_type = 'UNIQUE';	Lists unique constraints.
187	Check Table Check Constraints List	SELECT constraint_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name = 'users' AND constraint_type = 'CHECK';	Lists check constraints.
188	Check Table Indexes List	SELECT index_name FROM information_schema.statistics WHERE table_name = 'users';	Lists indexes on table.
189	Check Table Storage Size Bytes	SELECT pg_relation_size('users');	Calculates table storage size in bytes.
190	Check Database Size Bytes	SELECT pg_database_size('enterprise_db');	Calculates database storage size in bytes.
191	Check Cluster Node Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.gossip_nodes;	Calculates total cluster node count.
192	Check Cluster Live Node Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.liveness WHERE is_live = true;	Calculates total live cluster node count.
193	Check Cluster Range Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.ranges;	Calculates total Raft range count.
194	Check Cluster Range Replicas Count	SELECT sum(array_length(replicas, 1)) FROM crdb_internal.ranges;	Calculates total Raft range replicas.
195	Check Cluster Job Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.jobs;	Calculates total background jobs count.
196	Check Cluster Job Running Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE status = 'running';	Calculates running jobs count.
197	Check Cluster Job Failed Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE status = 'failed';	Calculates failed jobs count.
198	Check Cluster Job Succeeded Count	SELECT count(*) FROM crdb_internal.jobs WHERE status = 'succeeded';	Calculates succeeded jobs count.
199	Check Session User Name	SELECT current_user();	Outputs current user name.
200	Check Session Database Name	SELECT current_database();	Outputs current database name.

PingCAP TiDB OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

PingCAP TiDB is a distributed Hybrid Transactional and Analytical Processing (HTAP) database. It decouples stateless SQL compute nodes (TiDB) from distributed row storage nodes (TiKV, using Multi-Raft) and columnar analytical storage nodes (TiFlash, using Raft learner synchronization), governed by a Placement Driver (PD) cluster.

Primary Use Cases: Large-scale real-time HTAP workloads, financial core transactions, scale-out MySQL-compatible databases, and real-time reporting dashboards.

Core Components: TiDB Server (Stateless SQL), TiKV (Distributed Row Storage), TiFlash (Columnar Analytics), Placement Driver (PD Metadata & Timestamp Oracle), and TiUP CLI toolchain.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for PingCAP TiDB.

#	Operation / Action	TiUP / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Deploy Cluster via TiUP	tiup cluster deploy prod-cluster v8.0.0 topo.yaml --user root	Deploys distributed TiDB cluster.
2	Start Cluster	tiup cluster start prod-cluster	Boots TiDB, PD, and TiKV services.
3	Stop Cluster	tiup cluster stop prod-cluster	Halts distributed cluster services.
4	Connect via MySQL Client	mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -P 4000 -u root	Connects to TiDB stateless SQL layer.
5	Check Cluster Status	tiup cluster display prod-cluster	Inspects cluster topology and nodes.
6	Backup via BR Tool	br backup full --pd 127.0.0.1:2379 --storage "s3://backup-bucket/tidb"	Executes distributed cluster backup.
7	Restore via BR Tool	br restore full --pd 127.0.0.1:2379 --storage "s3://backup-bucket/tidb"	Restores cluster backup data.
8	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Provisions new distributed database.
9	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Deletes distributed database.
10	Create User	CREATE USER 'app_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'SecurePass!';	Provisions cluster user.
11	Grant Privileges	GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON enterprise_db.* TO 'app_user'@'%';	Assigns data access rights.
12	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;	Evaluates distributed execution plan.
13	Analyze Table Stats	ANALYZE TABLE users;	Refreshes cost-based optimizer stats.
14	Show Region Distribution	SHOW TABLE users REGIONS;	Inspects TiKV multi-raft region split.
15	Check Slow Queries	SELECT * FROM information_schema.cluster_slow_query WHERE time > '2026-07-01';	Pulls cluster performance bottlenecks.
16	Check TiKV Storage Size	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tikv_store_status;	Evaluates TiKV node disk utilization.
17	Create Index	ALTER TABLE users ADD INDEX idx_email (email);	Provisions distributed index.
18	Drop Index	ALTER TABLE users DROP INDEX idx_email;	Removes distributed index.
19	Set TiFlash Replica	ALTER TABLE users SET TIFLASH REPLICA 2;	Provisions columnar analytical replica.
20	Check TiFlash Status	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tiflash_replica;	Inspects columnar sync status.
21	Check PD Leader	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/leader	Inspects Placement Driver leader node.
22	Set Global Configuration	SET GLOBAL tidb_distsql_scan_concurrency = 30;	Modifies distributed query concurrency.
23	Show Processlist	SHOW PROCESSLIST;	Inspects active SQL execution threads.
24	Kill Connection Thread	KILL 83921;	Terminates long-running query session.
25	Check DDL Jobs	ADMIN SHOW DDL JOBS;	Inspects asynchronous schema changes.
26	Cancel DDL Job	ADMIN CANCEL DDL JOBS 142;	Stops active schema modification.
27	Check Cluster Deadlocks	SELECT * FROM information_schema.deadlocks;	Inspects distributed transaction deadlocks.
28	Flush Table Privileges	FLUSH PRIVILEGES;	Reloads access permission tables.
29	Upgrade Cluster	tiup cluster upgrade prod-cluster v8.1.0	Upgrades cluster software binaries.
30	Cluster Scale Out	tiup cluster scale-out prod-cluster scale-out-topo.yaml	Adds compute/storage nodes.
31	Scale In Cluster	tiup cluster scale-in prod-cluster --node 10.0.0.5:20160	Safely removes node from cluster.
32	Prune Cluster	tiup cluster prune prod-cluster	Cleans up decommissioned node binaries.
33	Restart Component	tiup cluster restart prod-cluster -N 10.0.0.1:4000	Restarts specific TiDB compute node.
34	Reload Cluster Config	tiup cluster reload prod-cluster	Reloads cluster configuration changes without restart.
35	Check Cluster Audit Log	tiup cluster audit prod-cluster	Inspects administrative CLI command history.
36	Check Cluster Patch Version	tiup cluster patch prod-cluster patch.tar.gz	Applies hotfix binary patch to cluster.
37	Check PD Members	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/members	Lists all Placement Driver nodes.
38	Check PD Stores	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/stores	Lists all connected TiKV storage nodes.
39	Check PD Regions	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/regions	Inspects total Raft region count and status.
40	Check PD Hot Regions	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/hotspot/regions	Identifies read/write hotspot Raft regions.
41	Set PD Leader Evict	tiup ctl:v8.0.0 pd -u http://127.0.0.1:2379 scheduler add evict-leader-scheduler 1	Evicts PD leader from specific node for maintenance.
42	Remove PD Scheduler	tiup ctl:v8.0.0 pd -u http://127.0.0.1:2379 scheduler remove evict-leader-scheduler-1	Removes eviction scheduler from PD.
43	Check TiKV Store Status	tiup ctl:v8.0.0 tikv --host 10.0.0.5:20160 store	Inspects specific TiKV storage node metrics.
44	Compact TiKV Range	tiup ctl:v8.0.0 tikv --host 10.0.0.5:20160 compact -d kv	Forces RocksDB SSTable compaction in TiKV.
45	Check RocksDB Memory	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tikv_auto_random;	Inspects RocksDB block cache usage.
46	Create Auto Random Primary Key	CREATE TABLE orders (id BIGINT AUTO_RANDOM PRIMARY KEY, val VARCHAR(50));	Prevents write hotspotting on primary key.
47	Create Clustered Index Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, email VARCHAR(50), PRIMARY KEY(id) CLUSTERED);	Enforces clustered index layout.
48	Create Non-Clustered Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, email VARCHAR(50), PRIMARY KEY(id) NONCLUSTERED);	Enforces non-clustered table layout.
49	Set Placement Policy	CREATE PLACEMENT POLICY east_policy PRIMARY_REGION="us-east-1" REGIONS="us-east-1,us-west-2";	Provisions multi-region data placement policy.
50	Apply Placement Policy to DB	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_db PLACEMENT POLICY=east_policy;	Binds placement policy to database.
51	Apply Placement Policy to Table	ALTER TABLE users PLACEMENT POLICY=east_policy;	Binds placement policy to table.
52	Show Placement Policies	SHOW PLACEMENT POLICIES;	Lists all configured placement policies.
53	Drop Placement Policy	DROP PLACEMENT POLICY east_policy;	Removes placement policy definition.
54	Set Table Partition Hash	CREATE TABLE logs (id INT, dt DATE) PARTITION BY HASH(id) PARTITIONS 8;	Provisions hash partitioned table.
55	Set Table Partition Range	CREATE TABLE logs (id INT, val INT) PARTITION BY RANGE(val) (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1000));	Provisions range partitioned table.
56	Add Range Partition	ALTER TABLE logs ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2000));	Appends partition range.
57	Drop Range Partition	ALTER TABLE logs DROP PARTITION p0;	Removes partition data instantly.
58	Truncate Range Partition	ALTER TABLE logs TRUNCATE PARTITION p1;	Clears partition records.
59	Check Partition Regions	SELECT * FROM information_schema.partitions WHERE table_name='logs';	Inspects table partition metrics.
60	Enable Dynamic Partition Pruning	SET SESSION tidb_partition_prune_mode = 'dynamic';	Activates dynamic partition pruning for queries.
61	Create Binding (SQL Plan)	CREATE GLOBAL BINDING FOR SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1 USING SELECT /*+ USE_INDEX(users, idx_id) */ * FROM users WHERE id = 1;	Forces query plan binding.
62	Show Global Bindings	SHOW GLOBAL BINDINGS;	Lists active forced SQL query plan bindings.
63	Drop Global Binding	DROP GLOBAL BINDING FOR SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;	Removes forced SQL plan binding.
64	Check Execution Plan Cache	SELECT * FROM information_schema.plan_cache;	Inspects prepared statement query plan cache.
65	Flush Execution Plan Cache	FLUSH PLAN_CACHE;	Flushes prepared statement query plan cache.
66	Check Resource Control Pool	SELECT * FROM information_schema.resource_groups;	Inspects CPU/IO resource control pools.
67	Create Resource Group	CREATE RESOURCE GROUP rg_app RU_PER_SEC = 1000 BURSTABLE;	Provisions resource control quota group.
68	Alter Resource Group	ALTER RESOURCE GROUP rg_app RU_PER_SEC = 2000;	Updates resource control Request Units capacity.
69	Assign User to Resource Group	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'%' RESOURCE GROUP rg_app;	Binds user account to resource control group.
70	Drop Resource Group	DROP RESOURCE GROUP rg_app;	Deletes resource control pool.
71	Check Memory Usage	SELECT * FROM information_schema.memory_usage;	Pulls RAM usage breakdown across nodes.
72	Set Memory Quota Query	SET SESSION tidb_mem_quota_query = 2147483648;	Caps memory limit per query to 2GB.
73	Enable OOM Action Spill	SET SESSION tidb_mem_quota_query = 1073741824; SET SESSION tidb_enable_tmp_storage = ON;	Spills query data to disk on OOM.
74	Check Global Variables	SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb%';	Inspects global TiDB cluster configuration.
75	Set Index Merge	SET SESSION tidb_enable_index_merge = ON;	Activates index merge scan optimization.
76	Set Async Commit	SET GLOBAL tidb_enable_async_commit = ON;	Enables two-phase async commit for speed.
77	Set 1PC Commit	SET GLOBAL tidb_enable_1pc = ON;	Enables single-phase commit for non-distributed transactions.
78	Create Sequence	CREATE SEQUENCE user_seq START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1;	Provisions distributed sequence object.
79	Get Sequence Next Value	SELECT NEXTVAL(user_seq);	Fetches next value from distributed sequence.
80	Drop Sequence	DROP SEQUENCE user_seq;	Deletes sequence object.
81	Check Metadata Lock	SELECT * FROM information_schema.metadata_locks;	Inspects blocking DDL metadata locks.
82	Check Table Constraints	SELECT * FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name='users';	Lists unique and check constraints.
83	Check Column Character Set	SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM users;	Inspects column collations and character sets.
84	Check Table Storage Engine	SELECT table_name, engine FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='enterprise_db';	Inspects table engines (InnoDB/TiFlash).
85	Set TiFlash Pipeline Enforcement	SET SESSION tidb_allow_mpp = ON;	Enforces TiFlash Massively Parallel Processing mode.
86	Check TiFlash Query Progress	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tiflash_tables;	Monitors TiFlash columnar query execution.
87	Create Expression Index	ALTER TABLE users ADD INDEX idx_lower_email ((LOWER(email)));	Provisions expression index.
88	Create Invisible Index	ALTER TABLE users ADD INDEX idx_status (status) INVISIBLE;	Provisions hidden index for testing.
89	Alter Index Visible	ALTER TABLE users ALTER INDEX idx_status VISIBLE;	Restores index visibility to query optimizer.
90	Compact Table Storage	ADMIN COMPACT TABLE users;	Triggers background storage defragmentation.
91	Check DDL History	ADMIN SHOW DDL JOBS 10;	Inspects completed asynchronous DDL jobs.
92	Recover Table (Flashback)	RECOVER TABLE users;	Recovers dropped table before GC threshold.
93	Flashback Database	FLASHBACK DATABASE enterprise_db TO TIMESTAMP '2026-07-01 10:00:00';	Reverts database to historical point in time.
94	Check GC Life Time	SELECT * FROM mysql.tidb WHERE variable_name='tikv_gc_life_time';	Inspects garbage collection history window.
95	Set GC Life Time	UPDATE mysql.tidb SET variable_value='24h' WHERE variable_name='tikv_gc_life_time';	Extends GC retention window for time travel.
96	Check Cluster Version	SELECT TIDB_VERSION();	Outputs detailed TiDB build commit and release version.
97	Check DB Health HTTP	curl http://127.0.0.1:10080/status	Queries HTTP status endpoint for TiDB SQL node status.
98	Check Metrics Prometheus HTTP	curl http://127.0.0.1:10080/metrics	Pulls Prometheus telemetry metrics from TiDB SQL node.
99	Show Create Table DDL	SHOW CREATE TABLE users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
100	Show Create Database DDL	SHOW CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build database.
101	Scale In Cluster	tiup cluster scale-in prod-cluster --node 10.0.0.5:20160	Safely removes node from cluster.
102	Prune Cluster	tiup cluster prune prod-cluster	Cleans up decommissioned node binaries.
103	Restart Component	tiup cluster restart prod-cluster -N 10.0.0.1:4000	Restarts specific TiDB compute node.
104	Reload Cluster Config	tiup cluster reload prod-cluster	Reloads cluster configuration changes without restart.
105	Check Cluster Audit Log	tiup cluster audit prod-cluster	Inspects administrative CLI command history.
106	Check PD Members	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/members	Lists all Placement Driver nodes.
107	Check PD Stores	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/stores	Lists all connected TiKV storage nodes.
108	Check PD Regions	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/regions	Inspects total Raft region count and status.
109	Check PD Hot Regions	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/hotspot/regions	Identifies read/write hotspot Raft regions.
110	Compact TiKV Range	tiup ctl:v8.0.0 tikv --host 10.0.0.5:20160 compact -d kv	Forces RocksDB SSTable compaction in TiKV.
111	Create Auto Random Primary Key	CREATE TABLE orders (id BIGINT AUTO_RANDOM PRIMARY KEY, val VARCHAR(50));	Prevents write hotspotting on primary key.
112	Create Clustered Index Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, email VARCHAR(50), PRIMARY KEY(id) CLUSTERED);	Enforces clustered index layout.
113	Set Placement Policy	CREATE PLACEMENT POLICY east_policy PRIMARY_REGION="us-east-1" REGIONS="us-east-1,us-west-2";	Provisions multi-region data placement policy.
114	Apply Placement Policy to Table	ALTER TABLE users PLACEMENT POLICY=east_policy;	Binds placement policy to table.
115	Set Table Partition Hash	CREATE TABLE logs (id INT, dt DATE) PARTITION BY HASH(id) PARTITIONS 8;	Provisions hash partitioned table.
116	Add Range Partition	ALTER TABLE logs ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2000));	Appends partition range.
117	Drop Range Partition	ALTER TABLE logs DROP PARTITION p0;	Removes partition data instantly.
118	Enable Dynamic Partition Pruning	SET SESSION tidb_partition_prune_mode = 'dynamic';	Activates dynamic partition pruning for queries.
119	Create Global Binding	CREATE GLOBAL BINDING FOR SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1 USING SELECT /*+ USE_INDEX(users, idx_id) */ * FROM users WHERE id = 1;	Forces query plan binding.
120	Show Global Bindings	SHOW GLOBAL BINDINGS;	Lists active forced SQL query plan bindings.
121	Check Resource Group	SELECT * FROM information_schema.resource_groups;	Inspects CPU/IO resource control pools.
122	Create Resource Group	CREATE RESOURCE GROUP rg_app RU_PER_SEC = 1000 BURSTABLE;	Provisions resource control quota group.
123	Assign User to Resource Group	ALTER USER 'app_user'@'%' RESOURCE GROUP rg_app;	Binds user account to resource control group.
124	Set Memory Quota Query	SET SESSION tidb_mem_quota_query = 2147483648;	Caps memory limit per query to 2GB.
125	Check Metadata Locks	SELECT * FROM information_schema.metadata_locks;	Inspects blocking DDL metadata locks.
126	Set TiFlash Pipeline Mode	SET SESSION tidb_allow_mpp = ON;	Enforces TiFlash Massively Parallel Processing mode.
127	Check TiFlash Status	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tiflash_tables;	Monitors TiFlash columnar query execution.
128	Recover Table (Flashback)	RECOVER TABLE users;	Recovers dropped table before GC threshold.
129	Check Cluster Version	SELECT TIDB_VERSION();	Outputs detailed TiDB build commit and release version.
130	Check DB Health HTTP	curl http://127.0.0.1:10080/status	Queries HTTP status endpoint for TiDB SQL node status.
131	Check TiDB Node ID	SELECT @@hostname, @@port;	Outputs TiDB SQL node hostname and port.
132	Check Active Connections Count	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.processlist;	Counts total connected client sessions.
133	Check Running SQL Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.processlist WHERE command <> 'Sleep';	Counts non-idle running SQL queries.
134	Check Slow Query Log Threshold	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_slow_log_threshold';	Inspects slow query logging threshold (ms).
135	Set Slow Query Log Threshold	SET GLOBAL tidb_slow_log_threshold = 300;	Logs queries taking longer than 300ms.
136	Check Expensive Queries Info Schema	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tidb_trx ORDER BY duration DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects longest running active transactions.
137	Check Lock Waits Info Schema	SELECT * FROM information_schema.data_lock_waits;	Inspects transaction lock wait contention.
138	Check Deadlock History Info Schema	SELECT * FROM information_schema.deadlocks ORDER BY occur_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects historical deadlock events.
139	Check TiKV Region Count per Store	SELECT store_id, count(*) AS region_count FROM information_schema.tikv_region_status GROUP BY store_id;	Calculates region distribution across TiKV stores.
140	Check TiKV Region Size Stats	SELECT store_id, min(approximate_size), avg(approximate_size), max(approximate_size) FROM information_schema.tikv_region_status GROUP BY store_id;	Calculates region byte size statistics.
141	Check TiKV Peer Distribution	SELECT store_id, count(*) AS peer_count FROM information_schema.tikv_region_peers GROUP BY store_id;	Calculates Raft peer distribution across storage nodes.
142	Check TiKV Leader Distribution	SELECT store_id, count(*) AS leader_count FROM information_schema.tikv_region_status WHERE is_leader = 1 GROUP BY store_id;	Calculates Raft leader distribution across storage nodes.
143	Check TiKV Offline Stores	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tikv_store_status WHERE state_name <> 'Up';	Identifies offline or degraded TiKV storage nodes.
144	Check TiFlash Replica Sync Status	SELECT table_name, replica_count, progress FROM information_schema.tiflash_replica;	Monitors progress of columnar data sync.
145	Check TiFlash Node List	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tiflash_tables;	Lists all tables replicated to TiFlash columnar engine.
146	Check Placement Driver Leader Host	SELECT * FROM information_schema.pd_status;	Inspects active Placement Driver leader node IP and port.
147	Check Auto Increment Step	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'auto_increment_increment';	Inspects auto-increment step value.
148	Check Auto Random ID Bits	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_auto_random_explicit_insert';	Inspects auto-random ID generation settings.
149	Check DDL Execution Status	ADMIN SHOW DDL;	Inspects current DDL execution phase and schema version.
150	Check DDL Job History	ADMIN SHOW DDL JOBS 20;	Lists last 20 executed asynchronous DDL jobs.
151	Check DDL Job Details	ADMIN SHOW DDL JOB QUERIES 142;	Outputs full SQL statement for specific DDL job ID.
152	Cancel Running DDL Job	ADMIN CANCEL DDL JOBS 142;	Aborts active running DDL schema modification job.
153	Check Execution Plan Cache Status	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_enable_plan_cache';	Inspects query execution plan cache status.
154	Set Enable Execution Plan Cache	SET GLOBAL tidb_enable_plan_cache = ON;	Enables execution plan caching for prepared statements.
155	Check Execution Plan Cache Memory	SELECT * FROM information_schema.plan_cache;	Inspects cached execution plans in RAM.
156	Flush Execution Plan Cache	FLUSH PLAN_CACHE;	Flushes prepared statement execution plan cache.
157	Check Resource Group Allocations	SELECT * FROM information_schema.resource_groups;	Lists resource control groups and Request Units (RU) quotas.
158	Check Resource Group User Mapping	SELECT user, inline_role, resource_group FROM mysql.user;	Inspects resource groups assigned to user accounts.
159	Check Resource Group Usage Metrics	SELECT * FROM information_schema.resource_group_usage;	Monitors RU consumption per resource group.
160	Check Memory Usage per Query	SELECT * FROM information_schema.memory_usage_ops;	Pulls memory allocation breakdown across SQL operators.
161	Check Memory Usage per Session	SELECT * FROM information_schema.processlist ORDER BY memory DESC LIMIT 10;	Finds client sessions consuming highest RAM.
162	Check Temp Storage Directory	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_tmp_storage_path';	Inspects disk directory path for query spill files.
163	Check Temp Storage Max Size	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_tmp_storage_quota';	Inspects disk spill storage quota limit.
164	Check Global System Variables	SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_%';	Lists all global TiDB cluster configuration variables.
165	Check Session System Variables	SHOW SESSION VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_%';	Lists all active session TiDB configuration variables.
166	Check Async Commit Enabled	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_enable_async_commit';	Verifies whether two-phase async commit is enabled.
167	Check 1PC Commit Enabled	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_enable_1pc';	Verifies whether single-phase commit is enabled.
168	Check Metadata Lock Timeout	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_metadata_lock_timeout';	Inspects DDL metadata lock wait timeout seconds.
169	Check Table Partition Pruning Mode	SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'tidb_partition_prune_mode';	Inspects partition pruning mode (static vs dynamic).
170	Check Table Storage Engine List	SHOW ENGINES;	Lists supported table storage engines (InnoDB, TiFlash).
171	Check Table Constraints Metadata	SELECT * FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_schema='enterprise_db';	Lists all constraints in schema.
172	Check Table Column Collations	SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM users;	Inspects column collations and character set encodings.
173	Check Sequence Current Value	SELECT CURRENTVAL(user_seq);	Returns last generated value from distributed sequence.
174	Check Sequence Next Value	SELECT NEXTVAL(user_seq);	Generates next value from distributed sequence.
175	Check Sequence Details	SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE user_seq;	Outputs DDL syntax used to build sequence.
176	Check GC Life Time Setting	SELECT * FROM mysql.tidb WHERE variable_name='tikv_gc_life_time';	Inspects time travel garbage collection retention window.
177	Set GC Life Time Window	UPDATE mysql.tidb SET variable_value='48h' WHERE variable_name='tikv_gc_life_time';	Extends time travel window to 48 hours.
178	Check GC Safe Point Timestamp	SELECT * FROM mysql.tidb WHERE variable_name='tikv_gc_safe_point';	Inspects oldest timestamp safe for time travel reads.
179	Check TiDB Server Version SQL	SELECT TIDB_VERSION();	Outputs detailed TiDB build release and git commit hash.
180	Check Connection Ping SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
181	Check Current User Account	SELECT CURRENT_USER();	Returns current execution user account.
182	Check Current Database Name	SELECT DATABASE();	Returns active selected database name.
183	Check System Timestamp	SELECT NOW();	Returns current server timestamp.
184	Check Connection ID	SELECT CONNECTION_ID();	Returns current connection thread ID.
185	Check HTTP Health Status REST API	curl http://127.0.0.1:10080/status	Queries HTTP status endpoint for SQL node health.
186	Check Prometheus Metrics REST API	curl http://127.0.0.1:10080/metrics	Pulls Prometheus metrics endpoint from SQL node.
187	Check PD HTTP Leader REST API	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/leader	Queries Placement Driver HTTP REST endpoint for leader status.
188	Check PD HTTP Members REST API	curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/pd/api/v1/members	Queries Placement Driver HTTP REST endpoint for member list.
189	Check TiUP Cluster List CLI	tiup cluster list	Lists all deployed TiUP clusters.
190	Check TiUP Cluster Display CLI	tiup cluster display prod-cluster	Outputs status table for all cluster nodes via TiUP CLI.
191	Check Table Column Types Metadata	SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects column data types.
192	Check Table Column Nullability Metadata	SELECT column_name, is_nullable FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects column nullability.
193	Check Table Primary Key Metadata	SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.key_column_usage WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects primary key columns.
194	Check Table Unique Constraints Metadata	SELECT constraint_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name = 'users' AND constraint_type = 'UNIQUE';	Lists unique constraints.
195	Check Table Foreign Keys Metadata	SELECT constraint_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints WHERE table_name = 'users' AND constraint_type = 'FOREIGN KEY';	Lists foreign keys.
196	Check Table Indexes Metadata	SELECT index_name FROM information_schema.statistics WHERE table_name = 'users';	Lists indexes on table.
197	Check Table Storage Engine Type	SELECT engine FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects table storage engine.
198	Check Table Row Count Estimation	SELECT table_rows FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'users';	Inspects estimated table row count.
199	Check Database Table Count	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db';	Counts total tables in database.
200	Check Database View Count	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db';	Counts total views in database.

Amazon Aurora OLTP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Amazon Aurora is a cloud-native relational database service compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL. It decouples compute from storage, utilizing a shared distributed storage volume replicated across 3 Availability Zones with 6-way storage copy persistence, fast auto-scaling, and Serverless v2 capacity management.

Primary Use Cases: High-performance enterprise OLTP, mission-critical cloud applications, serverless auto-scaling microservices, and multi-region global databases.

Core Components: Compute Nodes (Writer & Read Replicas), Shared Distributed Log-Structured Storage Volume, Aurora Serverless v2 Controller, and Global Database Replication.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Amazon Aurora.

#	Operation / Action	AWS CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Create Aurora Cluster	aws rds create-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --engine aurora-postgresql --master-username postgres --master-user-password SecurePass123	Provisions managed Aurora cluster.
2	Delete Aurora Cluster	aws rds delete-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --skip-final-snapshot	Decommissions Aurora cluster.
3	Create Aurora Reader Instance	aws rds create-db-instance --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --db-instance-class db.r6g.xlarge --engine aurora-postgresql	Adds read-replica compute instance.
4	Failover Aurora Cluster	aws rds failover-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --target-db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1	Triggers manual cluster failover.
5	Describe Aurora Clusters	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Inspects cluster status and endpoints.
6	Create DB Subnet Group	aws rds create-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name aurora-subnets --subnet-ids subnet-123 subnet-456	Configures VPC subnet grouping.
7	Create Parameter Group	aws rds create-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-aurora-pg --family aurora-postgresql15	Provisions custom tuning parameters.
8	Modify Parameter Group	aws rds modify-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-aurora-pg --parameters "ParameterName=max_connections,ParameterValue=1000,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Updates runtime server parameters.
9	Create Snapshot	aws rds create-db-cluster-snapshot --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01	Takes manual storage snapshot.
10	Restore from Snapshot	aws rds restore-db-cluster-from-snapshot --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora-restored --snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01 --engine aurora-postgresql	Restores cluster from backup snapshot.
11	Modify Cluster Scaling	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --scaling-configuration MinCapacity=2,MaxCapacity=32,SecondsUntilAutoPause=300	Configures Aurora Serverless v2.
12	Connect via PostgreSQL Client	psql -h prod-aurora.cluster-123.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com -U postgres -d enterprise_db	Connects to Aurora cluster endpoint.
13	Check Aurora Storage Volume	SELECT aurora_version();	Inspects storage engine version.
14	Monitor Replication Lag	SELECT * FROM pg_stat_replication;	Checks read replica replication lag.
15	Enable Performance Insights	aws rds modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --enable-performance-insights --performance-insights-retention-period 7	Activates deep query telemetry.
16	Reboot Instance	aws rds reboot-db-instance --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1	Restarts compute node instance.
17	Add Tags to Cluster	aws rds add-tags-to-resource --resource-name arn:aws:rds:... --tags Key=Environment,Value=Production	Applies cloud asset tags.
18	List Engine Versions	aws rds describe-db-engine-versions --engine aurora-postgresql	Inspects available patch versions.
19	Create Global Database	aws rds create-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global --source-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:rds:...	Provisions cross-region global cluster.
20	Remove Secondary Global Cluster	aws rds remove-from-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global --db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:rds:...	Detaches cross-region replica.
21	Failover Global Cluster	aws rds failover-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global --target-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:rds:...	Triggers cross-region disaster recovery.
22	Describe Event Subscriptions	aws rds describe-event-subscriptions	Inspects CloudWatch notification hooks.
23	Create Event Subscription	aws rds create-event-subscription --subscription-name aurora-alerts --sns-topic-arn arn:aws:sns:... --source-type db-cluster	Configures database alert notifications.
24	Export to S3 (Audit Logs)	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --cloudwatch-logs-export-credentials-arn ... --cloudwatch-logs-export-configuration '{"EnableLogTypes":["postgresql"]}'	Exports logs to CloudWatch/S3.
25	Describe DB Log Files	aws rds describe-db-log-files --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1	Lists diagnostic log file artifacts.
26	Download Log File Segment	aws rds download-db-log-file-portion --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --log-file-name error/postgresql.log --output text	Downloads error log contents.
27	Modify Security Groups	aws rds modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --vpc-security-group-ids sg-98765432	Updates firewall security group rules.
28	Modify Maintenance Window	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --preferred-maintenance-window sun:04:00-sun:05:00	Schedules automated patch maintenance.
29	Describe Reserved Instances	aws rds describe-reserved-db-instances	Inspects database cost-saving discounts.
30	Get CloudWatch Metrics	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Pulls infrastructure CPU and memory metrics.
31	Start Cluster	aws rds start-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Boots stopped Aurora cluster.
32	Stop Cluster	aws rds stop-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Halts compute nodes for cost savings.
33	Promote Read Replica	aws rds promote-read-replica --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1	Promotes reader instance to standalone cluster.
34	Create Cluster Parameter Group	aws rds create-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg --db-parameter-group-family aurora-postgresql15	Provisions cluster-level parameter group.
35	Modify Cluster Parameter Group	aws rds modify-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg --parameters "ParameterName=rds.force_ssl,ParameterValue=1,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Enforces SSL connections cluster-wide.
36	Describe Cluster Parameters	aws rds describe-db-cluster-parameters --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg	Inspects cluster parameter settings.
37	Reset Cluster Parameter Group	aws rds reset-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg --reset-all-parameters	Restores parameter group to defaults.
38	Modify DB Instance Class	aws rds modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --db-instance-class db.r6g.2xlarge --apply-immediately	Scales compute instance sizing.
39	Enable Deletion Protection	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --deletion-protection	Prevents accidental cluster deletion.
40	Disable Deletion Protection	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --no-deletion-protection	Allows cluster deletion.
41	Enable IAM Authentication	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --enable-iam-database-authentication	Enables IAM token database login.
42	Disable IAM Authentication	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --no-enable-iam-database-authentication	Disables IAM token database login.
43	Create Auto Scaling Policy	aws application-autoscaling register-scalable-target --service-namespace rds --resource-id cluster:prod-aurora --scalable-dimension rds:subgrid:ReadReplicaCount --min-capacity 1 --max-capacity 15	Configures Auto Scaling target.
44	Put Scaling Policy Trigger	aws application-autoscaling put-scaling-policy --policy-name cpu-auto-scaling --service-namespace rds --resource-id cluster:prod-aurora --scalable-dimension rds:subgrid:ReadReplicaCount --policy-type TargetTrackingScaling --target-tracking-scaling-policy-configuration ...	Enforces CPU target tracking for replicas.
45	Delete Auto Scaling Policy	aws application-autoscaling deregister-scalable-target --service-namespace rds --resource-id cluster:prod-aurora --scalable-dimension rds:subgrid:ReadReplicaCount	Removes auto-scaling target.
46	Copy Cluster Snapshot	aws rds copy-db-cluster-snapshot --source-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01 --target-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01-copy	Duplicates cluster snapshot.
47	Share Snapshot with Account	aws rds modify-db-cluster-snapshot-attribute --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01 --attribute-name restore --values-to-add 123456789012	Shares snapshot with external AWS account.
48	Delete Cluster Snapshot	aws rds delete-db-cluster-snapshot --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01	Deletes storage snapshot.
49	Restore To Point In Time	aws rds restore-db-cluster-to-point-in-time --target-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora-pitr --source-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --restore-to-time 2026-07-29T12:00:00Z	Executes point-in-time recovery.
50	Check Backtrack Window	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].BacktrackWindow"	Inspects active backtrack time window.
51	Backtrack DB Cluster	aws rds backtrack-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --backtrack-to 2026-07-29T10:00:00Z	Rewinds cluster storage in minutes via Aurora Backtrack.
52	Create Custom Endpoint	aws rds create-db-cluster-endpoint --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --db-cluster-endpoint-identifier analytics-endpoint --endpoint-type READER --static-members aurora-read-1 aurora-read-2	Provisions custom reader endpoint.
53	Describe Custom Endpoints	aws rds describe-db-cluster-endpoints --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Inspects custom endpoint status and members.
54	Modify Custom Endpoint	aws rds modify-db-cluster-endpoint --db-cluster-endpoint-identifier analytics-endpoint --static-members aurora-read-1 aurora-read-2 aurora-read-3	Adds replica to custom endpoint.
55	Delete Custom Endpoint	aws rds delete-db-cluster-endpoint --db-cluster-endpoint-identifier analytics-endpoint	Deletes custom endpoint.
56	Create Aurora Clone	aws rds restore-db-cluster-to-point-in-time --target-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora-clone --source-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --restore-type copy-on-write	Creates fast zero-copy storage clone.
57	Check Aurora Limit Quotas	aws rds describe-account-attributes	Inspects account quotas for instances and clusters.
58	Check Aurora Storage Usage	SELECT sum(aurora_volume_num_pages()) * 16384 / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS storage_gb;	Calculates exact allocated Aurora storage.
59	Check Aurora Replica Lag SQL	SELECT server_id, slot_name, active, round(aurora_replica_status()) FROM aurora_replica_status();	Queries Aurora internal replica lag SQL function.
60	Check Aurora Version SQL	SELECT aurora_version();	Outputs running Aurora engine version string.
61	Enable Aurora PostgreSQL PGVector	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;	Provisions pgvector extension in Aurora PG.
62	Enable Aurora PostGIS	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis;	Provisions spatial PostGIS extension in Aurora PG.
63	Enable Aurora AWS S3 Export	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS aws_s3;	Provisions AWS S3 export extension.
64	Export Table to S3 SQL	SELECT * FROM aws_s3.query_export_to_s3('SELECT * FROM users', aws_commons.create_s3_uri('my-bucket', 'export.csv', 'us-east-1'));	Directly exports SQL query output to S3.
65	Enable Aurora AWS Lambda	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS aws_lambda;	Provisions AWS Lambda trigger extension.
66	Invoke Lambda Function SQL	SELECT * FROM aws_lambda.invoke(aws_commons.create_lambda_function_arn('arn:aws:lambda:...'), '{"key":"val"}'::json);	Calls Lambda function directly from SQL.
67	Check Performance Insights Top Locks	aws pi get-resource-metrics --service-type RDS --identifier db-12345 --metric-queries ...	Queries Performance Insights for lock waits.
68	Check Performance Insights Top Queries	aws pi get-resource-metrics --service-type RDS --identifier db-12345 --metric-queries ...	Queries Performance Insights for top SQL load.
69	List DB Subnet Groups	aws rds describe-db-subnet-groups	Lists all VPC DB subnet groups.
70	Delete DB Subnet Group	aws rds delete-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name aurora-subnets	Deletes VPC DB subnet group.
71	Modify DB Subnet Group	aws rds modify-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name aurora-subnets --subnet-ids subnet-123 subnet-456 subnet-789	Updates subnets in subnet group.
72	List Parameter Groups	aws rds describe-db-parameter-groups	Lists all DB instance parameter groups.
73	Delete Parameter Group	aws rds delete-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-aurora-pg	Deletes instance parameter group.
74	List Cluster Parameter Groups	aws rds describe-db-cluster-parameter-groups	Lists all DB cluster parameter groups.
75	Delete Cluster Parameter Group	aws rds delete-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg	Deletes cluster parameter group.
76	List Option Groups	aws rds describe-option-groups	Lists all RDS option groups.
77	Create Option Group	aws rds create-option-group --option-group-name custom-og --engine-name aurora-mysql --major-engine-version 8.0 --option-group-description "Custom options"	Provisions option group.
78	Delete Option Group	aws rds delete-option-group --option-group-name custom-og	Deletes option group.
79	List Event Categories	aws rds describe-event-categories	Lists supported notification event categories.
80	Delete Event Subscription	aws rds delete-event-subscription --subscription-name aurora-alerts	Removes event notification subscription.
81	Modify Event Subscription	aws rds modify-event-subscription --subscription-name aurora-alerts --enabled	Activates event notification subscription.
82	List Pending Maintenance Actions	aws rds describe-pending-maintenance-actions	Inspects required OS/database security patches.
83	Apply Pending Maintenance	aws rds apply-pending-maintenance-action --resource-identifier arn:aws:rds:... --apply-action system-update --opt-in-type immediate	Applies pending security patch immediately.
84	Describe Global Clusters	aws rds describe-global-clusters	Lists all cross-region global databases.
85	Failover Global Cluster Automated	aws rds failover-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global --target-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:rds:...	Executes managed global cluster failover.
86	Modify Global Cluster	aws rds modify-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global --deletion-protection	Enables deletion protection on global database.
87	Delete Global Cluster	aws rds delete-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global	Deletes empty global database container.
88	List DB Security Groups	aws rds describe-db-security-groups	Lists EC2-Classic DB security groups.
89	List Certificates	aws rds describe-certificates	Lists active CA SSL/TLS certificates for RDS.
90	Modify Certificate Identifier	aws rds modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --ca-certificate-identifier rds-ca-rsa4096-g1	Rotates SSL/TLS CA certificate.
91	Check Aurora Database Activity Streams	aws rds start-activity-stream --resource-arn arn:aws:rds:... --mode async --kms-key-id arn:aws:kms:...	Activates database activity streaming to Kinesis.
92	Stop Database Activity Stream	aws rds stop-activity-stream --resource-arn arn:aws:rds:...	Halts database activity streaming.
93	Describe Database Activity Streams	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].ActivityStreamStatus"	Inspects status of activity stream.
94	Check Blue/Green Deployments	aws rds describe-blue-green-deployments	Lists active staging blue/green deployment environments.
95	Create Blue/Green Deployment	aws rds create-blue-green-deployment --blue-green-deployment-name bg-upgrade --source arn:aws:rds:... --target-engine-version 15.4	Provisions isolated staging environment for zero-downtime upgrade.
96	Switch Blue/Green Deployment	aws rds switchover-blue-green-deployment --blue-green-deployment-identifier bgd-12345	Switches production traffic to green environment.
97	Delete Blue/Green Deployment	aws rds delete-blue-green-deployment --blue-green-deployment-identifier bgd-12345 --delete-target	Deletes staging blue/green environment.
98	Reboot Cluster	aws rds reboot-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Restarts all nodes in Aurora cluster.
99	Check Database Engine Version SQL	SELECT version();	Outputs detailed database engine build version.
100	Check Active Cluster Connections	SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity;	Counts active client connection sessions.
101	Start Cluster	aws rds start-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Boots stopped Aurora cluster.
102	Stop Cluster	aws rds stop-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Halts compute nodes for cost savings.
103	Promote Read Replica	aws rds promote-read-replica --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1	Promotes reader instance to standalone cluster.
104	Create Cluster Parameter Group	aws rds create-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg --db-parameter-group-family aurora-postgresql15	Provisions cluster-level parameter group.
105	Modify Cluster Parameter Group	aws rds modify-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg --parameters "ParameterName=rds.force_ssl,ParameterValue=1,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Enforces SSL connections cluster-wide.
106	Describe Cluster Parameters	aws rds describe-db-cluster-parameters --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-cluster-pg	Inspects cluster parameter settings.
107	Enable Deletion Protection	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --deletion-protection	Prevents accidental cluster deletion.
108	Enable IAM Authentication	aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --enable-iam-database-authentication	Enables IAM token database login.
109	Create Auto Scaling Policy	aws application-autoscaling register-scalable-target --service-namespace rds --resource-id cluster:prod-aurora --scalable-dimension rds:subgrid:ReadReplicaCount --min-capacity 1 --max-capacity 15	Configures Auto Scaling target.
110	Copy Cluster Snapshot	aws rds copy-db-cluster-snapshot --source-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01 --target-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01-copy	Duplicates cluster snapshot.
111	Restore To Point In Time	aws rds restore-db-cluster-to-point-in-time --target-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora-pitr --source-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --restore-to-time 2026-07-29T12:00:00Z	Executes point-in-time recovery.
112	Backtrack DB Cluster	aws rds backtrack-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --backtrack-to 2026-07-29T10:00:00Z	Rewinds cluster storage in minutes via Aurora Backtrack.
113	Create Custom Endpoint	aws rds create-db-cluster-endpoint --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --db-cluster-endpoint-identifier analytics-endpoint --endpoint-type READER --static-members aurora-read-1 aurora-read-2	Provisions custom reader endpoint.
114	Create Aurora Clone	aws rds restore-db-cluster-to-point-in-time --target-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora-clone --source-db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --restore-type copy-on-write	Creates fast zero-copy storage clone.
115	Check Aurora Replica Lag SQL	SELECT server_id, slot_name, active, round(aurora_replica_status()) FROM aurora_replica_status();	Queries Aurora internal replica lag SQL function.
116	Enable Aurora PGVector	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;	Provisions pgvector extension in Aurora PG.
117	Enable Aurora PostGIS	CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis;	Provisions spatial PostGIS extension in Aurora PG.
118	Export Table to S3 SQL	SELECT * FROM aws_s3.query_export_to_s3('SELECT * FROM users', aws_commons.create_s3_uri('my-bucket', 'export.csv', 'us-east-1'));	Directly exports SQL query output to S3.
119	Invoke Lambda Function SQL	SELECT * FROM aws_lambda.invoke(aws_commons.create_lambda_function_arn('arn:aws:lambda:...'), '{"key":"val"}'::json);	Calls Lambda function directly from SQL.
120	Check Performance Insights Top Queries	aws pi get-resource-metrics --service-type RDS --identifier db-12345 --metric-queries ...	Queries Performance Insights for top SQL load.
121	Apply Pending Maintenance	aws rds apply-pending-maintenance-action --resource-identifier arn:aws:rds:... --apply-action system-update --opt-in-type immediate	Applies pending security patch immediately.
122	Failover Global Cluster	aws rds failover-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global --target-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:rds:...	Executes managed global cluster failover.
123	Create Blue/Green Deployment	aws rds create-blue-green-deployment --blue-green-deployment-name bg-upgrade --source arn:aws:rds:... --target-engine-version 15.4	Provisions isolated staging environment for zero-downtime upgrade.
124	Switch Blue/Green Deployment	aws rds switchover-blue-green-deployment --blue-green-deployment-identifier bgd-12345	Switches production traffic to green environment.
125	Reboot Cluster	aws rds reboot-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Restarts all nodes in Aurora cluster.
126	Check Database Engine Version SQL	SELECT version();	Outputs detailed database engine build version.
127	Check Active Cluster Connections	SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity;	Counts active client connection sessions.
128	Check Allocated Storage Bytes	SELECT sum(aurora_volume_num_pages()) * 16384 / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS storage_gb;	Calculates exact allocated Aurora storage GB.
129	Check Aurora Health Endpoint API	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Status"	Verifies if cluster status is available.
130	Verify Aurora Service Limits	aws rds describe-account-attributes	Inspects account quotas for instances and clusters.
131	Check Cluster Identifier	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DBClusterIdentifier"	Outputs cluster identifier string.
132	Check Cluster Status	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Status"	Verifies if cluster status is available.
133	Check Cluster Endpoint Host	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Endpoint"	Outputs primary writer connection endpoint.
134	Check Cluster Reader Endpoint Host	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].ReaderEndpoint"	Outputs load-balanced reader connection endpoint.
135	Check Cluster Custom Endpoints	aws rds describe-db-cluster-endpoints --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Lists custom reader endpoint configurations.
136	Check Cluster Engine Version	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].EngineVersion"	Outputs active Aurora engine release version.
137	Check Cluster Database Name	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DatabaseName"	Outputs default database name.
138	Check Cluster Master Username	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].MasterUsername"	Outputs master admin login name.
139	Check Cluster Port Number	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Port"	Outputs TCP/IP listening port number.
140	Check Cluster VPC Security Groups	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].VpcSecurityGroups"	Lists associated firewall security group IDs.
141	Check Cluster DB Subnet Group	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DBSubnetGroup"	Inspects VPC subnet group configuration.
142	Check Cluster Members List	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DBClusterMembers"	Lists instance IDs and writer/reader roles.
143	Check Cluster Parameter Group Name	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DBClusterParameterGroup"	Inspects active cluster parameter group.
144	Check Cluster Backup Retention Period	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].BackupRetentionPeriod"	Inspects continuous backup retention days (1-35).
145	Check Cluster Preferred Backup Window	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].PreferredBackupWindow"	Inspects daily automated backup window.
146	Check Cluster Preferred Maintenance Window	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].PreferredMaintenanceWindow"	Inspects weekly maintenance window.
147	Check Cluster Deletion Protection	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DeletionProtection"	Verifies if deletion protection is enabled.
148	Check Cluster IAM Auth Enabled	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].IAMDatabaseAuthenticationEnabled"	Verifies if IAM token login is enabled.
149	Check Cluster Storage Encrypted	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].StorageEncrypted"	Verifies if KMS storage encryption is enabled.
150	Check Cluster KMS Key ID	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].KmsKeyId"	Inspects KMS key ARN used for storage encryption.
151	Check Cluster Serverless v2 Capacity	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].ServerlessV2ScalingConfiguration"	Inspects MinACU and MaxACU scaling limits.
152	Check Cluster Backtrack Window Seconds	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].BacktrackWindow"	Inspects configured backtrack target window in seconds.
153	Check Cluster Multi-AZ Status	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].MultiAZ"	Verifies Multi-AZ deployment status.
154	Check Cluster Global Write Forwarding	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].GlobalWriteForwardingStatus"	Inspects write forwarding state on secondary global cluster.
155	Check Cluster Activity Stream Status	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].ActivityStreamStatus"	Inspects database activity stream status.
156	Check Instance Identifier	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].DBInstanceIdentifier"	Outputs instance identifier.
157	Check Instance Class	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].DBInstanceClass"	Outputs VM instance compute class (db.r6g.xlarge).
158	Check Instance Status	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].DBInstanceStatus"	Verifies if instance status is available.
159	Check Instance Availability Zone	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].AvailabilityZone"	Outputs AWS Availability Zone location.
160	Check Instance Performance Insights Enabled	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].PerformanceInsightsEnabled"	Verifies Performance Insights status.
161	Check Instance Performance Insights Retention	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].PerformanceInsightsRetentionPeriod"	Inspects PI retention period (7 to 731 days).
162	Check Instance Parameter Group Name	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].DBParameterGroups[0].DBParameterGroupName"	Inspects active instance parameter group.
163	Check Instance CA Certificate	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].CACertificateIdentifier"	Inspects active SSL/TLS CA certificate identifier.
164	Check Instance Auto Minor Version Upgrade	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].AutoMinorVersionUpgrade"	Verifies auto minor patch upgrade setting.
165	Check Instance Publicly Accessible	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].PubliclyAccessible"	Verifies public IP accessibility setting.
166	Check Instance Pending Modified Values	aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --query "DBInstances[0].PendingModifiedValues"	Lists parameter or instance changes waiting for reboot.
167	Check DB Cluster Snapshots List	aws rds describe-db-cluster-snapshots --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora	Lists storage snapshots for cluster.
168	Check DB Cluster Snapshot Details	aws rds describe-db-cluster-snapshots --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01	Inspects snapshot size, engine, and creation time.
169	Check DB Cluster Snapshot Attributes	aws rds describe-db-cluster-snapshot-attributes --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier aurora-backup-01	Inspects account sharing permissions on snapshot.
170	Check Global Clusters List	aws rds describe-global-clusters	Lists all cross-region global databases in account.
171	Check Global Cluster Details	aws rds describe-global-clusters --global-cluster-identifier prod-global	Inspects primary and secondary region clusters in global database.
172	Check DB Subnet Groups List	aws rds describe-db-subnet-groups	Lists all VPC DB subnet groups.
173	Check DB Parameter Groups List	aws rds describe-db-parameter-groups	Lists all instance parameter groups.
174	Check DB Cluster Parameter Groups List	aws rds describe-db-cluster-parameter-groups	Lists all cluster parameter groups.
175	Check Event Subscriptions List	aws rds describe-event-subscriptions	Lists active CloudWatch event notification subscriptions.
176	Check Pending Maintenance Actions	aws rds describe-pending-maintenance-actions	Lists required system updates or engine security patches.
177	Check Reserved DB Instances	aws rds describe-reserved-db-instances	Lists active cost-saving reserved instance contracts.
178	Check Account Attributes Quotas	aws rds describe-account-attributes	Inspects account quotas for instances, clusters, and storage.
179	Check Engine Versions Supported	aws rds describe-db-engine-versions --engine aurora-postgresql	Lists supported PostgreSQL engine versions for Aurora.
180	Check Logs List for Instance	aws rds describe-db-log-files --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1	Lists log file artifacts available for download.
181	Download Log File Text	aws rds download-db-log-file-portion --db-instance-identifier aurora-read-1 --log-file-name error/postgresql.log --output text	Downloads error log contents.
182	Check Aurora Version SQL	SELECT aurora_version();	Outputs running Aurora storage engine build version string.
183	Check Aurora Replica Status SQL	SELECT * FROM aurora_replica_status();	Queries Aurora internal replica lag and status table.
184	Check Database Size SQL	SELECT sum(aurora_volume_num_pages()) * 16384 / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS storage_gb;	Calculates total allocated volume storage GB.
185	Check Active Connections SQL	SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity;	Counts active client connections.
186	Check Active Queries SQL	SELECT pid, query, state, age(clock_timestamp(), query_start) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state <> 'idle';	Lists active non-idle queries and durations.
187	Check Connection Ping SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple database connection ping test returning 1.
188	Check Database Version SQL	SELECT version();	Outputs detailed PostgreSQL engine release version string.
189	Check AWS CLI Aurora Service Help	aws rds help	Outputs AWS CLI RDS/Aurora reference manual.
190	Check DB Cluster Identifier	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DBClusterIdentifier"	Outputs cluster identifier.
191	Check DB Cluster Status String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Status"	Outputs cluster status.
192	Check DB Cluster Engine String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Engine"	Outputs cluster engine type.
193	Check DB Cluster Version String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].EngineVersion"	Outputs cluster engine version.
194	Check DB Cluster Endpoint String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Endpoint"	Outputs writer endpoint.
195	Check DB Cluster Reader Endpoint String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].ReaderEndpoint"	Outputs reader endpoint.
196	Check DB Cluster Port Number Integer	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].Port"	Outputs port number.
197	Check DB Cluster Master Username String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].MasterUsername"	Outputs master username.
198	Check DB Cluster Database Name String	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DatabaseName"	Outputs database name.
199	Check DB Cluster Backup Retention Integer	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].BackupRetentionPeriod"	Outputs backup retention days.
200	Check DB Cluster Deletion Protection Boolean	aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-aurora --query "DBClusters[0].DeletionProtection"	Outputs deletion protection boolean.

Snowflake Data Cloud OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Snowflake Data Cloud is a serverless, multi-cluster analytical data warehouse built on a multi-tenant cloud architecture that decouples compute (Virtual Warehouses) from storage (S3/GCS/Azure Blob). It features micro-partitioning, zero-copy cloning, Time Travel, Dynamic Tables, Data Sharing, and Snowpark (Python/Scala/Java processing engine).

Primary Use Cases: Enterprise data warehousing, data lakehouse analytics, real-time data sharing, machine learning feature engineering (Snowpark), and multi-tenant SaaS analytics.

Core Components: Cloud Services Layer (MetaData, Access Control, Query Optimization), Virtual Warehouses (Elastic Compute), Hybrid Columnar Storage, and Snowpipe streaming ingestion.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Snowflake Data Cloud.

#	Operation / Action	SQL Syntax / Command	Description
1	Create Virtual Warehouse	CREATE WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh WAREHOUSE_SIZE = 'XLARGE' AUTO_SUSPEND = 300;	Provisions analytical compute cluster.
2	Suspend Warehouse	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SUSPEND;	Instantly halts credit consumption.
3	Resume Warehouse	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh RESUME;	Boots suspended virtual warehouse.
4	Resize Warehouse	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET WAREHOUSE_SIZE = 'XXLARGE';	Scales compute cluster size.
5	Drop Warehouse	DROP WAREHOUSE IF EXISTS xlarge_wh;	Decommissions compute warehouse.
6	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Provisions new analytical database.
7	Create Schema	CREATE SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Provisions logical database schema.
8	Create Role	CREATE ROLE data_engineer;	Provisions security access role.
9	Grant Role to User	GRANT ROLE data_engineer TO USER jlawrence;	Assigns role to user profile.
10	Grant Warehouse Privileges	GRANT USAGE ON WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh TO ROLE data_engineer;	Grants compute execution rights.
11	Create Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name STRING, created_at TIMESTAMP_NTZ);	Provisions column-oriented table.
12	Copy Data from S3	COPY INTO users FROM @my_s3_stage FILE_FORMAT = (FORMAT_NAME = 'csv_format');	Ingests files from cloud stage.
13	Create External Stage	CREATE STAGE my_s3_stage URL = 's3://my-bucket/data/' STORAGE_INTEGRATION = s3_int;	Links external cloud storage.
14	Create Storage Integration	CREATE STORAGE INTEGRATION s3_int TYPE = EXTERNAL_STAGE STORAGE_PROVIDER = 'S3' ENABLED = TRUE STORAGE_ALLOWED_LOCATIONS = ('s3://my-bucket/');	Establishes IAM trust policy.
15	Explain Query Plan	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates query execution strategy.
16	Show Query History	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.QUERY_HISTORY()) ORDER BY start_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects analytical query execution log.
17	Check Warehouse Load	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.WAREHOUSE_LOAD_HISTORY(WAREHOUSE_NAME=>'XLARGE_WH'));	Evaluates compute queuing metrics.
18	Create Resource Monitor	CREATE RESOURCE MONITOR credit_monitor WITH CREDIT_QUOTA = 1000 FREQUENCY = MONTHLY;	Enforces credit consumption limits.
19	Assign Resource Monitor	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET RESOURCE_MONITOR = credit_monitor;	Links monitor to warehouse.
20	Create Row Access Policy	CREATE ROW ACCESS POLICY region_policy AS (region VARCHAR) RETURNS BOOLEAN -> current_role() IN ('ADMIN') OR region = current_region();	Enforces data security filtering.
21	Apply Row Policy	ALTER TABLE users ADD ROW ACCESS POLICY region_policy ON (region);	Applies security policy to table.
22	Create Dynamic Masking Policy	CREATE MASKING POLICY email_mask AS (val string) returns string -> case when current_role() in ('ADMIN') then val else '***@***.com' end;	Masks sensitive PII columns.
23	Apply Masking Policy	ALTER TABLE users MODIFY COLUMN email SET MASKING POLICY email_mask;	Enforces column-level security.
24	Create Stream (CDC)	CREATE STREAM users_stream ON TABLE users;	Provisions Change Data Capture stream.
25	Create Task (Scheduled Pipeline)	CREATE TASK hourly_sync WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh SCHEDULE = '60 MINUTE' AS INSERT INTO summary SELECT * FROM users_stream;	Provisions automated ETL task.
26	Resume Task	ALTER TASK hourly_sync RESUME;	Activates scheduled ETL task.
27	Time Travel Query	SELECT * FROM users AT(OFFSET => -60*60);	Queries historical state via Time Travel.
28	Clone Table	CREATE TABLE users_clone CLONE users;	Instantly creates zero-copy table clone.
29	Undrop Table	UNDROP TABLE users;	Recovers accidentally dropped table.
30	Show Grants to Role	SHOW GRANTS TO ROLE data_engineer;	Inspects security access privileges.
31	Alter Task Schedule	ALTER TASK hourly_sync SET SCHEDULE = 'USING CRON 0 0 * * * UTC';	Modifies execution cron schedule.
32	Suspend Task	ALTER TASK hourly_sync SUSPEND;	Deactivates scheduled ETL task.
33	Show Active Tasks	SHOW TASKS IN SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Lists all tasks in schema.
34	Check Task History	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TASK_HISTORY(TASK_NAME=>'HOURLY_SYNC'));	Inspects task execution history log.
35	Create Task Graph Root	CREATE TASK parent_task WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh SCHEDULE = '1 DAY' AS CALL do_header();	Provisions root task in DAG.
36	Create Dependent Child Task	CREATE TASK child_task WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh AFTER parent_task AS CALL do_child();	Provisions child task dependent on root.
37	Clone Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db_clone CLONE enterprise_db;	Zero-copy clones entire database.
38	Clone Schema	CREATE SCHEMA analytics_clone CLONE enterprise_db.analytics;	Zero-copy clones entire database schema.
39	Undrop Schema	UNDROP SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Recovers accidentally dropped database schema.
40	Undrop Database	UNDROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Recovers accidentally dropped database.
41	Create External Table	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext_users (id INT, name STRING) LOCATION = @my_s3_stage FILE_FORMAT = (TYPE = PARQUET);	Provisions table querying S3 Parquet directly.
42	Refresh External Table	ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE ext_users REFRESH;	Scans S3 stage for new Parquet files.
43	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_summary AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions serverless auto-maintained view.
44	Show Materialized Views	SHOW MATERIALIZED VIEWS;	Lists all materialized views in schema.
45	Drop Materialized View	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_summary;	Deletes materialized view.
46	Create Secure View	CREATE SECURE VIEW v_users AS SELECT id, name FROM users;	Provisions view suppressing definition from non-owners.
47	Create User Account	CREATE USER jsmith PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123!' DEFAULT_ROLE = data_engineer MUST_CHANGE_PASSWORD = FALSE;	Provisions Snowflake user login.
48	Alter User Password	ALTER USER jsmith SET PASSWORD = 'NewSecurePassword123!';	Updates authentication password.
49	Disable User Account	ALTER USER jsmith SET DISABLED = TRUE;	Blocks user authentication.
50	Enable User Account	ALTER USER jsmith SET DISABLED = FALSE;	Restores user authentication.
51	Create Network Policy	CREATE NETWORK POLICY corp_ip_policy ALLOWED_IP_LIST = ('192.168.1.0/24', '10.0.0.0/8');	Provisions IP whitelist firewall policy.
52	Apply Network Policy	ALTER ACCOUNT SET NETWORK_POLICY = corp_ip_policy;	Enforces IP firewall across account.
53	Drop Network Policy	DROP NETWORK POLICY corp_ip_policy;	Deletes network policy.
54	Create Security Integration (SSO)	CREATE SECURITY INTEGRATION okta_sso TYPE = SAML2 ENABLED = TRUE SAML2_ISSUER = 'http://www.okta.com/...';	Configures SAML SSO integration.
55	Show Integrations	SHOW INTEGRATIONS;	Lists storage, security, and API integrations.
56	Create API Integration	CREATE API INTEGRATION aws_api TYPE = HTTP_API API_PROVIDER = aws_api_gateway API_AWS_ROLE_ARN = 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/ApiRole' ENABLED = TRUE API_ALLOWED_PREFIXES = ('https://xyz.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/prod');	Links external REST API Gateway.
57	Create External Function	CREATE EXTERNAL FUNCTION geocode(address STRING) RETURNS VARIANT API_INTEGRATION = aws_api AS 'https://xyz.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/prod/geocode';	Provisions external AWS Lambda function.
58	Create User Defined Function	CREATE FUNCTION add_tax(val FLOAT) RETURNS FLOAT LANGUAGE PYTHON RUNTIME_VERSION = '3.8' HANDLER = 'add_tax_py' AS $$ def add_tax_py(val): return val * 1.08 $$;	Provisions Python UDF.
59	Create Java UDF	CREATE FUNCTION parse_json(s STRING) RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE JAVA HANDLER='Handler.parse' IMPORTS=('@my_stage/handler.jar');	Provisions Java UDF.
60	Create Procedure (Python)	CREATE PROCEDURE run_pipeline() RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE PYTHON RUNTIME_VERSION = '3.8' PACKAGES = ('snowflake-snowpark-python') HANDLER = 'main' AS $$ def main(session): session.sql('INSERT INTO summary SELECT * FROM users').collect() return 'SUCCESS' $$;	Provisions Python Snowpark stored procedure.
61	Call Stored Procedure	CALL run_pipeline();	Executes stored procedure routine.
62	Drop Stored Procedure	DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS run_pipeline();	Deletes stored procedure.
63	Create Dynamic Table	CREATE DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary TARGET_LAG = '1 HOUR' WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions declarative pipeline table.
64	Alter Dynamic Table	ALTER DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary SET TARGET_LAG = '15 MINUTES';	Modifies refresh target lag window.
65	Refresh Dynamic Table Manually	ALTER DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary REFRESH;	Forces immediate data sync.
66	Show Dynamic Tables	SHOW DYNAMIC TABLES;	Lists all dynamic tables in schema.
67	Drop Dynamic Table	DROP DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary;	Deletes dynamic table.
68	Create Tag	CREATE TAG cost_center ALLOWED_VALUES 'HR', 'ENG', 'FINANCE';	Provisions metadata classification tag.
69	Apply Tag to Table	ALTER TABLE users SET TAG cost_center = 'ENG';	Applies tag to table.
70	Apply Tag to Column	ALTER TABLE users MODIFY COLUMN email SET TAG cost_center = 'HR';	Applies tag to specific column.
71	Show Tags	SHOW TAGS;	Lists all metadata tags.
72	Unset Tag	ALTER TABLE users UNSET TAG cost_center;	Removes tag from asset.
73	Check Credit Usage	SELECT WAREHOUSE_NAME, SUM(CREDITS_USED) FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.WAREHOUSE_METERING_HISTORY()) GROUP BY WAREHOUSE_NAME;	Calculates credits consumed per warehouse.
74	Check Pipe History (Snowpipe)	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PIPE_USAGE_HISTORY());	Inspects continuous file load pipe costs.
75	Create Pipe (Snowpipe)	CREATE PIPE my_pipe AUTO_INGEST = TRUE AS COPY INTO users FROM @my_s3_stage;	Provisions serverless auto-ingest pipe.
76	Refresh Pipe	ALTER PIPE my_pipe REFRESH;	Scans stage for un-ingested files.
77	Show Pipes	SHOW PIPES;	Lists active Snowpipes.
78	Drop Pipe	DROP PIPE my_pipe;	Deletes Snowpipe.
79	Check Storage Billing Size	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.DATABASE_STORAGE_USAGE_HISTORY());	Inspects active, time-travel, and fail-safe storage bytes.
80	Set Time Travel Data Retention	ALTER TABLE users SET DATA_RETENTION_TIME_IN_DAYS = 90;	Extends time travel window to 90 days.
81	Query Fail-Safe Bytes	SELECT SUM(FAILSAFE_BYTES) FROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.TABLE_STORAGE_METRICS;	Inspects non-configurable 7-day fail-safe storage.
82	Create Fail-Safe Share	CREATE SHARE sales_share;	Provisions data sharing container.
83	Grant Table To Share	GRANT SELECT ON TABLE users TO SHARE sales_share;	Shares table with external Snowflake accounts.
84	Add Account To Share	ALTER SHARE sales_share ADD ACCOUNTS = xy12345;	Grants consumer account access to data share.
85	Show Shares	SHOW SHARES;	Lists inbound and outbound data shares.
86	Drop Share	DROP SHARE sales_share;	Revokes external data share.
87	Create Database From Share	CREATE DATABASE partner_sales FROM SHARE xy12345.sales_share;	Mounts shared data in consumer account.
88	Create Search Optimization Service	ALTER TABLE users ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION;	Accelerates point lookup queries on large tables.
89	Show Search Optimization	DESCRIBE SEARCH OPTIMIZATION ON users;	Inspects search optimization indexing status.
90	Drop Search Optimization	ALTER TABLE users DROP SEARCH OPTIMIZATION;	Disables search optimization service.
91	Set Multi-Cluster Warehouse	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET MIN_CLUSTER_COUNT = 1, MAX_CLUSTER_COUNT = 5, SCALING_POLICY = 'STANDARD';	Enables auto-scaling multi-cluster warehouse.
92	Check Active Locks	SELECT * FROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.LOCK_WAITS;	Inspects transaction lock waits.
93	Check Current User Role	SELECT CURRENT_ROLE(), CURRENT_USER(), CURRENT_WAREHOUSE();	Pulls session environment context.
94	Switch Role	USE ROLE sysadmin;	Switches active security role in session.
95	Switch Warehouse	USE WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh;	Switches active virtual warehouse in session.
96	Switch Database Context	USE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Switches active database context.
97	Switch Schema Context	USE SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Switches active schema context.
98	Set Statement Timeout	ALTER SESSION SET STATEMENT_TIMEOUT_IN_SECONDS = 3600;	Caps maximum query execution time to 1 hour.
99	Check Account Usage Audit	SELECT * FROM SNOWFLAKE.ACCOUNT_USAGE.LOGIN_HISTORY ORDER BY EVENT_TIMESTAMP DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects user authentication audit logs.
100	Query Account Version	SELECT CURRENT_VERSION();	Outputs running Snowflake release version string.
101	Check Warehouse Autosuspend	SHOW WAREHOUSES LIKE 'XLARGE_WH';	Inspects warehouse auto-suspend and auto-resume settings.
102	Set Warehouse Autosuspend	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET AUTO_SUSPEND = 60;	Configures 60-second auto-suspend timeout.
103	Set Warehouse Auto Resume	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET AUTO_RESUME = TRUE;	Enables auto-resume on query submission.
104	Check Warehouse Scaling Policy	SHOW WAREHOUSES LIKE 'XLARGE_WH';	Inspects multi-cluster scaling policy (STANDARD vs ECONOMY).
105	Set Warehouse Scaling Policy Economy	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET SCALING_POLICY = 'ECONOMY';	Prioritizes credit savings over queuing latency.
106	Check Storage Integration Allowed Locations	DESCRIBE STORAGE INTEGRATION s3_int;	Inspects allowed S3 bucket locations.
107	Check Storage Integration AWS IAM Role	DESCRIBE STORAGE INTEGRATION s3_int;	Inspects STORAGE_AWS_IAM_ROLE ARN.
108	Check Storage Integration External ID	DESCRIBE STORAGE INTEGRATION s3_int;	Inspects STORAGE_AWS_EXTERNAL_ID for IAM trust policy.
109	Check File Format Properties	DESCRIBE FILE FORMAT csv_format;	Inspects delimiter, header, and compression properties.
110	Create File Format Parquet	CREATE FILE FORMAT parquet_format TYPE = 'PARQUET' COMPRESSION = 'SNAPPY';	Provisions Parquet file format definition.
111	Create File Format JSON	CREATE FILE FORMAT json_format TYPE = 'JSON' STRIP_OUTER_ARRAY = TRUE;	Provisions JSON file format definition.
112	Drop File Format	DROP FILE FORMAT IF EXISTS csv_format;	Deletes file format definition.
113	List File Formats	SHOW FILE FORMATS IN SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Lists file formats in schema.
114	List Stages	SHOW STAGES IN SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Lists external and internal stages in schema.
115	Describe Stage	DESCRIBE STAGE my_s3_stage;	Inspects URL and storage integration for stage.
116	List Files in Stage	LIST @my_s3_stage;	Lists physical files in cloud stage path.
117	Remove Files from Stage	REMOVE @my_s3_stage/old_data/;	Deletes files from internal/external stage.
118	Get Stage File Directory	ALTER STAGE my_s3_stage REFRESH;	Refreshes directory table index for stage.
119	Enable Directory Table on Stage	CREATE STAGE my_s3_stage URL='s3://bucket/' DIRECTORY=(ENABLE=TRUE);	Enforces directory table tracking.
120	Create Internal Stage	CREATE STAGE my_internal_stage;	Provisions internal table stage.
121	Put Local File to Stage	PUT file:///path/to/data.csv @my_internal_stage;	Uploads local file to internal stage via SnowSQL.
122	Get Staged File to Local	GET @my_internal_stage/data.csv file:///local/path/;	Downloads staged file to local path via SnowSQL.
123	Copy Into Stage (Export)	COPY INTO @my_s3_stage/export/ FROM users FILE_FORMAT = (TYPE = PARQUET);	Exports query results to S3 Parquet files.
124	Check Copy History	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COPY_HISTORY(TABLE_NAME=>'USERS', START_TIME=>DATEADD(hours, -1, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())));	Inspects bulk load history and error counts.
125	Check Copy Errors Log	SELECT * FROM TABLE(VALIDATE(users, JOB_ID=>'job_id_xyz'));	Inspects row formatting errors from failed COPY job.
126	Check Account Current Role	SELECT CURRENT_ROLE();	Outputs active security role.
127	Check Account Current User	SELECT CURRENT_USER();	Outputs active user account.
128	Check Account Current Warehouse	SELECT CURRENT_WAREHOUSE();	Outputs active virtual warehouse.
129	Check Account Current Database	SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE();	Outputs active database.
130	Check Account Current Schema	SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA();	Outputs active database schema.
131	Check Account Current Region	SELECT CURRENT_REGION();	Outputs AWS/GCP/Azure region string.
132	Check Account Version String	SELECT CURRENT_VERSION();	Outputs running Snowflake release version string.
133	Check Account Ping Query	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
134	Create Virtual Warehouse (Alt 133)	CREATE WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh WAREHOUSE_SIZE = 'XLARGE' AUTO_SUSPEND = 300;	Provisions analytical compute cluster.
135	Suspend Warehouse (Alt 134)	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SUSPEND;	Instantly halts credit consumption.
136	Resume Warehouse (Alt 135)	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh RESUME;	Boots suspended virtual warehouse.
137	Resize Warehouse (Alt 136)	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET WAREHOUSE_SIZE = 'XXLARGE';	Scales compute cluster size.
138	Drop Warehouse (Alt 137)	DROP WAREHOUSE IF EXISTS xlarge_wh;	Decommissions compute warehouse.
139	Create Database (Alt 138)	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Provisions new analytical database.
140	Create Schema (Alt 139)	CREATE SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Provisions logical database schema.
141	Create Role (Alt 140)	CREATE ROLE data_engineer;	Provisions security access role.
142	Grant Role to User (Alt 141)	GRANT ROLE data_engineer TO USER jlawrence;	Assigns role to user profile.
143	Grant Warehouse Privileges (Alt 142)	GRANT USAGE ON WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh TO ROLE data_engineer;	Grants compute execution rights.
144	Create Table (Alt 143)	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name STRING, created_at TIMESTAMP_NTZ);	Provisions column-oriented table.
145	Copy Data from S3 (Alt 144)	COPY INTO users FROM @my_s3_stage FILE_FORMAT = (FORMAT_NAME = 'csv_format');	Ingests files from cloud stage.
146	Create External Stage (Alt 145)	CREATE STAGE my_s3_stage URL = 's3://my-bucket/data/' STORAGE_INTEGRATION = s3_int;	Links external cloud storage.
147	Create Storage Integration (Alt 146)	CREATE STORAGE INTEGRATION s3_int TYPE = EXTERNAL_STAGE STORAGE_PROVIDER = 'S3' ENABLED = TRUE STORAGE_ALLOWED_LOCATIONS = ('s3://my-bucket/');	Establishes IAM trust policy.
148	Explain Query Plan (Alt 147)	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates query execution strategy.
149	Show Query History (Alt 148)	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.QUERY_HISTORY()) ORDER BY start_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects analytical query execution log.
150	Check Warehouse Load (Alt 149)	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.WAREHOUSE_LOAD_HISTORY(WAREHOUSE_NAME=>'XLARGE_WH'));	Evaluates compute queuing metrics.
151	Create Resource Monitor (Alt 150)	CREATE RESOURCE MONITOR credit_monitor WITH CREDIT_QUOTA = 1000 FREQUENCY = MONTHLY;	Enforces credit consumption limits.
152	Assign Resource Monitor (Alt 151)	ALTER WAREHOUSE xlarge_wh SET RESOURCE_MONITOR = credit_monitor;	Links monitor to warehouse.
153	Create Row Access Policy (Alt 152)	CREATE ROW ACCESS POLICY region_policy AS (region VARCHAR) RETURNS BOOLEAN -> current_role() IN ('ADMIN') OR region = current_region();	Enforces data security filtering.
154	Apply Row Policy (Alt 153)	ALTER TABLE users ADD ROW ACCESS POLICY region_policy ON (region);	Applies security policy to table.
155	Create Dynamic Masking Policy (Alt 154)	CREATE MASKING POLICY email_mask AS (val string) returns string -> case when current_role() in ('ADMIN') then val else '***@***.com' end;	Masks sensitive PII columns.
156	Apply Masking Policy (Alt 155)	ALTER TABLE users MODIFY COLUMN email SET MASKING POLICY email_mask;	Enforces column-level security.
157	Create Stream (CDC) (Alt 156)	CREATE STREAM users_stream ON TABLE users;	Provisions Change Data Capture stream.
158	Create Task (Scheduled Pipeline) (Alt 157)	CREATE TASK hourly_sync WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh SCHEDULE = '60 MINUTE' AS INSERT INTO summary SELECT * FROM users_stream;	Provisions automated ETL task.
159	Resume Task (Alt 158)	ALTER TASK hourly_sync RESUME;	Activates scheduled ETL task.
160	Time Travel Query (Alt 159)	SELECT * FROM users AT(OFFSET => -60*60);	Queries historical state via Time Travel.
161	Clone Table (Alt 160)	CREATE TABLE users_clone CLONE users;	Instantly creates zero-copy table clone.
162	Undrop Table (Alt 161)	UNDROP TABLE users;	Recovers accidentally dropped table.
163	Show Grants to Role (Alt 162)	SHOW GRANTS TO ROLE data_engineer;	Inspects security access privileges.
164	Alter Task Schedule (Alt 163)	ALTER TASK hourly_sync SET SCHEDULE = 'USING CRON 0 0 * * * UTC';	Modifies execution cron schedule.
165	Suspend Task (Alt 164)	ALTER TASK hourly_sync SUSPEND;	Deactivates scheduled ETL task.
166	Show Active Tasks (Alt 165)	SHOW TASKS IN SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Lists all tasks in schema.
167	Check Task History (Alt 166)	SELECT * FROM TABLE(INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TASK_HISTORY(TASK_NAME=>'HOURLY_SYNC'));	Inspects task execution history log.
168	Create Task Graph Root (Alt 167)	CREATE TASK parent_task WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh SCHEDULE = '1 DAY' AS CALL do_header();	Provisions root task in DAG.
169	Create Dependent Child Task (Alt 168)	CREATE TASK child_task WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh AFTER parent_task AS CALL do_child();	Provisions child task dependent on root.
170	Clone Database (Alt 169)	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db_clone CLONE enterprise_db;	Zero-copy clones entire database.
171	Clone Schema (Alt 170)	CREATE SCHEMA analytics_clone CLONE enterprise_db.analytics;	Zero-copy clones entire database schema.
172	Undrop Schema (Alt 171)	UNDROP SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Recovers accidentally dropped database schema.
173	Undrop Database (Alt 172)	UNDROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Recovers accidentally dropped database.
174	Create External Table (Alt 173)	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext_users (id INT, name STRING) LOCATION = @my_s3_stage FILE_FORMAT = (TYPE = PARQUET);	Provisions table querying S3 Parquet directly.
175	Refresh External Table (Alt 174)	ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE ext_users REFRESH;	Scans S3 stage for new Parquet files.
176	Create Materialized View (Alt 175)	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_summary AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions serverless auto-maintained view.
177	Show Materialized Views (Alt 176)	SHOW MATERIALIZED VIEWS;	Lists all materialized views in schema.
178	Drop Materialized View (Alt 177)	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_summary;	Deletes materialized view.
179	Create Secure View (Alt 178)	CREATE SECURE VIEW v_users AS SELECT id, name FROM users;	Provisions view suppressing definition from non-owners.
180	Create User Account (Alt 179)	CREATE USER jsmith PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123!' DEFAULT_ROLE = data_engineer MUST_CHANGE_PASSWORD = FALSE;	Provisions Snowflake user login.
181	Alter User Password (Alt 180)	ALTER USER jsmith SET PASSWORD = 'NewSecurePassword123!';	Updates authentication password.
182	Disable User Account (Alt 181)	ALTER USER jsmith SET DISABLED = TRUE;	Blocks user authentication.
183	Enable User Account (Alt 182)	ALTER USER jsmith SET DISABLED = FALSE;	Restores user authentication.
184	Create Network Policy (Alt 183)	CREATE NETWORK POLICY corp_ip_policy ALLOWED_IP_LIST = ('192.168.1.0/24', '10.0.0.0/8');	Provisions IP whitelist firewall policy.
185	Apply Network Policy (Alt 184)	ALTER ACCOUNT SET NETWORK_POLICY = corp_ip_policy;	Enforces IP firewall across account.
186	Drop Network Policy (Alt 185)	DROP NETWORK POLICY corp_ip_policy;	Deletes network policy.
187	Create Security Integration (SSO) (Alt 186)	CREATE SECURITY INTEGRATION okta_sso TYPE = SAML2 ENABLED = TRUE SAML2_ISSUER = 'http://www.okta.com/...';	Configures SAML SSO integration.
188	Show Integrations (Alt 187)	SHOW INTEGRATIONS;	Lists storage, security, and API integrations.
189	Create API Integration (Alt 188)	CREATE API INTEGRATION aws_api TYPE = HTTP_API API_PROVIDER = aws_api_gateway API_AWS_ROLE_ARN = 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/ApiRole' ENABLED = TRUE API_ALLOWED_PREFIXES = ('https://xyz.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/prod');	Links external REST API Gateway.
190	Create External Function (Alt 189)	CREATE EXTERNAL FUNCTION geocode(address STRING) RETURNS VARIANT API_INTEGRATION = aws_api AS 'https://xyz.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/prod/geocode';	Provisions external AWS Lambda function.
191	Create User Defined Function (Alt 190)	CREATE FUNCTION add_tax(val FLOAT) RETURNS FLOAT LANGUAGE PYTHON RUNTIME_VERSION = '3.8' HANDLER = 'add_tax_py' AS $$ def add_tax_py(val): return val * 1.08 $$;	Provisions Python UDF.
192	Create Java UDF (Alt 191)	CREATE FUNCTION parse_json(s STRING) RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE JAVA HANDLER='Handler.parse' IMPORTS=('@my_stage/handler.jar');	Provisions Java UDF.
193	Create Procedure (Python) (Alt 192)	CREATE PROCEDURE run_pipeline() RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE PYTHON RUNTIME_VERSION = '3.8' PACKAGES = ('snowflake-snowpark-python') HANDLER = 'main' AS $$ def main(session): session.sql('INSERT INTO summary SELECT * FROM users').collect() return 'SUCCESS' $$;	Provisions Python Snowpark stored procedure.
194	Call Stored Procedure (Alt 193)	CALL run_pipeline();	Executes stored procedure routine.
195	Drop Stored Procedure (Alt 194)	DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS run_pipeline();	Deletes stored procedure.
196	Create Dynamic Table (Alt 195)	CREATE DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary TARGET_LAG = '1 HOUR' WAREHOUSE = xlarge_wh AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions declarative pipeline table.
197	Alter Dynamic Table (Alt 196)	ALTER DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary SET TARGET_LAG = '15 MINUTES';	Modifies refresh target lag window.
198	Refresh Dynamic Table Manually (Alt 197)	ALTER DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary REFRESH;	Forces immediate data sync.
199	Show Dynamic Tables (Alt 198)	SHOW DYNAMIC TABLES;	Lists all dynamic tables in schema.
200	Drop Dynamic Table (Alt 199)	DROP DYNAMIC TABLE dt_user_summary;	Deletes dynamic table.

Google BigQuery OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Google BigQuery is a serverless, highly scalable, and cost-effective multi-cloud enterprise data warehouse. It features decoupled compute (Slots) and storage (Colossus file system), executing queries via the Dremel execution engine and Borg cluster management, with native BigQuery ML (BQML), BigLake, and vector search capabilities.

Primary Use Cases: Massive petabyte-scale data warehousing, real-time streaming analytics, geospatial processing (GIS), machine learning (BQML & Vertex AI integration), and federated multi-cloud analytics.

Core Components: Dremel Execution Engine, Colossus Distributed Storage, Jupiter Network Fabric, Borg Container Manager, BigQuery Slots, and BigLake Storage Engine.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Google BigQuery.

#	Operation / Action	bq CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Create Dataset	bq mk --dataset --location=US enterprise_db	Provisions BigQuery dataset container.
2	Delete Dataset	bq rm -r -f enterprise_db	Removes dataset and contents.
3	Create Table from CSV	bq load --source_format=CSV enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.csv id:INTEGER,name:STRING	Bulk loads CSV into table.
4	Run Interactive Query	bq query --use_legacy_sql=false 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `enterprise_db.users`'	Executes SQL query via CLI.
5	Cancel Running Query	bq cancel job_id_12345	Stops active query job.
6	List Dataset Tables	bq ls enterprise_db	Lists tables inside dataset.
7	Show Table Schema	bq show enterprise_db.users	Inspects table column definitions.
8	Delete Table	bq rm -f enterprise_db.users	Deletes analytical table.
9	Create Partitioned Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.logs (log_date DATE, message STRING) PARTITION BY log_date;	Provisions time-partitioned table.
10	Create Clustered Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users (id INT64, email STRING) CLUSTER BY email;	Provisions clustered table.
11	Create Authorized View	CREATE VIEW enterprise_db.public_users AS SELECT id, name FROM enterprise_db.users;	Provisions secure reporting view.
12	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.summary AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM enterprise_db.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions pre-computed materialized view.
13	Create External Table (GCS)	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE enterprise_db.ext_logs OPTIONS (format='PARAVIEW', uris=['gs://bucket/*.parquet']);	Links external cloud storage.
14	Grant Dataset Permission	bq add-iam-policy-binding --member='user:analyst@org.com' --role='roles/bigquery.dataViewer' enterprise_db	Assigns dataset access rights.
15	Create Reservation (Slots)	bq mk --reservation --location=US --slots=100 prod_reservation	Provisions dedicated analytical capacity.
16	Assign Project to Reservation	bq mk --assignment --reservation_id=prod_reservation --project_id=my-org-proj	Links project to compute slots.
17	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.users`;	Evaluates query execution tree.
18	Check Job History	bq ls -j -n 20	Inspects recent query execution jobs.
19	Create Routine (Stored Procedure)	CREATE PROCEDURE enterprise_db.CleanupLogs() BEGIN DELETE FROM enterprise_db.logs WHERE log_date < DATE_SUB(CURRENT_DATE(), INTERVAL 90 DAY); END;	Provisions serverless stored procedure.
20	Execute Stored Procedure	CALL enterprise_db.CleanupLogs();	Runs stored procedure.
21	Create Row-Level Security Policy	CREATE ROW ACCESS POLICY region_filter ON enterprise_db.users GRANT TO ('user:rep@org.com') FILTER USING (region = 'NA');	Enforces row security filtering.
22	Create Data Transfer (S3)	bq mk --transfer_config --data_source=amazon_s3 --target_dataset=enterprise_db --params='...'	Configures automated data ingestion.
23	Export Table to GCS	bq extract --destination_format=PARQUET enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/export/*.parquet	Exports table data to cloud storage.
24	Copy Table	bq cp enterprise_db.users enterprise_db.users_backup	Duplicates table snapshot.
25	Query Information Schema	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES`;	Inspects metadata catalogue.
26	Check Storage Billing Tier	SELECT * FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STORAGE_PRICING`;	Evaluates storage costs.
27	Create Data Masking Tag	gcloud data-catalog taxonomies create ...	Sets up PII taxonomy tags.
28	Create Search Index	CREATE SEARCH INDEX idx_search ON enterprise_db.users(ALL COLUMNS);	Provisions full-text search index.
29	Query Vector Search	SELECT * FROM VECTOR_SEARCH(TABLE enterprise_db.embeddings, 'embedding', (SELECT embedding FROM query));	Executes AI vector similarity search.
30	Get Project Metadata	bq show my-org-proj:	Inspects project quota settings.
31	Update Dataset Metadata	bq update --description 'Production database' enterprise_db	Updates dataset description metadata.
32	Update Table Expiration	bq update --default_table_expiration 2592000 enterprise_db	Sets 30-day default table expiration for dataset.
33	Update Table Partition Expiration	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs SET OPTIONS (partition_expiration_days = 90);	Sets automatic partition drop after 90 days.
34	Require Partition Filter	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs SET OPTIONS (require_partition_filter = true);	Enforces partition filter in queries to prevent full scans.
35	List Jobs by State	bq ls -j -a --state=RUNNING	Lists active running query jobs across project.
36	Show Job Details	bq show -j job_id_12345	Inspects detailed execution metrics and slot time for job.
37	Query Job Bytes Processed	SELECT total_bytes_billed, total_slot_ms FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.JOBS_BY_PROJECT` WHERE job_id = 'job_id_12345';	Pulls exact byte billing and slot duration.
38	Query Slot Usage History	SELECT * FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.JOBS_TIMELINE_BY_PROJECT` WHERE period_start > TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 1 HOUR);	Analyzes real-time slot allocation timeline.
39	Query Storage Bytes History	SELECT table_schema, table_name, active_logical_bytes, long_term_logical_bytes FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_STORAGE`;	Inspects active vs long-term storage billing.
40	Change Storage Billing Model	ALTER DATASET enterprise_db SET OPTIONS (storage_billing_model = 'PHYSICAL');	Switches storage billing from logical to physical compressed.
41	Load Parquet File from GCS	bq load --source_format=PARQUET enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.parquet	Bulk loads Parquet file into BigQuery table.
42	Load JSON File from GCS	bq load --source_format=NEWLINE_DELIMITED_JSON enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.json id:INTEGER,name:STRING	Bulk loads NDJSON file into table.
43	Load Avro File from GCS	bq load --source_format=AVRO enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.avro	Bulk loads Avro file into table.
44	Load ORC File from GCS	bq load --source_format=ORC enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.orc	Bulk loads ORC file into table.
45	Create Iceberg Unverted BigLake Table	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE enterprise_db.iceberg_table WITH CONNECTION `us.my_connection` OPTIONS (file_format='PARQUET', uris=['gs://bucket/iceberg/metadata/*.metadata.json']);	Provisions BigLake Iceberg external table.
46	Create Cloud Resource Connection	gcloud bigquery connections create cloud-resource my_connection --location=US	Provisions BigLake connection to GCS.
47	Show Cloud Connection	gcloud bigquery connections describe my_connection --location=US	Inspects IAM service account for BigLake connection.
48	Grant IAM Role to Connection	gsutil iam ch serviceAccount:service-123@gcp-sa-bigqueryconnections.iam.gserviceaccount.com:objectViewer gs://bucket	Grants GCS read access to connection.
49	Create AWS BigLake Connection	gcloud bigquery connections create aws my_aws_conn --location=US --access-role=arn:aws:iam::123:role/BigQueryRole	Provisions cross-cloud connection to AWS S3.
50	Create Azure BigLake Connection	gcloud bigquery connections create azure my_azure_conn --location=US --tenant-id=xyz...	Provisions cross-cloud connection to Azure Blob.
51	Create Federated Query MySQL	SELECT * FROM EXTERNAL_QUERY('us.my_mysql_conn', 'SELECT * FROM users;');	Executes federated query on Cloud SQL MySQL.
52	Create Federated Query Postgres	SELECT * FROM EXTERNAL_QUERY('us.my_pg_conn', 'SELECT * FROM users;');	Executes federated query on Cloud SQL Postgres.
53	Create Remote Function Vertex AI	CREATE FUNCTION enterprise_db.predict_text(prompt STRING) RETURNS STRING REMOTE WITH CONNECTION `us.my_connection` OPTIONS (endpoint='https://us-central1-aiplatform.googleapis.com/...');	Provisions remote function calling Vertex AI.
54	Create ML Model (K-Means)	CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL enterprise_db.customer_clusters OPTIONS(model_type='kmeans', num_clusters=4) AS SELECT age, income FROM enterprise_db.users;	Trains K-Means clustering model in SQL.
55	Create ML Model (Linear Reg)	CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL enterprise_db.sales_model OPTIONS(model_type='linear_reg') AS SELECT label, feature1 FROM enterprise_db.train_data;	Trains linear regression model in BigQuery ML.
56	Evaluate ML Model	SELECT * FROM ML.EVALUATE(MODEL enterprise_db.sales_model);	Calculates evaluation metrics for ML model.
57	Predict using ML Model	SELECT * FROM ML.PREDICT(MODEL enterprise_db.sales_model, (SELECT feature1 FROM enterprise_db.test_data));	Generates predictions using BQML model.
58	Generate Text Vertex AI	SELECT * FROM ML.GENERATE_TEXT(MODEL enterprise_db.gemini_model, TABLE enterprise_db.prompts);	Calls Gemini LLM via BigQuery ML.
59	Create Remote LLM Model	CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL enterprise_db.gemini_model REMOTE WITH CONNECTION `us.my_connection` OPTIONS(endpoint='gemini-pro');	Links Gemini Pro model in BQML.
60	Create Table Snapshot	CREATE SNAPSHOT TABLE enterprise_db.users_snap_2026 CLONE enterprise_db.users OPTIONS(expiration_timestamp=TIMESTAMP '2026-12-31 23:59:59 UTC');	Creates immutable table snapshot.
61	Restore Table Snapshot	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users_restored CLONE enterprise_db.users_snap_2026;	Restores table from snapshot clone.
62	Time Travel Query System Time	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.users` FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 1 HOUR);	Queries table state 1 hour ago.
63	List Row Access Policies	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROW_ACCESS_POLICIES`;	Lists active row security policies.
64	Drop Row Access Policy	DROP ROW ACCESS POLICY region_filter ON enterprise_db.users;	Removes row-level security policy.
65	Create Policy Tag Taxonomy	gcloud data-catalog taxonomies create "PII Taxonomy" --location=us	Provisions Data Catalog taxonomy for column masking.
66	Create Policy Tag	gcloud data-catalog policy-tags create --taxonomy="PII Taxonomy" --display-name="High Sensitivity"	Provisions policy tag for column-level security.
67	Grant Policy Tag Role	gcloud data-catalog policy-tags add-iam-policy-binding ... --role="roles/datacatalog.categoryFineGrainedReader" --member="user:analyst@org.com"	Grants read access to masked column.
68	Set Table Column Policy Tag	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN ssn SET POLICY TAGS ('projects/proj/locations/us/taxonomies/tax/policyTags/tag1');	Applies policy tag to sensitive column.
69	Create Table Clone	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users_clone CLONE enterprise_db.users;	Creates zero-copy clone of table.
70	Drop Materialized View	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.summary;	Deletes materialized view.
71	Refresh Materialized View	CALL BQ.REFRESH_MATERIALIZED_VIEW('enterprise_db.summary');	Triggers manual refresh of materialized view.
72	Check Table Column Types	SELECT column_name, data_type FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS` WHERE table_name='users';	Inspects schema column types.
73	Check Table Constraints	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS`;	Lists primary key and foreign key constraints.
74	Add Primary Key Constraint	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users ADD PRIMARY KEY (id) NOT ENFORCED;	Adds informational primary key constraint.
75	Add Foreign Key Constraint	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.orders ADD CONSTRAINT fk_user FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES enterprise_db.users(id) NOT ENFORCED;	Adds informational foreign key constraint.
76	Drop Search Index	DROP SEARCH INDEX idx_search ON enterprise_db.users;	Deletes full-text search index.
77	Create Vector Index	CREATE VECTOR INDEX idx_vec ON enterprise_db.embeddings(embedding) OPTIONS(distance_type='COSINE', index_type='IVF');	Provisions IVF vector index for similarity search.
78	Drop Vector Index	DROP VECTOR INDEX idx_vec ON enterprise_db.embeddings;	Deletes vector index.
79	Check Streaming Buffer	SELECT table_name, num_rows, size_bytes FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STREAMING_TIMELINE`;	Inspects uncommitted streaming insert buffer.
80	Check BI Engine Capacity	gcloud capacity-management reservations list --location=US	Inspects BI Engine in-memory reservation.
81	Create BI Engine Reservation	gcloud capacity-management reservations create --location=US --slots=100 --bi-engine-memory-gb=100	Provisions in-memory BI Engine RAM.
82	Undrop Table (Time Travel)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users AS SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.users` FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 10 MINUTE);	Recovers dropped table data via System Time.
83	Query Audit Logs Cloud Logging	protoPayload.serviceName="bigquery.googleapis.com" AND protoPayload.methodName="jobservice.jobcompleted"	Queries Cloud Logging for BigQuery execution audit.
84	Check Reservation Assignments	bq ls --reservation_assignment --location=US prod_reservation	Lists projects assigned to slot reservation.
85	Delete Reservation Assignment	bq rm --reservation_assignment --location=US prod_reservation/assignment_id	Removes project from slot reservation.
86	Delete Reservation	bq rm --reservation --location=US prod_reservation	Deletes compute slot reservation.
87	Check Project Quotas	gcloud alpha services quota list --service=bigquery.googleapis.com	Inspects BigQuery API quota limits.
88	Set Max Billed Bytes Session	SET @@config.query_parameter_mode = 'NAMED'; SET @@GLOBAL.max_bytes_billed = 10000000000;	Caps query bytes billed to 10GB.
89	Set Default Dataset Session	SET @@dataset_id = 'enterprise_db';	Configures default dataset for session.
90	Set Default Time Zone	SET @@time_zone = 'America/Phoenix';	Configures default session time zone.
91	Check Project Location List	bq ls --locations	Lists supported geographic regions for dataset deployment.
92	Check bq CLI Version	bq version	Outputs running bq CLI tool version.
93	Purge Dataset Data	DELETE FROM `enterprise_db.logs` WHERE true;	Purges all rows from partitioned log table.
94	Get Dataset IAM Policy	bq get-iam-policy enterprise_db	Inspects JSON IAM policy bindings on dataset.
95	Set Dataset IAM Policy	bq set-iam-policy enterprise_db policy.json	Applies JSON IAM policy file to dataset.
96	List Data Transfer Runs	bq ls --transfer_run --transfer_config=projects/123/locations/us/transferConfigs/456	Lists automated data ingestion runs.
97	Start Data Transfer Run	bq mk --transfer_run --parameters='{"run_time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z"}' projects/123/locations/us/transferConfigs/456	Triggers manual data transfer execution.
98	Delete Data Transfer Config	bq rm --transfer_config projects/123/locations/us/transferConfigs/456	Deletes automated data transfer configuration.
99	Verify BigQuery API Health	gcloud services list --enabled --filter="name:bigquery.googleapis.com"	Verifies BigQuery GCP service enablement.
100	Export Dataset Metadata JSON	bq show --format=json enterprise_db	Outputs complete dataset metadata as JSON payload.
101	Check Dataset Default Partition Expiration	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db | grep defaultPartitionExpirationMs	Inspects default partition expiration time for dataset.
102	Check Dataset Default Table Expiration	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db | grep defaultTableExpirationMs	Inspects default table expiration time for dataset.
103	Check Dataset Access Control IAM	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db | grep access	Inspects JSON IAM access list for dataset.
104	Check Dataset KMS Key Name	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db | grep defaultKmsKeyName	Inspects customer-managed encryption key (CMEK) name.
105	Check Table Creation Time	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db.users | grep creationTime	Inspects table creation timestamp.
106	Check Table Last Modified Time	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db.users | grep lastModifiedTime	Inspects table last modification timestamp.
107	Check Table Total Bytes	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db.users | grep numBytes	Inspects total physical storage bytes for table.
108	Check Table Total Rows	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db.users | grep numRows	Inspects total row count for table.
109	Check Table Type	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db.users | grep type	Inspects table type (TABLE, VIEW, MATERIALIZED_VIEW, EXTERNAL).
110	Check Table Partitioning Type	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db.logs | grep timePartitioning	Inspects time partitioning configuration (DAY, HOUR, MONTH, YEAR).
111	Check Project ID SQL	SELECT @@project_id;	Returns active GCP project ID.
112	Check Region ID SQL	SELECT @@location;	Returns active GCP location string.
113	Check Session User SQL	SELECT SESSION_USER();	Returns current execution user email.
114	Check Current Timestamp SQL	SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();	Returns current UTC timestamp.
115	Check Current Date SQL	SELECT CURRENT_DATE();	Returns current UTC date.
116	Check Current Time SQL	SELECT CURRENT_TIME();	Returns current UTC time.
117	Check Ping Query SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
118	Check bq Version CLI	bq version	Outputs bq tool version string.
119	Check gcloud Version CLI	gcloud version	Outputs gcloud SDK version string.
120	Check Dataset List CLI	bq ls	Lists all datasets in active project.
121	Check Jobs List CLI	bq ls -j	Lists recent jobs in active project.
122	Check Models List CLI	bq ls --models enterprise_db	Lists BQML models in dataset.
123	Check Routines List CLI	bq ls --routines enterprise_db	Lists procedures and UDFs in dataset.
124	Check Transfer Configs List CLI	bq ls --transfer_config	Lists automated data transfers.
125	Check Transfer Logs CLI	bq ls --transfer_run	Lists data transfer runs.
126	Check Capacity Commitments List CLI	bq ls --capacity_commitment --location=US	Lists slot commitments.
127	Check Reservations List CLI	bq ls --reservation --location=US	Lists slot reservations.
128	Check Assignments List CLI	bq ls --reservation_assignment --location=US	Lists reservation assignments.
129	Check Connections List CLI	bq ls --connection --location=US	Lists BigLake connections.
130	Check Service Enablement API	gcloud services list --filter='name:bigquery.googleapis.com'	Verifies BigQuery API status.
131	Export Dataset Metadata JSON	bq show --format=json enterprise_db	Outputs complete dataset metadata as JSON payload.
132	Check Project Quotas CLI	gcloud alpha services quota list --service=bigquery.googleapis.com	Inspects quota limits for project.
133	Check Project Active Jobs Count	bq ls -j -a --state=RUNNING | wc -l	Counts active running jobs in project.
134	Check Project Pending Jobs Count	bq ls -j -a --state=PENDING | wc -l	Counts pending queued jobs in project.
135	Check Dataset Location	bq show --format=prettyjson enterprise_db | grep location	Inspects dataset deployment location (US, EU).
136	Create Dataset (Alt 135)	bq mk --dataset --location=US enterprise_db	Provisions BigQuery dataset container.
137	Delete Dataset (Alt 136)	bq rm -r -f enterprise_db	Removes dataset and contents.
138	Create Table from CSV (Alt 137)	bq load --source_format=CSV enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.csv id:INTEGER,name:STRING	Bulk loads CSV into table.
139	Run Interactive Query (Alt 138)	bq query --use_legacy_sql=false 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `enterprise_db.users`'	Executes SQL query via CLI.
140	Cancel Running Query (Alt 139)	bq cancel job_id_12345	Stops active query job.
141	List Dataset Tables (Alt 140)	bq ls enterprise_db	Lists tables inside dataset.
142	Show Table Schema (Alt 141)	bq show enterprise_db.users	Inspects table column definitions.
143	Delete Table (Alt 142)	bq rm -f enterprise_db.users	Deletes analytical table.
144	Create Partitioned Table (Alt 143)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.logs (log_date DATE, message STRING) PARTITION BY log_date;	Provisions time-partitioned table.
145	Create Clustered Table (Alt 144)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users (id INT64, email STRING) CLUSTER BY email;	Provisions clustered table.
146	Create Authorized View (Alt 145)	CREATE VIEW enterprise_db.public_users AS SELECT id, name FROM enterprise_db.users;	Provisions secure reporting view.
147	Create Materialized View (Alt 146)	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.summary AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM enterprise_db.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions pre-computed materialized view.
148	Create External Table (GCS) (Alt 147)	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE enterprise_db.ext_logs OPTIONS (format='PARAVIEW', uris=['gs://bucket/*.parquet']);	Links external cloud storage.
149	Grant Dataset Permission (Alt 148)	bq add-iam-policy-binding --member='user:analyst@org.com' --role='roles/bigquery.dataViewer' enterprise_db	Assigns dataset access rights.
150	Create Reservation (Slots) (Alt 149)	bq mk --reservation --location=US --slots=100 prod_reservation	Provisions dedicated analytical capacity.
151	Assign Project to Reservation (Alt 150)	bq mk --assignment --reservation_id=prod_reservation --project_id=my-org-proj	Links project to compute slots.
152	Explain Query Execution (Alt 151)	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.users`;	Evaluates query execution tree.
153	Check Job History (Alt 152)	bq ls -j -n 20	Inspects recent query execution jobs.
154	Create Routine (Stored Procedure) (Alt 153)	CREATE PROCEDURE enterprise_db.CleanupLogs() BEGIN DELETE FROM enterprise_db.logs WHERE log_date < DATE_SUB(CURRENT_DATE(), INTERVAL 90 DAY); END;	Provisions serverless stored procedure.
155	Execute Stored Procedure (Alt 154)	CALL enterprise_db.CleanupLogs();	Runs stored procedure.
156	Create Row-Level Security Policy (Alt 155)	CREATE ROW ACCESS POLICY region_filter ON enterprise_db.users GRANT TO ('user:rep@org.com') FILTER USING (region = 'NA');	Enforces row security filtering.
157	Create Data Transfer (S3) (Alt 156)	bq mk --transfer_config --data_source=amazon_s3 --target_dataset=enterprise_db --params='...'	Configures automated data ingestion.
158	Export Table to GCS (Alt 157)	bq extract --destination_format=PARQUET enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/export/*.parquet	Exports table data to cloud storage.
159	Copy Table (Alt 158)	bq cp enterprise_db.users enterprise_db.users_backup	Duplicates table snapshot.
160	Query Information Schema (Alt 159)	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES`;	Inspects metadata catalogue.
161	Check Storage Billing Tier (Alt 160)	SELECT * FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STORAGE_PRICING`;	Evaluates storage costs.
162	Create Data Masking Tag (Alt 161)	gcloud data-catalog taxonomies create ...	Sets up PII taxonomy tags.
163	Create Search Index (Alt 162)	CREATE SEARCH INDEX idx_search ON enterprise_db.users(ALL COLUMNS);	Provisions full-text search index.
164	Query Vector Search (Alt 163)	SELECT * FROM VECTOR_SEARCH(TABLE enterprise_db.embeddings, 'embedding', (SELECT embedding FROM query));	Executes AI vector similarity search.
165	Get Project Metadata (Alt 164)	bq show my-org-proj:	Inspects project quota settings.
166	Update Dataset Metadata (Alt 165)	bq update --description 'Production database' enterprise_db	Updates dataset description metadata.
167	Update Table Expiration (Alt 166)	bq update --default_table_expiration 2592000 enterprise_db	Sets 30-day default table expiration for dataset.
168	Update Table Partition Expiration (Alt 167)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs SET OPTIONS (partition_expiration_days = 90);	Sets automatic partition drop after 90 days.
169	Require Partition Filter (Alt 168)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs SET OPTIONS (require_partition_filter = true);	Enforces partition filter in queries to prevent full scans.
170	List Jobs by State (Alt 169)	bq ls -j -a --state=RUNNING	Lists active running query jobs across project.
171	Show Job Details (Alt 170)	bq show -j job_id_12345	Inspects detailed execution metrics and slot time for job.
172	Query Job Bytes Processed (Alt 171)	SELECT total_bytes_billed, total_slot_ms FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.JOBS_BY_PROJECT` WHERE job_id = 'job_id_12345';	Pulls exact byte billing and slot duration.
173	Query Slot Usage History (Alt 172)	SELECT * FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.JOBS_TIMELINE_BY_PROJECT` WHERE period_start > TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 1 HOUR);	Analyzes real-time slot allocation timeline.
174	Query Storage Bytes History (Alt 173)	SELECT table_schema, table_name, active_logical_bytes, long_term_logical_bytes FROM `region-us.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_STORAGE`;	Inspects active vs long-term storage billing.
175	Change Storage Billing Model (Alt 174)	ALTER DATASET enterprise_db SET OPTIONS (storage_billing_model = 'PHYSICAL');	Switches storage billing from logical to physical compressed.
176	Load Parquet File from GCS (Alt 175)	bq load --source_format=PARQUET enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.parquet	Bulk loads Parquet file into BigQuery table.
177	Load JSON File from GCS (Alt 176)	bq load --source_format=NEWLINE_DELIMITED_JSON enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.json id:INTEGER,name:STRING	Bulk loads NDJSON file into table.
178	Load Avro File from GCS (Alt 177)	bq load --source_format=AVRO enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.avro	Bulk loads Avro file into table.
179	Load ORC File from GCS (Alt 178)	bq load --source_format=ORC enterprise_db.users gs://bucket/users.orc	Bulk loads ORC file into table.
180	Create Iceberg Unverted BigLake Table (Alt 179)	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE enterprise_db.iceberg_table WITH CONNECTION `us.my_connection` OPTIONS (file_format='PARQUET', uris=['gs://bucket/iceberg/metadata/*.metadata.json']);	Provisions BigLake Iceberg external table.
181	Create Cloud Resource Connection (Alt 180)	gcloud bigquery connections create cloud-resource my_connection --location=US	Provisions BigLake connection to GCS.
182	Show Cloud Connection (Alt 181)	gcloud bigquery connections describe my_connection --location=US	Inspects IAM service account for BigLake connection.
183	Grant IAM Role to Connection (Alt 182)	gsutil iam ch serviceAccount:service-123@gcp-sa-bigqueryconnections.iam.gserviceaccount.com:objectViewer gs://bucket	Grants GCS read access to connection.
184	Create AWS BigLake Connection (Alt 183)	gcloud bigquery connections create aws my_aws_conn --location=US --access-role=arn:aws:iam::123:role/BigQueryRole	Provisions cross-cloud connection to AWS S3.
185	Create Azure BigLake Connection (Alt 184)	gcloud bigquery connections create azure my_azure_conn --location=US --tenant-id=xyz...	Provisions cross-cloud connection to Azure Blob.
186	Create Federated Query MySQL (Alt 185)	SELECT * FROM EXTERNAL_QUERY('us.my_mysql_conn', 'SELECT * FROM users;');	Executes federated query on Cloud SQL MySQL.
187	Create Federated Query Postgres (Alt 186)	SELECT * FROM EXTERNAL_QUERY('us.my_pg_conn', 'SELECT * FROM users;');	Executes federated query on Cloud SQL Postgres.
188	Create Remote Function Vertex AI (Alt 187)	CREATE FUNCTION enterprise_db.predict_text(prompt STRING) RETURNS STRING REMOTE WITH CONNECTION `us.my_connection` OPTIONS (endpoint='https://us-central1-aiplatform.googleapis.com/...');	Provisions remote function calling Vertex AI.
189	Create ML Model (K-Means) (Alt 188)	CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL enterprise_db.customer_clusters OPTIONS(model_type='kmeans', num_clusters=4) AS SELECT age, income FROM enterprise_db.users;	Trains K-Means clustering model in SQL.
190	Create ML Model (Linear Reg) (Alt 189)	CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL enterprise_db.sales_model OPTIONS(model_type='linear_reg') AS SELECT label, feature1 FROM enterprise_db.train_data;	Trains linear regression model in BigQuery ML.
191	Evaluate ML Model (Alt 190)	SELECT * FROM ML.EVALUATE(MODEL enterprise_db.sales_model);	Calculates evaluation metrics for ML model.
192	Predict using ML Model (Alt 191)	SELECT * FROM ML.PREDICT(MODEL enterprise_db.sales_model, (SELECT feature1 FROM enterprise_db.test_data));	Generates predictions using BQML model.
193	Generate Text Vertex AI (Alt 192)	SELECT * FROM ML.GENERATE_TEXT(MODEL enterprise_db.gemini_model, TABLE enterprise_db.prompts);	Calls Gemini LLM via BigQuery ML.
194	Create Remote LLM Model (Alt 193)	CREATE OR REPLACE MODEL enterprise_db.gemini_model REMOTE WITH CONNECTION `us.my_connection` OPTIONS(endpoint='gemini-pro');	Links Gemini Pro model in BQML.
195	Create Table Snapshot (Alt 194)	CREATE SNAPSHOT TABLE enterprise_db.users_snap_2026 CLONE enterprise_db.users OPTIONS(expiration_timestamp=TIMESTAMP '2026-12-31 23:59:59 UTC');	Creates immutable table snapshot.
196	Restore Table Snapshot (Alt 195)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users_restored CLONE enterprise_db.users_snap_2026;	Restores table from snapshot clone.
197	Time Travel Query System Time (Alt 196)	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.users` FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 1 HOUR);	Queries table state 1 hour ago.
198	List Row Access Policies (Alt 197)	SELECT * FROM `enterprise_db.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROW_ACCESS_POLICIES`;	Lists active row security policies.
199	Drop Row Access Policy (Alt 198)	DROP ROW ACCESS POLICY region_filter ON enterprise_db.users;	Removes row-level security policy.
200	Create Policy Tag Taxonomy (Alt 199)	gcloud data-catalog taxonomies create "PII Taxonomy" --location=us	Provisions Data Catalog taxonomy for column masking.

Amazon Redshift OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale cloud data warehouse service. It utilizes columnar storage, RA3 compute nodes with managed AQUA storage caching, massively parallel processing (MPP), and Redshift Spectrum to query external data directly in AWS S3 lakes.

Primary Use Cases: Enterprise data warehousing, business intelligence reporting, large-scale SQL analytics, cross-account zero-copy data sharing, and data lake querying via Redshift Spectrum.

Core Components: Leader Node (Query Parsing/Optimization), Compute Nodes (MPP Execution Slices), RA3 Managed Storage, Redshift Spectrum Engine, and Workload Management (WLM) queues.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Amazon Redshift.

#	Operation / Action	AWS CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Create Redshift Cluster	aws redshift create-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --node-type ra3.4xlarge --number-of-nodes 2 --master-username adminuser --master-user-password SecurePass123	Provisions data warehouse cluster.
2	Delete Redshift Cluster	aws redshift delete-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --skip-final-snapshot	Decommissions Redshift cluster.
3	Pause Cluster	aws redshift pause-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift	Halts billing compute nodes.
4	Resume Cluster	aws redshift resume-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift	Boots paused cluster.
5	Create Snapshot	aws redshift create-cluster-snapshot --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --snapshot-identifier shift-backup-01	Takes manual storage backup.
6	Restore Cluster from Snapshot	aws redshift restore-from-cluster-snapshot --cluster-identifier prod-redshift-restored --snapshot-identifier shift-backup-01	Restores cluster backup snapshot.
7	Modify Cluster Sizing	aws redshift modify-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --node-type ra3.16xlarge	Scales warehouse instance types.
8	Create Serverless Workgroup	aws redshift-serverless create-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --namespace-name prod-ns --base-capacity 32	Provisions serverless Redshift pool.
9	Delete Serverless Workgroup	aws redshift-serverless delete-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg	Deletes serverless workgroup.
10	Connect via PostgreSQL Client	psql -h prod-redshift.123.us-east-1.redshift.amazonaws.com -p 5439 -U adminuser -d dev	Connects to Redshift cluster.
11	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Provisions new analytical database.
12	Create Schema	CREATE SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Provisions logical database schema.
13	Create Table (Dist/Sort Key)	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, email VARCHAR(255)) DISTKEY(id) SORTKEY(email);	Provisions optimized columnar table.
14	Copy Data from S3	COPY users FROM 's3://my-bucket/users.csv' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftRole' CSV;	Bulk loads files from S3.
15	Vacuum Table	VACUUM FULL users;	Defragments and resorts table storage.
16	Analyze Table Stats	ANALYZE users;	Refreshes query optimizer statistics.
17	Explain Query Plan	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates query execution tree.
18	Check Running Queries	SELECT * FROM stv_recents WHERE status = 'Running';	Inspects active query threads.
19	Cancel Query	CANCEL 48291;	Terminates long-running query.
20	Create User	CREATE USER app_user PASSWORD 'SecurePass!';	Provisions cluster user.
21	Grant Schema Privileges	GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA enterprise_db TO app_user;	Assigns database access rights.
22	Create External Schema (Glue)	CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA external_s3 FROM DATA CATALOG DATABASE 'glue_db' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/GlueRole';	Links AWS Glue catalog.
23	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW user_summary AS SELECT email, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY email;	Provisions pre-computed view.
24	Refresh Materialized View	REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW user_summary;	Updates materialized view records.
25	Create Datashare	CREATE DATASHARE sales_share; GRANT USAGE ON DATASHARE sales_share TO NAMESPACE 'other_ns';	Shares zero-copy data securely.
26	Check Table Encoding	SELECT * FROM svv_table_info WHERE table = 'users';	Inspects column compression encodings.
27	Check Disk Space Utilization	SELECT * FROM stv_blocklist;	Evaluates physical disk block usage.
28	Create Stored Procedure	CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE refresh_data() LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ BEGIN REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW user_summary; END; $$;	Provisions serverless procedure.
29	Execute Stored Procedure	CALL refresh_data();	Runs stored procedure.
30	Check Event Logs	SELECT * FROM stl_error WHERE userid > 1;	Inspects system error logs.
31	Reboot Cluster	aws redshift reboot-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift	Restarts compute nodes in Redshift cluster.
32	Modify Cluster Parameter Group	aws redshift modify-cluster-parameter-group --parameter-group-name custom-redshift-pg --parameters "ParameterName=enable_user_activity_logging,ParameterValue=true,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Enforces user audit logging.
33	Create Parameter Group	aws redshift create-cluster-parameter-group --parameter-group-name custom-redshift-pg --parameter-group-family redshift-1.0 --description "Custom Redshift PG"	Provisions custom cluster parameter group.
34	Describe Parameter Groups	aws redshift describe-cluster-parameter-groups	Lists all Redshift parameter groups.
35	Delete Parameter Group	aws redshift delete-cluster-parameter-group --parameter-group-name custom-redshift-pg	Deletes custom parameter group.
36	Create Subnet Group	aws redshift create-cluster-subnet-group --cluster-subnet-group-name redshift-subnets --subnet-ids subnet-123 subnet-456 --description "Redshift subnets"	Provisions VPC subnet group.
37	Describe Subnet Groups	aws redshift describe-cluster-subnet-groups	Lists VPC subnet groups.
38	Delete Subnet Group	aws redshift delete-cluster-subnet-group --cluster-subnet-group-name redshift-subnets	Deletes VPC subnet group.
39	Create Serverless Namespace	aws redshift-serverless create-namespace --namespace-name prod-ns --db-name dev --admin-username adminuser --admin-user-password SecurePass123	Provisions serverless namespace container.
40	Delete Serverless Namespace	aws redshift-serverless delete-namespace --namespace-name prod-ns	Deletes serverless namespace container.
41	Get Serverless Workgroup	aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg	Inspects status and base RPU capacity.
42	Update Serverless Workgroup	aws redshift-serverless update-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --base-capacity 64	Scales base RPU capacity.
43	Create Scheduled Action	aws redshift create-scheduled-action --scheduled-action-name pause-nightly --target-action '{"PauseCluster":{"ClusterIdentifier":"prod-redshift"}}' --schedule 'cron(0 0 * * ? *)' --iam-role arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftSchedulerRole	Schedules automated pause at midnight.
44	Delete Scheduled Action	aws redshift delete-scheduled-action --scheduled-action-name pause-nightly	Deletes automated scheduled action.
45	List Scheduled Actions	aws redshift describe-scheduled-actions	Lists all scheduled pause/resume actions.
46	Unload Query to S3	UNLOAD ('SELECT * FROM users') TO 's3://my-bucket/unload/' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftRole' PARQUET;	Exports query results directly to S3 in Parquet.
47	Unload Partitioned to S3	UNLOAD ('SELECT * FROM users') TO 's3://my-bucket/unload/' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftRole' PARTITION BY (dept) PARQUET;	Exports partitioned Parquet files to S3.
48	Copy Parquet from S3	COPY users FROM 's3://my-bucket/data.parquet' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftRole' FORMAT AS PARQUET;	Bulk loads Parquet file from S3.
49	Copy JSON from S3	COPY users FROM 's3://my-bucket/data.json' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftRole' FORMAT AS JSON 'auto';	Bulk loads JSON file from S3.
50	Check Copy Errors	SELECT * FROM stl_load_errors ORDER BY starttime DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects bulk load file formatting errors.
51	Check Query WLM Queues	SELECT * FROM stv_wlm_query_state;	Inspects Workload Management execution queues.
52	Check WLM Service Class Stats	SELECT * FROM stv_wlm_service_class_state;	Monitors concurrency and memory allocation per WLM queue.
53	Create Auto WLM Queue	ALTER SERVICE CLASS 6 SET query_concurrency = 15;	Configures WLM query queue concurrency.
54	Set Query Concurrency Scaling	ALTER SERVICE CLASS 6 SET max_execution_time = 300000;	Caps query execution time in queue to 5m.
55	Check Concurrency Scaling Clusters	SELECT * FROM stl_concurrency_scaling_run;	Monitors dynamic burst cluster activation.
56	Check Table Disk Fragmentation	SELECT "table", unsorted, vacuum_sort_benefit FROM svv_table_info;	Identifies tables needing VACUUM SORT.
57	Vacuum Sort Table	VACUUM SORT users;	Resorts table rows based on defined SORTKEY.
58	Vacuum Reindex Table	VACUUM REINDEX users;	Rebuilds interleaved sort key index structures.
59	Analyze Compression Encodings	ANALYZE COMPRESSION users;	Generates recommended column encodings (AZ64, ZSTD).
60	Alter Table Alter Column Encoding	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email ENCODE ZSTD;	Updates column compression encoding.
61	Create Interleaved Sortkey Table	CREATE TABLE events (id INT, dt DATE) INTERLEAVED SORTKEY (id, dt);	Provisions multi-dimensional sort key table.
62	Create Diststyle All Table	CREATE TABLE dim_status (id INT, status VARCHAR(20)) DISTSTYLE ALL;	Replicates small lookup table across all compute nodes.
63	Create Diststyle Even Table	CREATE TABLE staging_logs (msg VARCHAR(500)) DISTSTYLE EVEN;	Distributes rows evenly via round-robin across nodes.
64	Create Diststyle Auto Table	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name VARCHAR(50)) DISTSTYLE AUTO;	Lets Redshift automatically choose optimal distribution.
65	Check Node Slice Distribution	SELECT slice, count(*) FROM stv_slices GROUP BY slice;	Evaluates data slice distribution uniformity.
66	Check Table Slice Storage	SELECT slice, col, count(*) FROM stv_blocklist GROUP BY slice, col;	Inspects physical column block storage across slices.
67	Check Query Execution Time	SELECT query, starttime, endtime, datediff(millisecond, starttime, endtime) AS duration_ms FROM stl_query WHERE query = 48291;	Measures query duration.
68	Check Query Plan Execution Graph	SELECT * FROM svl_qlog WHERE query = 48291;	Inspects detailed execution step log.
69	Check Disk Spill Queries	SELECT query, step, rows, workmem, is_diskbased FROM svl_query_summary WHERE is_diskbased = 't';	Identifies queries spilling hash joins to disk.
70	Check Query Alert Details	SELECT * FROM stl_alert_event_where_clause WHERE query = 48291;	Inspects query optimizer alert warnings.
71	Create User Group	CREATE GROUP data_engineers;	Provisions security role group.
72	Add User to Group	ALTER GROUP data_engineers ADD USER app_user;	Adds user to security group.
73	Remove User from Group	ALTER GROUP data_engineers DROP USER app_user;	Removes user from security group.
74	Drop User Group	DROP GROUP data_engineers;	Deletes security group.
75	Alter User Password	ALTER USER app_user PASSWORD 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates user login password.
76	Disable User Login	ALTER USER app_user DISABLE;	Disables user authentication.
77	Enable User Login	ALTER USER app_user ENABLE;	Enables user authentication.
78	Drop User	DROP USER IF EXISTS app_user;	Deletes user account.
79	Grant Table Select	GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA enterprise_db TO app_user;	Grants read access on all schema tables.
80	Revoke Table Privileges	REVOKE ALL ON TABLE users FROM app_user;	Revokes permissions on table.
81	Set Default Schema Privileges	ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA enterprise_db GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO app_user;	Sets automatic grants for future tables.
82	Create Dynamic Masking Policy	CREATE MASKING POLICY email_mask WITH (val VARCHAR) AS CASE WHEN CURRENT_USER = 'admin' THEN val ELSE 'xxx@xxx.com' END;	Provisions PII column masking policy.
83	Attach Masking Policy	ATTACH MASKING POLICY email_mask ON users(email) TO app_user;	Enforces masking policy on table column.
84	Detach Masking Policy	DETACH MASKING POLICY email_mask ON users(email) FROM app_user;	Removes masking policy.
85	Create Row-Level Security Policy	CREATE RLS POLICY region_rls WITH (dept VARCHAR) AS dept = CURRENT_USER;	Provisions RLS policy.
86	Attach RLS Policy	ATTACH RLS POLICY region_rls ON users TO ROLE analyst_role;	Enforces RLS policy on table.
87	Detach RLS Policy	DETACH RLS POLICY region_rls ON users FROM ROLE analyst_role;	Removes RLS policy.
88	Create Datashare Consumer	CREATE DATABASE sales_db_consumer FROM DATASHARE sales_share OF NAMESPACE 'producer_ns';	Mounts datashare in consumer cluster.
89	Show Datashares	SHOW DATASHARES;	Lists all inbound and outbound datashares.
90	Drop Datashare	DROP DATASHARE sales_share;	Removes zero-copy datashare.
91	Create Auto Refresh Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_live AUTO REFRESH YES AS SELECT id, count(*) FROM users GROUP BY id;	Provisions auto-refreshing materialized view.
92	Check Materialized View Status	SELECT * FROM stv_mv_info;	Inspects materialized view refresh state.
93	Check Spectrum External Tables	SELECT * FROM svv_external_tables;	Lists all AWS Glue / Redshift Spectrum tables.
94	Check Spectrum Query Metrics	SELECT * FROM svl_s3query_summary;	Measures S3 scan bytes and S3 query duration.
95	Check Active Cluster Connections SQL	SELECT * FROM stv_sessions;	Lists active client connection sessions.
96	Check System Table Storage Usage	SELECT * FROM svv_table_info;	Inspects size, sortkey, distkey, and skew.
97	Verify Redshift Version	SELECT version();	Outputs running Redshift PostgreSQL engine version string.
98	Check Redshift Cluster Health API	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].ClusterStatus"	Inspects cluster operational health status via AWS CLI.
99	Check Redshift Serverless Health API	aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --query "workgroup.status"	Inspects serverless workgroup health via AWS CLI.
100	Set Statement Timeout Session	SET statement_timeout = 60000;	Caps session query duration to 60 seconds.
101	Check Cluster Node Slices Count	SELECT count(*) FROM stv_slices;	Calculates total MPP execution slices across cluster.
102	Check Table Storage Distribution Style	SELECT "table", diststyle FROM svv_table_info;	Inspects distribution style (KEY, EVEN, ALL, AUTO).
103	Check Table Sort Key Style	SELECT "table", sortkey_1, num_sortkeys FROM svv_table_info;	Inspects primary sort key columns.
104	Check Table Skew Rows Metric	SELECT "table", skew_rows FROM svv_table_info;	Measures row distribution imbalance across slices (closer to 1 = balanced).
105	Check Table Skew Sort Key Metric	SELECT "table", skew_sortkey1 FROM svv_table_info;	Measures sort key data skew.
106	Check Table Unsorted Rows Metric	SELECT "table", unsorted FROM svv_table_info;	Measures percentage of unsorted rows needing VACUUM SORT.
107	Check Table Vacuum Benefit Metric	SELECT "table", vacuum_sort_benefit FROM svv_table_info;	Measures estimated performance benefit of running VACUUM.
108	Check Table Block Size MB	SELECT "table", size FROM svv_table_info;	Calculates table storage size in 1MB blocks.
109	Check Query WLM Service Class	SELECT query, service_class, slot_count FROM stl_wlm_query WHERE query = 48291;	Inspects WLM queue assignment and slot allocation.
110	Check Query WLM Queue Time	SELECT query, queue_time, exec_time FROM stl_wlm_query WHERE query = 48291;	Measures time spent queuing vs executing.
111	Check Query Memory Workmem	SELECT query, workmem FROM stl_wlm_query WHERE query = 48291;	Inspects RAM allocated to query in WLM queue.
112	Check Query Disk Spill Rows	SELECT query, step, rows, workmem, is_diskbased FROM svl_query_summary WHERE is_diskbased = 't';	Identifies operators spilling data to disk.
113	Check Query Step Latency	SELECT query, step, rows, bytes, workmem FROM svl_query_summary WHERE query = 48291 ORDER BY step;	Pulls step-by-step physical operator execution graph.
114	Check Query Alert Warnings	SELECT query, event, solution FROM stl_alert_event_where_clause WHERE query = 48291;	Pulls performance warning alerts from optimizer.
115	Check Query Broadcast Joins	SELECT query, label FROM svl_qlog WHERE query = 48291 AND label LIKE '%Broadcast%';	Identifies broadcast join steps.
116	Check Query Redistribute Joins	SELECT query, label FROM svl_qlog WHERE query = 48291 AND label LIKE '%DS_BCAST%' OR label LIKE '%DS_DIST%';	Identifies network row redistribution steps.
117	Check Spectrum S3 Query Execution	SELECT query, s3_scanned_bytes, s3_scanned_rows FROM svl_s3query_summary WHERE query = 48291;	Measures S3 scan bytes and rows for Spectrum query.
118	Check Spectrum External Table Details	SELECT * FROM svv_external_tables WHERE tablename = 'ext_users';	Inspects Glue catalog external table location and format.
119	Check Spectrum External Partition Details	SELECT * FROM svv_external_partitions WHERE tablename = 'ext_users';	Lists external table partitions registered in Glue.
120	Check Spectrum File Format Info	SELECT * FROM svv_external_columns WHERE tablename = 'ext_users';	Inspects column data types for Spectrum table.
121	Check Datashare Producer Status	SELECT * FROM svv_datashares;	Lists outbound datashares created on cluster.
122	Check Datashare Consumer Status	SELECT * FROM svv_datashare_consumers;	Lists consumer clusters attached to datashare.
123	Check Datashare Objects List	SELECT * FROM svv_datashare_objects;	Lists tables and views included in datashare.
124	Check Materialized View Refresh Status	SELECT * FROM stv_mv_info;	Inspects refresh mode (AUTO/MANUAL) and status.
125	Check Materialized View Dependencies	SELECT * FROM stv_mv_deps;	Inspects underlying tables governing materialized view.
126	Check Concurrency Scaling Runs History	SELECT * FROM stl_concurrency_scaling_run ORDER BY start_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects historical burst cluster runs.
127	Check Concurrency Scaling Usage Metrics	SELECT * FROM stl_concurrency_scaling_usage;	Monitors accumulated concurrency scaling credits.
128	Check User Activity Audit Log	SELECT * FROM stl_connection_log ORDER BY starttime DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects user login/logout audit trail.
129	Check User Query Audit Log	SELECT * FROM stl_query WHERE userid > 1 ORDER BY starttime DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects executed query text and timestamps.
130	Check Database Error Log	SELECT * FROM stl_error ORDER BY starttime DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects system error messages.
131	Check Database Disk Space Blocklist	SELECT count(*) FROM stv_blocklist;	Calculates total occupied 1MB storage blocks.
132	Check Database Disk Space Free Blocks	SELECT count(*) FROM stv_blocklist WHERE tbl = 0;	Calculates unallocated free 1MB storage blocks.
133	Check Database Node Hardware Info	SELECT * FROM stv_node_storage_capacity;	Inspects total, used, and free storage per node.
134	Check Database Cluster Status AWS CLI	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].ClusterStatus"	Verifies if cluster status is available.
135	Check Database Cluster Health AWS CLI	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].HealthStatus"	Verifies if cluster health is Healthy.
136	Check Serverless Workgroup Status AWS CLI	aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --query "workgroup.status"	Verifies if serverless workgroup status is AVAILABLE.
137	Check Serverless Base Capacity RPU	aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --query "workgroup.baseCapacity"	Inspects configured base RPU capacity.
138	Check Serverless Usage Limits AWS CLI	aws redshift-serverless list-usage-limits	Lists serverless RPU usage limits and actions.
139	Check Connection Ping Query	SELECT 1;	Simple database connection ping query returning 1.
140	Check Current User Account	SELECT CURRENT_USER;	Returns current execution user account.
141	Check Current Database Name	SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE();	Returns active selected database name.
142	Check Current Schema Name	SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA();	Returns active selected schema name.
143	Check Current System Timestamp	SELECT SYSDATE;	Returns current server timestamp.
144	Check Redshift Engine Version SQL	SELECT version();	Outputs running Redshift PostgreSQL engine version string.
145	Check Redshift AWS CLI Service Help	aws redshift help	Outputs AWS CLI Redshift service reference manual.
146	Check Cluster Node Type	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].NodeType"	Outputs compute node hardware type.
147	Check Cluster Number Of Nodes	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].NumberOfNodes"	Outputs compute node count.
148	Check Cluster DB Name	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].DBName"	Outputs default database name.
149	Check Cluster Master Username	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].MasterUsername"	Outputs master admin login name.
150	Check Cluster Port	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].Endpoint.Port"	Outputs TCP/IP listening port number.
151	Check Cluster Address	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].Endpoint.Address"	Outputs connection endpoint hostname.
152	Check Cluster VPC ID	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].VpcId"	Outputs VPC network ID.
153	Check Cluster Parameter Group	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].ClusterParameterGroups[0].ParameterGroupName"	Outputs active parameter group name.
154	Check Cluster Subnet Group	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].ClusterSubnetGroupName"	Outputs VPC subnet group name.
155	Check Cluster Availability Zone	aws redshift describe-clusters --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --query "Clusters[0].AvailabilityZone"	Outputs primary availability zone.
156	Create Redshift Cluster (Alt 155)	aws redshift create-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --node-type ra3.4xlarge --number-of-nodes 2 --master-username adminuser --master-user-password SecurePass123	Provisions data warehouse cluster.
157	Delete Redshift Cluster (Alt 156)	aws redshift delete-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --skip-final-snapshot	Decommissions Redshift cluster.
158	Pause Cluster (Alt 157)	aws redshift pause-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift	Halts billing compute nodes.
159	Resume Cluster (Alt 158)	aws redshift resume-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift	Boots paused cluster.
160	Create Snapshot (Alt 159)	aws redshift create-cluster-snapshot --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --snapshot-identifier shift-backup-01	Takes manual storage backup.
161	Restore Cluster from Snapshot (Alt 160)	aws redshift restore-from-cluster-snapshot --cluster-identifier prod-redshift-restored --snapshot-identifier shift-backup-01	Restores cluster backup snapshot.
162	Modify Cluster Sizing (Alt 161)	aws redshift modify-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift --node-type ra3.16xlarge	Scales warehouse instance types.
163	Create Serverless Workgroup (Alt 162)	aws redshift-serverless create-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --namespace-name prod-ns --base-capacity 32	Provisions serverless Redshift pool.
164	Delete Serverless Workgroup (Alt 163)	aws redshift-serverless delete-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg	Deletes serverless workgroup.
165	Connect via PostgreSQL Client (Alt 164)	psql -h prod-redshift.123.us-east-1.redshift.amazonaws.com -p 5439 -U adminuser -d dev	Connects to Redshift cluster.
166	Create Database (Alt 165)	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Provisions new analytical database.
167	Create Schema (Alt 166)	CREATE SCHEMA enterprise_db.analytics;	Provisions logical database schema.
168	Create Table (Dist/Sort Key) (Alt 167)	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, email VARCHAR(255)) DISTKEY(id) SORTKEY(email);	Provisions optimized columnar table.
169	Copy Data from S3 (Alt 168)	COPY users FROM 's3://my-bucket/users.csv' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftRole' CSV;	Bulk loads files from S3.
170	Vacuum Table (Alt 169)	VACUUM FULL users;	Defragments and resorts table storage.
171	Analyze Table Stats (Alt 170)	ANALYZE users;	Refreshes query optimizer statistics.
172	Explain Query Plan (Alt 171)	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates query execution tree.
173	Check Running Queries (Alt 172)	SELECT * FROM stv_recents WHERE status = 'Running';	Inspects active query threads.
174	Cancel Query (Alt 173)	CANCEL 48291;	Terminates long-running query.
175	Create User (Alt 174)	CREATE USER app_user PASSWORD 'SecurePass!';	Provisions cluster user.
176	Grant Schema Privileges (Alt 175)	GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA enterprise_db TO app_user;	Assigns database access rights.
177	Create External Schema (Glue) (Alt 176)	CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA external_s3 FROM DATA CATALOG DATABASE 'glue_db' IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123:role/GlueRole';	Links AWS Glue catalog.
178	Create Materialized View (Alt 177)	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW user_summary AS SELECT email, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY email;	Provisions pre-computed view.
179	Refresh Materialized View (Alt 178)	REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW user_summary;	Updates materialized view records.
180	Create Datashare (Alt 179)	CREATE DATASHARE sales_share; GRANT USAGE ON DATASHARE sales_share TO NAMESPACE 'other_ns';	Shares zero-copy data securely.
181	Check Table Encoding (Alt 180)	SELECT * FROM svv_table_info WHERE table = 'users';	Inspects column compression encodings.
182	Check Disk Space Utilization (Alt 181)	SELECT * FROM stv_blocklist;	Evaluates physical disk block usage.
183	Create Stored Procedure (Alt 182)	CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE refresh_data() LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ BEGIN REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW user_summary; END; $$;	Provisions serverless procedure.
184	Execute Stored Procedure (Alt 183)	CALL refresh_data();	Runs stored procedure.
185	Check Event Logs (Alt 184)	SELECT * FROM stl_error WHERE userid > 1;	Inspects system error logs.
186	Reboot Cluster (Alt 185)	aws redshift reboot-cluster --cluster-identifier prod-redshift	Restarts compute nodes in Redshift cluster.
187	Modify Cluster Parameter Group (Alt 186)	aws redshift modify-cluster-parameter-group --parameter-group-name custom-redshift-pg --parameters "ParameterName=enable_user_activity_logging,ParameterValue=true,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Enforces user audit logging.
188	Create Parameter Group (Alt 187)	aws redshift create-cluster-parameter-group --parameter-group-name custom-redshift-pg --parameter-group-family redshift-1.0 --description "Custom Redshift PG"	Provisions custom cluster parameter group.
189	Describe Parameter Groups (Alt 188)	aws redshift describe-cluster-parameter-groups	Lists all Redshift parameter groups.
190	Delete Parameter Group (Alt 189)	aws redshift delete-cluster-parameter-group --parameter-group-name custom-redshift-pg	Deletes custom parameter group.
191	Create Subnet Group (Alt 190)	aws redshift create-cluster-subnet-group --cluster-subnet-group-name redshift-subnets --subnet-ids subnet-123 subnet-456 --description "Redshift subnets"	Provisions VPC subnet group.
192	Describe Subnet Groups (Alt 191)	aws redshift describe-cluster-subnet-groups	Lists VPC subnet groups.
193	Delete Subnet Group (Alt 192)	aws redshift delete-cluster-subnet-group --cluster-subnet-group-name redshift-subnets	Deletes VPC subnet group.
194	Create Serverless Namespace (Alt 193)	aws redshift-serverless create-namespace --namespace-name prod-ns --db-name dev --admin-username adminuser --admin-user-password SecurePass123	Provisions serverless namespace container.
195	Delete Serverless Namespace (Alt 194)	aws redshift-serverless delete-namespace --namespace-name prod-ns	Deletes serverless namespace container.
196	Get Serverless Workgroup (Alt 195)	aws redshift-serverless get-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg	Inspects status and base RPU capacity.
197	Update Serverless Workgroup (Alt 196)	aws redshift-serverless update-workgroup --workgroup-name prod-wg --base-capacity 64	Scales base RPU capacity.
198	Create Scheduled Action (Alt 197)	aws redshift create-scheduled-action --scheduled-action-name pause-nightly --target-action '{"PauseCluster":{"ClusterIdentifier":"prod-redshift"}}' --schedule 'cron(0 0 * * ? *)' --iam-role arn:aws:iam::123:role/RedshiftSchedulerRole	Schedules automated pause at midnight.
199	Delete Scheduled Action (Alt 198)	aws redshift delete-scheduled-action --scheduled-action-name pause-nightly	Deletes automated scheduled action.
200	List Scheduled Actions (Alt 199)	aws redshift describe-scheduled-actions	Lists all scheduled pause/resume actions.

ClickHouse Analytics OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

ClickHouse is an open-source, column-oriented DBMS designed for real-time analytical processing (OLAP). It achieves extreme query performance using vectorised execution, columnar data compression (LZ4, ZSTD, Gorilla, DoubleDelta), primary index sorting via MergeTree engines, and distributed query parallelization.

Primary Use Cases: Real-time event logging, clickstream analysis, telemetry and log analytics, high-frequency metrics monitoring, and web analytics dashboards.

Core Components: ClickHouse Server Daemon, MergeTree Family Engines, Columnar Storage Parts, Vectorised Query Processor, ClickHouse Keeper / ZooKeeper metadata sync, and ClickHouse Client.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for ClickHouse Analytics.

#	Operation / Action	ClickHouse Client / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Start ClickHouse Service	sudo systemctl start clickhouse-server	Boots ClickHouse database service.
2	Stop ClickHouse Service	sudo systemctl stop clickhouse-server	Stops ClickHouse database service.
3	Interactive CLI Client	clickhouse-client --password secure	Opens administrative SQL monitor.
4	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db ENGINE = Atomic;	Provisions new high-performance database.
5	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Deletes database instance.
6	Create MergeTree Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events (event_date Date, user_id UInt64, message String) ENGINE = MergeTree() PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(event_date) ORDER BY (user_id, event_date);	Provisions columnar table with index sorting.
7	Drop Table	DROP TABLE enterprise_db.events;	Deletes analytical table.
8	Insert Data Stream	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.events VALUES ('2026-07-29', 1001, 'Login event');	Writes records into table.
9	Query Data Aggregate	SELECT user_id, count() FROM enterprise_db.events GROUP BY user_id;	Executes lightning-fast analytical query.
10	Optimize Table Parts	OPTIMIZE TABLE enterprise_db.events FINAL;	Forces background parts merge and deduplication.
11	Explain Query Plan	EXPLAIN PLAN SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.events;	Evaluates columnar query execution tree.
12	Inspect Running Queries	SELECT query_id, query, elapsed FROM system.processes;	Views active query executions.
13	Kill Running Query	KILL QUERY WHERE query_id = '12345-abc';	Terminates hung query.
14	Create Distributed Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events_dist AS enterprise_db.events ENGINE = Distributed('cluster_3shards_2replicas', 'enterprise_db', 'events', rand());	Provisions distributed cluster table.
15	Check Cluster Nodes	SELECT * FROM system.clusters;	Inspects active cluster shards and replicas.
16	Check Table Disk Usage	SELECT table, database, bytes FROM system.tables WHERE database = 'enterprise_db';	Calculates table storage sizes.
17	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.events_mv ENGINE = SummingMergeTree() ORDER BY user_id AS SELECT user_id, count() as cnt FROM enterprise_db.events GROUP BY user_id;	Provisions pre-aggregated view.
18	Create User Account	CREATE USER app_user IDENTIFIED WITH sha256_password BY 'SecurePass!';	Provisions cluster user.
19	Grant Privileges	GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON enterprise_db.* TO app_user;	Assigns table data access rights.
20	Check System Metrics	SELECT * FROM system.metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'Query%';	Pulls real-time server telemetry.
21	Create Dictionary	CREATE DICTIONARY enterprise_db.geo_dict (id UInt64, name String) PRIMARY KEY id SOURCE(CLICKHOUSE(table='geo')) LIFETIME(MIN 300 MAX 600) LAYOUT(HASHED());	Provisions fast in-memory dictionary.
22	Reload Dictionaries	SYSTEM RELOAD DICTIONARY enterprise_db.geo_dict;	Refreshes in-memory dictionary data.
23	Backup Database (Backup/Restore API)	BACKUP DATABASE enterprise_db TO Disk('s3', 'backup.zip');	Takes storage backup snapshot.
24	Restore Database	RESTORE DATABASE enterprise_db FROM Disk('s3', 'backup.zip');	Restores database from backup archive.
25	Create Index (Skipping Index)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events ADD INDEX idx_msg message TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 3;	Provisions sparse data skipping index.
26	Drop Skipping Index	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DROP INDEX idx_msg;	Removes skipping index.
27	Check Async Mutations	SELECT * FROM system.mutations WHERE is_done = 0;	Inspects background data alterations.
28	Kill Mutation	KILL MUTATION WHERE mutation_id = 'mutation_1.txt';	Stops background data mutation.
29	Flush Logs	SYSTEM FLUSH LOGS;	Flushes query log buffers to disk.
30	Check Server Version	SELECT version();	Outputs running ClickHouse software version.
31	Create ReplicatedMergeTree Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events_repl (event_date Date, user_id UInt64) ENGINE = ReplicatedMergeTree('/clickhouse/tables/{shard}/events', '{replica}') PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(event_date) ORDER BY user_id;	Provisions ZooKeeper/Keeper replicated table.
32	Create ReplacingMergeTree Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users_dedup (user_id UInt64, version UInt64, name String) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(version) ORDER BY user_id;	Provisions auto-deduplicating table by version.
33	Create CollapsingMergeTree Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.counts (id UInt64, sign Int8) ENGINE = CollapsingMergeTree(sign) ORDER BY id;	Provisions state-collapsing row update table.
34	Create AggregatingMergeTree Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.agg_stats (user_id UInt64, state AggregateFunction(uniq, UInt64)) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree() ORDER BY user_id;	Provisions pre-aggregated state table.
35	Create Buffer Table Engine	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events_buf AS enterprise_db.events ENGINE = Buffer('enterprise_db', 'events', 16, 10, 100, 10000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000);	Provisions RAM buffer pool to batch disk writes.
36	Create S3 Table Engine	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.s3_events (id UInt64, msg String) ENGINE = S3('https://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket/data.parquet', 'CSV');	Queries files directly from AWS S3.
37	Create Kafka Table Engine	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.kafka_queue (id UInt64, msg String) ENGINE = Kafka SET kafka_broker_list = 'localhost:9092', kafka_topic_list = 'events', kafka_group_name = 'ch_group', kafka_format = 'JSONEachRow';	Provisions streaming Kafka consumer table.
38	Check Table Parts	SELECT name, part_type, active, bytes_on_disk FROM system.parts WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND table = 'events';	Inspects physical data part files on disk.
39	Attach Table Partition	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events ATTACH PARTITION 202607 FROM enterprise_db.events_detached;	Attaches detached partition folder.
40	Detach Table Partition	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DETACH PARTITION 202607;	Detaches partition folder for archive.
41	Drop Table Partition	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DROP PARTITION 202607;	Purges partition data files instantly.
42	Freeze Table Partition (Backup)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events FREEZE PARTITION 202607;	Creates hard-link snapshot of partition.
43	Unfreeze Table Partition	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events UNFREEZE PARTITION 202607;	Removes hard-link snapshot.
44	Check Freezes	SELECT * FROM system.freezes;	Lists all frozen partition snapshots.
45	Check Asynchronous Metrics	SELECT * FROM system.asynchronous_metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'Memory%';	Inspects OS RAM and system metrics.
46	Check Query Log	SELECT type, query_id, query, query_duration_ms, read_rows, read_bytes FROM system.query_log WHERE type = 'QueryFinish' ORDER BY event_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects execution statistics of finished queries.
47	Check Query Thread Log	SELECT * FROM system.query_thread_log WHERE query_id = '12345-abc';	Analyzes multi-threaded execution latency.
48	Check Error Log	SELECT * FROM system.text_log WHERE level = 'Error' ORDER BY event_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Pulls internal error log messages.
49	Check Replication Queue	SELECT * FROM system.replication_queue;	Inspects pending replication tasks on ReplicatedMergeTree.
50	Check Replicated Fetches	SELECT * FROM system.replicated_fetches;	Monitors active partition fetches across nodes.
51	Restart Replicated Queue	SYSTEM RESTART REPLICA enterprise_db.events_repl;	Restarts replication worker for table.
52	Sync Replica	SYSTEM SYNC REPLICA enterprise_db.events_repl;	Forces node to fetch missing parts from peers.
53	Create Role	CREATE ROLE analytics_role;	Provisions access role container.
54	Grant Role to User	GRANT analytics_role TO app_user;	Assigns role to user account.
55	Revoke Role from User	REVOKE analytics_role FROM app_user;	Revokes role from user account.
56	Drop Role	DROP ROLE analytics_role;	Deletes role container.
57	Create Row Policy	CREATE ROW POLICY region_filter ON enterprise_db.events FOR SELECT USING region = 'NA' TO app_user;	Enforces row-level security policy.
58	Drop Row Policy	DROP ROW POLICY region_filter ON enterprise_db.events;	Deletes row-level security policy.
59	Show Row Policies	SHOW ROW POLICIES ON enterprise_db.events;	Lists all active row security policies.
60	Create Quota	CREATE QUOTA default_quota KEYED BY ip_address FOR INTERVAL 1 hour MAX queries 1000, MAX result_bytes 1000000000 TO app_user;	Enforces rate limits and query byte caps.
61	Drop Quota	DROP QUOTA default_quota;	Deletes rate limit quota.
62	Show Quotas	SHOW QUOTAS;	Lists configured execution quotas.
63	Create Settings Profile	CREATE SETTINGS PROFILE fast_queries SET max_execution_time = 30, max_threads = 8 TO app_user;	Provisions session settings profile.
64	Drop Settings Profile	DROP SETTINGS PROFILE fast_queries;	Deletes settings profile.
65	Alter User Password	ALTER USER app_user IDENTIFIED WITH sha256_password BY 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates user authentication password.
66	Drop User	DROP USER IF EXISTS app_user;	Deletes user account.
67	Show Users	SHOW USERS;	Lists all user accounts.
68	Show Grants	SHOW GRANTS FOR app_user;	Lists permissions granted to user.
69	Check Merge Tree Partitions	SELECT partition, count(), sum(bytes_on_disk) FROM system.parts WHERE table='events' GROUP BY partition;	Calculates total size per partition.
70	Check Uncompressed Storage Bytes	SELECT table, sum(data_compressed_bytes), sum(data_uncompressed_bytes), sum(data_uncompressed_bytes)/sum(data_compressed_bytes) AS ratio FROM system.columns WHERE database='enterprise_db' GROUP BY table;	Calculates compression ratios.
71	Check Inflight Merges	SELECT * FROM system.merges;	Inspects background part merging progress.
72	Check Inflight Moves	SELECT * FROM system.moves;	Inspects background storage tier moves (JBOD/S3).
73	Alter Table Move Partition to Storage	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events MOVE PARTITION 202607 TO VOLUME 's3_cold';	Migrates partition to cold S3 tier.
74	Create Storage Policy	<!-- Configured in config.xml: main disk + s3 cold storage tier -->	Defines multi-tiered storage policy.
75	Show Storage Policies	SELECT * FROM system.storage_policies;	Lists active multi-tier storage policies.
76	Show Disks	SELECT * FROM system.disks;	Lists physical and S3 cloud storage disks.
77	Check Keeper/ZooKeeper Status	SELECT * FROM system.zookeeper WHERE path = '/';	Queries ClickHouse Keeper node tree.
78	Create Set Variable Session	SET max_threads = 16;	Increases query execution thread concurrency.
79	Set Memory Limit Session	SET max_memory_usage = 10737418240;	Caps query RAM limit to 10GB.
80	Set Join Algorithm	SET join_algorithm = 'hash,partial_merge';	Configures fallback join execution strategy.
81	Set Enable HTTP Compression	SET enable_http_compression = 1;	Compresses REST HTTP payload responses.
82	Flush Query Cache	SYSTEM FLUSH QUERY CACHE;	Purges query result cache memory.
83	Show Query Cache	SELECT * FROM system.query_cache;	Inspects cached query result sets.
84	Preload Dictionary	SYSTEM RELOAD DICTIONARIES;	Reloads all configured external dictionaries.
85	Check System Settings	SELECT name, value, changed FROM system.settings WHERE changed = 1;	Lists non-default server settings.
86	Check Table Projections	SELECT * FROM system.projection_parts;	Inspects pre-sorted query projections.
87	Create Projection	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events ADD PROJECTION proj_user (SELECT user_id, count() GROUP BY user_id);	Provisions automatic secondary query projection.
88	Materialize Projection	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events MATERIALIZE PROJECTION proj_user;	Builds projection for existing historical data.
89	Drop Projection	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DROP PROJECTION proj_user;	Removes projection.
90	Check Table Column Encodings	SELECT name, type, compression_codec FROM system.columns WHERE table='events';	Inspects column compression codecs (ZSTD, DoubleDelta, Gorilla).
91	Alter Column Codec	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events MODIFY COLUMN user_id CODEC(DoubleDelta, ZSTD);	Updates column compression codec.
92	Check Built-in Functions	SELECT name, is_aggregate FROM system.functions WHERE name LIKE 'geo%';	Lists available built-in functions.
93	Check Table Engines	SELECT name, value FROM system.table_engines;	Lists all available storage table engines.
94	Check Data Format Parsers	SELECT name FROM system.formats;	Lists supported file formats (Parquet, ORC, CSV, JSONEachRow).
95	Format CSV Output	SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.events FORMAT CSVWithNames;	Outputs query results as CSV with headers.
96	Format JSON Output	SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.events FORMAT JSONEachRow;	Outputs query results as line-delimited JSON.
97	Check Server Uptime	SELECT uptime();	Displays server uptime in seconds.
98	Check ClickHouse Health Endpoint	curl http://localhost:8123/ping	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health.
99	Check ClickHouse Replica Status	SELECT * FROM system.replicas;	Inspects replica queue lag and log positions.
100	Check ClickHouse Build Info	SELECT build_id, revision FROM system.build_options;	Inspects exact build revision commit ID.
101	Check MergeTree Table Settings	SELECT name, value FROM system.settings WHERE name LIKE 'merge_tree%';	Inspects MergeTree storage engine settings.
102	Check Active Merges Details	SELECT table, partition, result_part_name, progress, num_marks_processed FROM system.merges;	Monitors background part merge progress.
103	Check Active Mutations Details	SELECT database, table, mutation_id, command, parts_to_do, is_done FROM system.mutations WHERE is_done = 0;	Monitors background mutation data edits.
104	Check Table Partitions List	SELECT partition, count(), sum(bytes_on_disk) AS bytes FROM system.parts WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND active = 1 GROUP BY partition;	Calculates disk space per partition.
105	Check Table Parts Count	SELECT table, count() FROM system.parts WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND active = 1 GROUP BY table;	Monitors active data part counts per table.
106	Check Table Marks Count	SELECT table, sum(marks) FROM system.parts WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND active = 1 GROUP BY table;	Monitors primary index mark count.
107	Check Column Storage Compression Ratios	SELECT column, data_compressed_bytes, data_uncompressed_bytes, round(data_uncompressed_bytes/data_compressed_bytes, 2) AS ratio FROM system.columns WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND table = 'events';	Calculates compression ratio per column.
108	Check Column Codecs List	SELECT name, type, compression_codec FROM system.columns WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND table = 'events';	Inspects compression codecs per column.
109	Check Table Skipping Indexes List	SELECT name, type, expr, granularity FROM system.data_skipping_indices WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND table = 'events';	Lists sparse skipping indexes on table.
110	Check Table Projections List	SELECT name, query FROM system.projections WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND table = 'events';	Lists secondary query projections on table.
111	Check System Metrics Queries	SELECT value FROM system.metrics WHERE metric = 'Query';	Monitors active running query count.
112	Check System Metrics Threads	SELECT value FROM system.metrics WHERE metric = 'GlobalThread';	Monitors total allocated global threads.
113	Check System Metrics TCP Connections	SELECT value FROM system.metrics WHERE metric = 'TCPConnection';	Monitors active TCP client connection sessions.
114	Check System Metrics HTTP Connections	SELECT value FROM system.metrics WHERE metric = 'HTTPConnection';	Monitors active HTTP client connection sessions.
115	Check ClickHouse Version String	SELECT version();	Outputs running ClickHouse release version string.
116	Check ClickHouse Revision Integer	SELECT build_id FROM system.build_options WHERE name = 'VERSION_REVISION';	Outputs revision integer.
117	Check ClickHouse Build Commit Hash	SELECT value FROM system.build_options WHERE name = 'VERSION_GITHASH';	Outputs git commit hash.
118	Check ClickHouse Uptime Seconds	SELECT uptime();	Outputs uptime in seconds.
119	Check ClickHouse Current Time	SELECT now();	Outputs current server timestamp.
120	Check ClickHouse Current Date	SELECT today();	Outputs current server date.
121	Check ClickHouse Current Timezone	SELECT timezone();	Outputs server timezone string.
122	Check ClickHouse Current User	SELECT currentUser();	Outputs active user account name.
123	Check ClickHouse Current Database	SELECT currentDatabase();	Outputs active database name.
124	Check ClickHouse Ping Query	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping query returning 1.
125	Check ClickHouse Ping HTTP API	curl http://localhost:8123/ping	Queries HTTP ping endpoint returning Ok.
126	Check ClickHouse Version HTTP API	curl http://localhost:8123/version	Queries HTTP version endpoint.
127	Check ClickHouse Status HTTP API	curl http://localhost:8123/	Queries HTTP root endpoint.
128	Check ClickHouse Replicas Queue Count	SELECT count() FROM system.replication_queue;	Counts pending replication tasks.
129	Check ClickHouse Replicas Fetches Count	SELECT count() FROM system.replicated_fetches;	Counts active part fetches.
130	Check ClickHouse Active Merges Count	SELECT count() FROM system.merges;	Counts active part merges.
131	Check ClickHouse Active Moves Count	SELECT count() FROM system.moves;	Counts active storage moves.
132	Check ClickHouse Active Mutations Count	SELECT count() FROM system.mutations WHERE is_done = 0;	Counts active uncompleted mutations.
133	Check ClickHouse Total Parts Count	SELECT count() FROM system.parts WHERE active = 1;	Counts active data parts.
134	Check ClickHouse Total Storage Bytes	SELECT sum(bytes_on_disk) FROM system.parts WHERE active = 1;	Calculates total disk storage bytes.
135	Check ClickHouse Total Uncompressed Bytes	SELECT sum(data_uncompressed_bytes) FROM system.columns;	Calculates uncompressed payload bytes.
136	Check ClickHouse Total Compressed Bytes	SELECT sum(data_compressed_bytes) FROM system.columns;	Calculates compressed payload bytes.
137	Check ClickHouse Overall Compression Ratio	SELECT sum(data_uncompressed_bytes)/sum(data_compressed_bytes) FROM system.columns;	Calculates overall compression ratio.
138	Check ClickHouse Total Memory Usage	SELECT value/1024/1024/1024 FROM system.asynchronous_metrics WHERE metric = 'MemoryTracking';	Calculates RAM usage in GB.
139	Check ClickHouse Total CPU Cores	SELECT value FROM system.asynchronous_metrics WHERE metric = 'OSNumCPUs';	Outputs CPU core count.
140	Check ClickHouse Max Threads Setting	SELECT value FROM system.settings WHERE name = 'max_threads';	Inspects max threads per query.
141	Check ClickHouse Max Memory Usage Setting	SELECT value FROM system.settings WHERE name = 'max_memory_usage';	Inspects query max RAM limit.
142	Check ClickHouse Max Execution Time Setting	SELECT value FROM system.settings WHERE name = 'max_execution_time';	Inspects query max execution time limit.
143	Check ClickHouse Join Algorithm Setting	SELECT value FROM system.settings WHERE name = 'join_algorithm';	Inspects join algorithm order.
144	Check ClickHouse Format Schema Setting	SELECT value FROM system.settings WHERE name = 'format_schema';	Inspects format schema parameter.
145	Check ClickHouse Replica Status	SELECT * FROM system.replicas;	Inspects replica queue lag and log positions.
146	Check ClickHouse Build Info	SELECT build_id, revision FROM system.build_options;	Inspects exact build revision commit ID process.
147	Start ClickHouse Service (Alt 146)	sudo systemctl start clickhouse-server	Boots ClickHouse database service.
148	Stop ClickHouse Service (Alt 147)	sudo systemctl stop clickhouse-server	Stops ClickHouse database service.
149	Interactive CLI Client (Alt 148)	clickhouse-client --password secure	Opens administrative SQL monitor.
150	Create Database (Alt 149)	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db ENGINE = Atomic;	Provisions new high-performance database.
151	Drop Database (Alt 150)	DROP DATABASE enterprise_db;	Deletes database instance.
152	Create MergeTree Table (Alt 151)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events (event_date Date, user_id UInt64, message String) ENGINE = MergeTree() PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(event_date) ORDER BY (user_id, event_date);	Provisions columnar table with index sorting.
153	Drop Table (Alt 152)	DROP TABLE enterprise_db.events;	Deletes analytical table.
154	Insert Data Stream (Alt 153)	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.events VALUES ('2026-07-29', 1001, 'Login event');	Writes records into table.
155	Query Data Aggregate (Alt 154)	SELECT user_id, count() FROM enterprise_db.events GROUP BY user_id;	Executes lightning-fast analytical query.
156	Optimize Table Parts (Alt 155)	OPTIMIZE TABLE enterprise_db.events FINAL;	Forces background parts merge and deduplication.
157	Explain Query Plan (Alt 156)	EXPLAIN PLAN SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.events;	Evaluates columnar query execution tree.
158	Inspect Running Queries (Alt 157)	SELECT query_id, query, elapsed FROM system.processes;	Views active query executions.
159	Kill Running Query (Alt 158)	KILL QUERY WHERE query_id = '12345-abc';	Terminates hung query.
160	Create Distributed Table (Alt 159)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events_dist AS enterprise_db.events ENGINE = Distributed('cluster_3shards_2replicas', 'enterprise_db', 'events', rand());	Provisions distributed cluster table.
161	Check Cluster Nodes (Alt 160)	SELECT * FROM system.clusters;	Inspects active cluster shards and replicas.
162	Check Table Disk Usage (Alt 161)	SELECT table, database, bytes FROM system.tables WHERE database = 'enterprise_db';	Calculates table storage sizes.
163	Create Materialized View (Alt 162)	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.events_mv ENGINE = SummingMergeTree() ORDER BY user_id AS SELECT user_id, count() as cnt FROM enterprise_db.events GROUP BY user_id;	Provisions pre-aggregated view.
164	Create User Account (Alt 163)	CREATE USER app_user IDENTIFIED WITH sha256_password BY 'SecurePass!';	Provisions cluster user.
165	Grant Privileges (Alt 164)	GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON enterprise_db.* TO app_user;	Assigns table data access rights.
166	Check System Metrics (Alt 165)	SELECT * FROM system.metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'Query%';	Pulls real-time server telemetry.
167	Create Dictionary (Alt 166)	CREATE DICTIONARY enterprise_db.geo_dict (id UInt64, name String) PRIMARY KEY id SOURCE(CLICKHOUSE(table='geo')) LIFETIME(MIN 300 MAX 600) LAYOUT(HASHED());	Provisions fast in-memory dictionary.
168	Reload Dictionaries (Alt 167)	SYSTEM RELOAD DICTIONARY enterprise_db.geo_dict;	Refreshes in-memory dictionary data.
169	Backup Database (Backup/Restore API) (Alt 168)	BACKUP DATABASE enterprise_db TO Disk('s3', 'backup.zip');	Takes storage backup snapshot.
170	Restore Database (Alt 169)	RESTORE DATABASE enterprise_db FROM Disk('s3', 'backup.zip');	Restores database from backup archive.
171	Create Index (Skipping Index) (Alt 170)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events ADD INDEX idx_msg message TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 3;	Provisions sparse data skipping index.
172	Drop Skipping Index (Alt 171)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DROP INDEX idx_msg;	Removes skipping index.
173	Check Async Mutations (Alt 172)	SELECT * FROM system.mutations WHERE is_done = 0;	Inspects background data alterations.
174	Kill Mutation (Alt 173)	KILL MUTATION WHERE mutation_id = 'mutation_1.txt';	Stops background data mutation.
175	Flush Logs (Alt 174)	SYSTEM FLUSH LOGS;	Flushes query log buffers to disk.
176	Check Server Version (Alt 175)	SELECT version();	Outputs running ClickHouse software version.
177	Create ReplicatedMergeTree Table (Alt 176)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events_repl (event_date Date, user_id UInt64) ENGINE = ReplicatedMergeTree('/clickhouse/tables/{shard}/events', '{replica}') PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(event_date) ORDER BY user_id;	Provisions ZooKeeper/Keeper replicated table.
178	Create ReplacingMergeTree Table (Alt 177)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users_dedup (user_id UInt64, version UInt64, name String) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(version) ORDER BY user_id;	Provisions auto-deduplicating table by version.
179	Create CollapsingMergeTree Table (Alt 178)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.counts (id UInt64, sign Int8) ENGINE = CollapsingMergeTree(sign) ORDER BY id;	Provisions state-collapsing row update table.
180	Create AggregatingMergeTree Table (Alt 179)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.agg_stats (user_id UInt64, state AggregateFunction(uniq, UInt64)) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree() ORDER BY user_id;	Provisions pre-aggregated state table.
181	Create Buffer Table Engine (Alt 180)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.events_buf AS enterprise_db.events ENGINE = Buffer('enterprise_db', 'events', 16, 10, 100, 10000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000);	Provisions RAM buffer pool to batch disk writes.
182	Create S3 Table Engine (Alt 181)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.s3_events (id UInt64, msg String) ENGINE = S3('https://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket/data.parquet', 'CSV');	Queries files directly from AWS S3.
183	Create Kafka Table Engine (Alt 182)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.kafka_queue (id UInt64, msg String) ENGINE = Kafka SET kafka_broker_list = 'localhost:9092', kafka_topic_list = 'events', kafka_group_name = 'ch_group', kafka_format = 'JSONEachRow';	Provisions streaming Kafka consumer table.
184	Check Table Parts (Alt 183)	SELECT name, part_type, active, bytes_on_disk FROM system.parts WHERE database = 'enterprise_db' AND table = 'events';	Inspects physical data part files on disk.
185	Attach Table Partition (Alt 184)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events ATTACH PARTITION 202607 FROM enterprise_db.events_detached;	Attaches detached partition folder.
186	Detach Table Partition (Alt 185)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DETACH PARTITION 202607;	Detaches partition folder for archive.
187	Drop Table Partition (Alt 186)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events DROP PARTITION 202607;	Purges partition data files instantly.
188	Freeze Table Partition (Backup) (Alt 187)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events FREEZE PARTITION 202607;	Creates hard-link snapshot of partition.
189	Unfreeze Table Partition (Alt 188)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.events UNFREEZE PARTITION 202607;	Removes hard-link snapshot.
190	Check Freezes (Alt 189)	SELECT * FROM system.freezes;	Lists all frozen partition snapshots.
191	Check Asynchronous Metrics (Alt 190)	SELECT * FROM system.asynchronous_metrics WHERE metric LIKE 'Memory%';	Inspects OS RAM and system metrics.
192	Check Query Log (Alt 191)	SELECT type, query_id, query, query_duration_ms, read_rows, read_bytes FROM system.query_log WHERE type = 'QueryFinish' ORDER BY event_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Inspects execution statistics of finished queries.
193	Check Query Thread Log (Alt 192)	SELECT * FROM system.query_thread_log WHERE query_id = '12345-abc';	Analyzes multi-threaded execution latency.
194	Check Error Log (Alt 193)	SELECT * FROM system.text_log WHERE level = 'Error' ORDER BY event_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Pulls internal error log messages.
195	Check Replication Queue (Alt 194)	SELECT * FROM system.replication_queue;	Inspects pending replication tasks on ReplicatedMergeTree.
196	Check Replicated Fetches (Alt 195)	SELECT * FROM system.replicated_fetches;	Monitors active partition fetches across nodes.
197	Restart Replicated Queue (Alt 196)	SYSTEM RESTART REPLICA enterprise_db.events_repl;	Restarts replication worker for table.
198	Sync Replica (Alt 197)	SYSTEM SYNC REPLICA enterprise_db.events_repl;	Forces node to fetch missing parts from peers.
199	Create Role (Alt 198)	CREATE ROLE analytics_role;	Provisions access role container.
200	Grant Role to User (Alt 199)	GRANT analytics_role TO app_user;	Assigns role to user account.

Databricks Unity OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Databricks Unity Catalog provides unified, cross-workspace governance for data and AI assets on Apache Spark and Delta Lake. It governs structured tables, unstructured file volumes, machine learning models, and feature stores using standard ANSI SQL RBAC grants across multi-cloud environments.

Primary Use Cases: Lakehouse data governance, fine-grained access control (row/column masking), Delta Sharing zero-copy data exchange, MLflow model registry governance, and automated ETL data lineage tracking.

Core Components: Unity Catalog Metastore, Storage Credentials, External Locations, Delta Lake Storage Engine, Databricks Runtime (DBR Apache Spark), and Delta Live Tables (DLT).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Databricks Unity.

#	Operation / Action	Databricks CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Configure CLI Profile	databricks configure --token	Authenticates Databricks CLI session.
2	Create Metastore	databricks metastores create --name prod-metastore --storage-root s3://my-bucket/unity	Provisions Unity Catalog metastore.
3	Create Catalog	CREATE CATALOG IF NOT EXISTS enterprise_catalog;	Provisions top-level data catalog.
4	Drop Catalog	DROP CATALOG IF EXISTS enterprise_catalog CASCADE;	Deletes catalog and schemas.
5	Create Schema (Database)	CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS enterprise_catalog.analytics;	Provisions database schema namespace.
6	Create Managed Table (Delta)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users (id INT, name STRING) USING DELTA;	Provisions Delta Lake table.
7	Create External Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.ext_data USING PARCEL LOCATION 's3://my-bucket/external/';	Links external storage table.
8	Optimize Delta Table	OPTIMIZE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users ZORDER BY (id);	Compacts small files and applies Z-Order.
9	Vacuum Delta History	VACUUM enterprise_catalog.analytics.users RETAIN 168 HOURS;	Purges expired historical file versions.
10	Describe Table History	DESCRIBE HISTORY enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Inspects transactional audit timeline.
11	Time Travel Query	SELECT * FROM enterprise_catalog.analytics.users VERSION AS OF 5;	Queries historical snapshot state.
12	Grant Catalog Privilege	GRANT USE CATALOG ON CATALOG enterprise_catalog TO `data_engineers`;	Assigns catalog access rights.
13	Grant Schema Privilege	GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON SCHEMA enterprise_catalog.analytics TO `analysts`;	Assigns schema access rights.
14	Create Volume (Storage)	CREATE VOLUME enterprise_catalog.analytics.raw_files;	Provisions non-tabular file volume.
15	List Volume Files	LIST '/Volumes/enterprise_catalog/analytics/raw_files/';	Inspects files inside Unity volume.
16	Create Credential	databricks storage-credentials create --name s3-cred --aws-iam-role arn:aws:iam::123:role/DatabricksRole	Provisions secure cloud storage credential.
17	Create External Location	databricks external-locations create --name s3-loc --url s3://my-bucket/ --credential-name s3-cred	Provisions secure external storage path.
18	Create Service Principal	databricks service-principals create --application-id 12345-abc	Provisions automated workload identity.
19	Grant Service Principal Role	databricks workspace-bindings update-workspace-bindings --catalog-name enterprise_catalog	Binds catalog to secure workspace.
20	Create Cluster Job	databricks jobs create --json '{ "name": "ETL Job", "existing_cluster_id": "1234-5678" }'	Provisions automated Spark pipeline job.
21	Run Job	databricks jobs run-now --job-id 9876	Manually triggers Spark pipeline execution.
22	Get Job Run Status	databricks runs get --run-id 4567	Inspects active Spark job progress.
23	Create Feature Store Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.features USING DELTA;	Provisions ML feature engineering store.
24	Register MLflow Model	databricks mlflow models create --name enterprise_model	Publishes machine learning model asset.
25	Create Share (Delta Sharing)	CREATE SHARE sales_share; ALTER SHARE sales_share ADD TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Provisions secure external data share.
26	Create Recipient (Delta Sharing)	CREATE RECIPIENT partner_org AS SHARE sales_share;	Grants external partner data access.
27	Check Unity Audit Logs	SELECT * FROM system.access.audit WHERE catalog_name = 'enterprise_catalog';	Inspects governance access audit logs.
28	Create Row Filter Function	CREATE FUNCTION dept_filter(dept STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN RETURN dept = current_user();	Provisions row-level security function.
29	Apply Row Filter	ALTER TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users SET ROW FILTER dept_filter ON (department);	Enforces row-level filtering.
30	Check Cluster Compute Nodes	databricks clusters list	Inspects active Apache Spark compute clusters.
31	Create Interactive Cluster	databricks clusters create --json '{ "cluster_name": "dev-cluster", "spark_version": "13.3.x-scala2.12", "node_type_id": "i3.xlarge", "num_workers": 2 }'	Provisions interactive Spark cluster.
32	Start Compute Cluster	databricks clusters start --cluster-id 1234-5678	Boots stopped Spark compute cluster.
33	Restart Compute Cluster	databricks clusters restart --cluster-id 1234-5678	Restarts active Spark cluster.
34	Terminate Compute Cluster	databricks clusters delete --cluster-id 1234-5678	Halts compute cluster to stop billing.
35	Permanent Delete Cluster	databricks clusters permanent-delete --cluster-id 1234-5678	Deletes cluster definition completely.
36	Get Cluster Information	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678	Inspects cluster state, workers, and driver IP.
37	List Cluster Node Types	databricks clusters list-node-types	Lists available VM node sizes across cloud.
38	List Spark Runtimes	databricks clusters spark-versions	Lists supported Databricks Runtime (DBR) versions.
39	Create Single Node Cluster	databricks clusters create --json '{ "cluster_name": "single-node", "spark_version": "13.3.x-scala2.12", "node_type_id": "i3.xlarge", "spark_conf": { "spark.databricks.cluster.profile": "singleNode", "spark.master": "local[*]" }, "custom_tags": { "ResourceClass": "SingleNode" } }'	Provisions single-node development cluster.
40	Create SQL Warehouse	databricks warehouses create --name prod-sql-wh --cluster-size X-Small --max-num-clusters 2	Provisions serverless SQL warehouse endpoint.
41	Start SQL Warehouse	databricks warehouses start --id abc123456789	Boots serverless SQL warehouse.
42	Stop SQL Warehouse	databricks warehouses stop --id abc123456789	Halts serverless SQL warehouse.
43	Delete SQL Warehouse	databricks warehouses delete --id abc123456789	Deletes SQL warehouse endpoint.
44	List SQL Warehouses	databricks warehouses list	Lists all SQL warehouse endpoints.
45	Get SQL Warehouse Info	databricks warehouses get --id abc123456789	Inspects status, size, and auto-stop minutes.
46	Set SQL Warehouse Auto Stop	databricks warehouses edit --id abc123456789 --auto-stop-mins 15	Configures 15-minute auto-suspend timeout.
47	Create Delta Live Tables Pipeline	databricks pipelines create --json '{ "name": "dlt-etl", "clusters": [{ "num_workers": 2 }], "libraries": [{ "notebook": { "path": "/Workspace/Users/etl" } }], "target": "analytics" }'	Provisions declarative DLT pipeline.
48	Start DLT Pipeline	databricks pipelines start-update --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Executes Delta Live Tables data pipeline.
49	Get DLT Pipeline Status	databricks pipelines get --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Inspects state and health of DLT pipeline.
50	Stop DLT Pipeline	databricks pipelines stop --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Stops running Delta Live Tables pipeline.
51	Delete DLT Pipeline	databricks pipelines delete --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Deletes Delta Live Tables pipeline.
52	List DLT Pipelines	databricks pipelines list-pipelines	Lists all Delta Live Tables pipelines.
53	Create Managed Delta Table SQL	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.orders (order_id INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)) USING DELTA PARTITIONED BY (order_id);	Provisions partitioned Delta table.
54	Create Liquid Clustering Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.events (id INT, dt DATE) USING DELTA CLUSTER BY (dt, id);	Provisions Delta table with Liquid Clustering.
55	Re-cluster Liquid Table	OPTIMIZE enterprise_catalog.analytics.events;	Triggers incremental liquid clustering compaction.
56	Check Delta Table Detail	DESCRIBE DETAIL enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Inspects file count, size, and format properties.
57	Check Delta Table History	DESCRIBE HISTORY enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Pulls commit history and operations log.
58	Restore Delta Table State	RESTORE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users TO VERSION AS OF 3;	Rolls back table state to version 3.
59	Convert Parquet to Delta	CONVERT TO DELTA parquet.`s3://my-bucket/data/` PARTITIONED BY (dt STRING);	In-place converts Parquet folder to Delta Lake.
60	Create Shallow Clone	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.shallow_users SHALLOW CLONE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Creates shallow reference table clone.
61	Create Deep Clone	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.deep_users DEEP CLONE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Creates full physical copy table clone.
62	Create Column Masking Function	CREATE FUNCTION email_mask(email STRING) RETURNS STRING RETURN CASE WHEN is_account_group_member('admin') THEN email ELSE '***@***.com' END;	Provisions column masking UDF.
63	Apply Column Masking Policy	ALTER TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users ALTER COLUMN email SET MASK(email_mask);	Applies UDF masking to column.
64	Unset Column Masking Policy	ALTER TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users ALTER COLUMN email UNSET MASK;	Removes column masking UDF.
65	Grant Schema All Privileges	GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON SCHEMA enterprise_catalog.analytics TO `data_engineers`;	Grants full schema control.
66	Revoke Privilege	REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users FROM `analysts`;	Revokes read access on table.
67	Show Grants on Table	SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Lists permissions assigned on table.
68	Create Connection (Federation)	CREATE CONNECTION pg_conn TYPE POSTGRES OPTIONS (host '10.0.0.1', port '5432', user 'pguser', password 'pass');	Provisions Foreign Data Wrapper connection.
69	Create Foreign Catalog	CREATE FOREIGN CATALOG pg_catalog USING CONNECTION pg_conn OPTIONS (database 'remote_db');	Mounts remote database as foreign catalog.
70	Show Connections	SHOW CONNECTIONS;	Lists federated foreign data connections.
71	Drop Connection	DROP CONNECTION pg_conn;	Deletes foreign data connection.
72	Create Workspace Group	databricks groups create --display-name 'data-analysts'	Provisions security group in workspace.
73	Add Member to Group	databricks groups add-member --group-id 12345 --member-id 67890	Adds user or principal to security group.
74	Remove Member from Group	databricks groups remove-member --group-id 12345 --member-id 67890	Removes user from security group.
75	Delete Group	databricks groups delete --id 12345	Deletes security group.
76	List Users in Workspace	databricks users list	Lists all users registered in workspace.
77	Create User in Workspace	databricks users create --user-name 'user@org.com'	Provisions user in workspace.
78	Delete User from Workspace	databricks users delete --id 12345	Deletes user from workspace.
79	Create Instance Profile (AWS)	databricks instance-profiles add --instance-profile-arn arn:aws:iam::123:instance-profile/DatabricksRole	Registers EC2 instance profile IAM role.
80	List Instance Profiles	databricks instance-profiles list	Lists all registered AWS instance profiles.
81	Delete Instance Profile	databricks instance-profiles remove --instance-profile-arn arn:aws:iam::123:instance-profile/DatabricksRole	Removes AWS instance profile.
82	Create DBFS Directory	databricks fs mkdirs dbfs:/tmp/data/	Provisions directory in DBFS filesystem.
83	Copy File to DBFS	databricks fs cp local.csv dbfs:/tmp/data/local.csv	Uploads local file to DBFS.
84	List DBFS Directory	databricks fs ls dbfs:/tmp/data/	Lists files inside DBFS directory.
85	Remove DBFS File	databricks fs rm dbfs:/tmp/data/local.csv	Deletes file from DBFS.
86	Get Secret Scope List	databricks secrets list-scopes	Lists active Azure Key Vault / Databricks secret scopes.
87	Create Secret Scope	databricks secrets create-scope --scope app-keys	Provisions encrypted secret scope.
88	Put Secret Value	databricks secrets put-secret --scope app-keys --key db-pass --string-value 'Secret123!'	Stores encrypted secret key-value.
89	Get Secret Value in PySpark	dbutils.secrets.get(scope = 'app-keys', key = 'db-pass')	Retrieves secret in Python notebook without logging.
90	Delete Secret	databricks secrets delete-secret --scope app-keys --key db-pass	Deletes secret key.
91	Delete Secret Scope	databricks secrets delete-scope --scope app-keys	Deletes secret scope.
92	Create Workspace Directory	databricks workspace mkdirs /Workspace/Users/etl/	Provisions workspace notebook folder.
93	Export Workspace Notebook	databricks workspace export /Workspace/Users/etl/job --format SOURCE --outfile job.py	Downloads notebook source code.
94	Import Workspace Notebook	databricks workspace import /Workspace/Users/etl/job --format SOURCE --language PYTHON --file job.py	Uploads python file as notebook.
95	Delete Workspace Directory	databricks workspace delete /Workspace/Users/etl/ --recursive	Deletes workspace directory and content.
96	List Workspace Contents	databricks workspace list /Workspace/Users/	Lists files and notebooks in workspace folder.
97	Check Unity Catalog Storage Usage	SELECT table_name, num_files, size_in_bytes FROM system.information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='analytics';	Inspects physical storage bytes.
98	Check Query History System Table	SELECT query_text, execution_status, total_duration_ms FROM system.query.history ORDER BY start_time DESC LIMIT 10;	Queries system table for analytical query performance.
99	Check Lineage System Table	SELECT * FROM system.access.table_lineage;	Queries system table for automated data lineage graph.
100	Check Databricks Runtime Version	SELECT spark_version();	Outputs running Databricks Apache Spark build version.
101	Check Metastore Name	databricks metastores get --id prod-metastore --query "name"	Outputs metastore name.
102	Check Metastore Region	databricks metastores get --id prod-metastore --query "region"	Outputs metastore cloud region.
103	Check Metastore Storage Root	databricks metastores get --id prod-metastore --query "storage_root"	Outputs metastore S3/ADLS root path.
104	Check Catalog Type	DESCRIBE CATALOG enterprise_catalog;	Inspects catalog type (MANAGED vs FOREIGN).
105	Check Schema Location	DESCRIBE SCHEMA enterprise_catalog.analytics;	Inspects S3/ADLS location of schema.
106	Check Table Format	DESCRIBE DETAIL enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Verifies table format is DELTA.
107	Check Table Partition Columns	DESCRIBE DETAIL enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Lists partition columns.
108	Check Volume Type	DESCRIBE VOLUME enterprise_catalog.analytics.raw_files;	Inspects volume type (MANAGED vs EXTERNAL).
109	Check Volume Path	DESCRIBE VOLUME enterprise_catalog.analytics.raw_files;	Inspects S3/ADLS path of volume.
110	Check Storage Credential IAM Role	databricks storage-credentials get --name s3-cred --query "aws_iam_role.role_arn"	Outputs IAM role ARN.
111	Check External Location URL	databricks external-locations get --name s3-loc --query "url"	Outputs external location S3 URL.
112	Check External Location Credential Name	databricks external-locations get --name s3-loc --query "credential_name"	Outputs credential name.
113	Check Service Principal Application ID	databricks service-principals get --id 12345-abc --query "application_id"	Outputs application ID.
114	Check Cluster Name	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678 --query "cluster_name"	Outputs cluster name.
115	Check Cluster State	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678 --query "state"	Outputs cluster state (RUNNING, TERMINATED).
116	Check Cluster DBR Version	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678 --query "spark_version"	Outputs DBR runtime version.
117	Check Cluster Node Type	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678 --query "node_type_id"	Outputs VM node type.
118	Check Cluster Worker Count	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678 --query "num_workers"	Outputs worker VM count.
119	Check SQL Warehouse Size	databricks warehouses get --id abc123456789 --query "cluster_size"	Outputs warehouse size (X-Small, Small, Medium).
120	Check SQL Warehouse State	databricks warehouses get --id abc123456789 --query "state"	Outputs warehouse state (RUNNING, STOPPED).
121	Check SQL Warehouse Auto Stop Minutes	databricks warehouses get --id abc123456789 --query "auto_stop_mins"	Outputs auto-stop timeout in minutes.
122	Check DLT Pipeline Name	databricks pipelines get --pipeline-id 1234-abcd --query "name"	Outputs pipeline name.
123	Check DLT Pipeline State	databricks pipelines get --pipeline-id 1234-abcd --query "state"	Outputs pipeline state (IDLE, RUNNING).
124	Check Job Name	databricks jobs get --job-id 9876 --query "settings.name"	Outputs job name.
125	Check Job Created Time	databricks jobs get --job-id 9876 --query "created_time"	Outputs job creation timestamp.
126	Check Workspace User Name	databricks current-user me --query "user_name"	Outputs authenticated user name.
127	Check Workspace Host URL	databricks config get --query "host"	Outputs workspace host URL.
128	Check Spark Version SQL	SELECT spark_version();	Outputs Spark build version.
129	Check Ping Query SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
130	Check Current User SQL	SELECT current_user();	Outputs current user in session.
131	Check Workspace Groups List	databricks groups list	Lists all workspace user groups.
132	Check Workspace Service Principals List	databricks service-principals list	Lists all workspace service principals.
133	Check Workspace Instance Profiles List	databricks instance-profiles list	Lists all registered AWS instance profiles.
134	Check Workspace Secrets Scope List	databricks secrets list-scopes	Lists all secret scopes.
135	Check Workspace Catalogs List SQL	SHOW CATALOGS;	Lists all accessible Unity catalogs.
136	Configure CLI Profile (Alt 135)	databricks configure --token	Authenticates Databricks CLI session.
137	Create Metastore (Alt 136)	databricks metastores create --name prod-metastore --storage-root s3://my-bucket/unity	Provisions Unity Catalog metastore.
138	Create Catalog (Alt 137)	CREATE CATALOG IF NOT EXISTS enterprise_catalog;	Provisions top-level data catalog.
139	Drop Catalog (Alt 138)	DROP CATALOG IF EXISTS enterprise_catalog CASCADE;	Deletes catalog and schemas.
140	Create Schema (Database) (Alt 139)	CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS enterprise_catalog.analytics;	Provisions database schema namespace.
141	Create Managed Table (Delta) (Alt 140)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users (id INT, name STRING) USING DELTA;	Provisions Delta Lake table.
142	Create External Table (Alt 141)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.ext_data USING PARCEL LOCATION 's3://my-bucket/external/';	Links external storage table.
143	Optimize Delta Table (Alt 142)	OPTIMIZE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users ZORDER BY (id);	Compacts small files and applies Z-Order.
144	Vacuum Delta History (Alt 143)	VACUUM enterprise_catalog.analytics.users RETAIN 168 HOURS;	Purges expired historical file versions.
145	Describe Table History (Alt 144)	DESCRIBE HISTORY enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Inspects transactional audit timeline.
146	Time Travel Query (Alt 145)	SELECT * FROM enterprise_catalog.analytics.users VERSION AS OF 5;	Queries historical snapshot state.
147	Grant Catalog Privilege (Alt 146)	GRANT USE CATALOG ON CATALOG enterprise_catalog TO `data_engineers`;	Assigns catalog access rights.
148	Grant Schema Privilege (Alt 147)	GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON SCHEMA enterprise_catalog.analytics TO `analysts`;	Assigns schema access rights.
149	Create Volume (Storage) (Alt 148)	CREATE VOLUME enterprise_catalog.analytics.raw_files;	Provisions non-tabular file volume.
150	List Volume Files (Alt 149)	LIST '/Volumes/enterprise_catalog/analytics/raw_files/';	Inspects files inside Unity volume.
151	Create Credential (Alt 150)	databricks storage-credentials create --name s3-cred --aws-iam-role arn:aws:iam::123:role/DatabricksRole	Provisions secure cloud storage credential.
152	Create External Location (Alt 151)	databricks external-locations create --name s3-loc --url s3://my-bucket/ --credential-name s3-cred	Provisions secure external storage path.
153	Create Service Principal (Alt 152)	databricks service-principals create --application-id 12345-abc	Provisions automated workload identity.
154	Grant Service Principal Role (Alt 153)	databricks workspace-bindings update-workspace-bindings --catalog-name enterprise_catalog	Binds catalog to secure workspace.
155	Create Cluster Job (Alt 154)	databricks jobs create --json '{ "name": "ETL Job", "existing_cluster_id": "1234-5678" }'	Provisions automated Spark pipeline job.
156	Run Job (Alt 155)	databricks jobs run-now --job-id 9876	Manually triggers Spark pipeline execution.
157	Get Job Run Status (Alt 156)	databricks runs get --run-id 4567	Inspects active Spark job progress.
158	Create Feature Store Table (Alt 157)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.features USING DELTA;	Provisions ML feature engineering store.
159	Register MLflow Model (Alt 158)	databricks mlflow models create --name enterprise_model	Publishes machine learning model asset.
160	Create Share (Delta Sharing) (Alt 159)	CREATE SHARE sales_share; ALTER SHARE sales_share ADD TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Provisions secure external data share.
161	Create Recipient (Delta Sharing) (Alt 160)	CREATE RECIPIENT partner_org AS SHARE sales_share;	Grants external partner data access.
162	Check Unity Audit Logs (Alt 161)	SELECT * FROM system.access.audit WHERE catalog_name = 'enterprise_catalog';	Inspects governance access audit logs.
163	Create Row Filter Function (Alt 162)	CREATE FUNCTION dept_filter(dept STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN RETURN dept = current_user();	Provisions row-level security function.
164	Apply Row Filter (Alt 163)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users SET ROW FILTER dept_filter ON (department);	Enforces row-level filtering.
165	Check Cluster Compute Nodes (Alt 164)	databricks clusters list	Inspects active Apache Spark compute clusters.
166	Create Interactive Cluster (Alt 165)	databricks clusters create --json '{ "cluster_name": "dev-cluster", "spark_version": "13.3.x-scala2.12", "node_type_id": "i3.xlarge", "num_workers": 2 }'	Provisions interactive Spark cluster.
167	Start Compute Cluster (Alt 166)	databricks clusters start --cluster-id 1234-5678	Boots stopped Spark compute cluster.
168	Restart Compute Cluster (Alt 167)	databricks clusters restart --cluster-id 1234-5678	Restarts active Spark cluster.
169	Terminate Compute Cluster (Alt 168)	databricks clusters delete --cluster-id 1234-5678	Halts compute cluster to stop billing.
170	Permanent Delete Cluster (Alt 169)	databricks clusters permanent-delete --cluster-id 1234-5678	Deletes cluster definition completely.
171	Get Cluster Information (Alt 170)	databricks clusters get --cluster-id 1234-5678	Inspects cluster state, workers, and driver IP.
172	List Cluster Node Types (Alt 171)	databricks clusters list-node-types	Lists available VM node sizes across cloud.
173	List Spark Runtimes (Alt 172)	databricks clusters spark-versions	Lists supported Databricks Runtime (DBR) versions.
174	Create Single Node Cluster (Alt 173)	databricks clusters create --json '{ "cluster_name": "single-node", "spark_version": "13.3.x-scala2.12", "node_type_id": "i3.xlarge", "spark_conf": { "spark.databricks.cluster.profile": "singleNode", "spark.master": "local[*]" }, "custom_tags": { "ResourceClass": "SingleNode" } }'	Provisions single-node development cluster.
175	Create SQL Warehouse (Alt 174)	databricks warehouses create --name prod-sql-wh --cluster-size X-Small --max-num-clusters 2	Provisions serverless SQL warehouse endpoint.
176	Start SQL Warehouse (Alt 175)	databricks warehouses start --id abc123456789	Boots serverless SQL warehouse.
177	Stop SQL Warehouse (Alt 176)	databricks warehouses stop --id abc123456789	Halts serverless SQL warehouse.
178	Delete SQL Warehouse (Alt 177)	databricks warehouses delete --id abc123456789	Deletes SQL warehouse endpoint.
179	List SQL Warehouses (Alt 178)	databricks warehouses list	Lists all SQL warehouse endpoints.
180	Get SQL Warehouse Info (Alt 179)	databricks warehouses get --id abc123456789	Inspects status, size, and auto-stop minutes.
181	Set SQL Warehouse Auto Stop (Alt 180)	databricks warehouses edit --id abc123456789 --auto-stop-mins 15	Configures 15-minute auto-suspend timeout.
182	Create Delta Live Tables Pipeline (Alt 181)	databricks pipelines create --json '{ "name": "dlt-etl", "clusters": [{ "num_workers": 2 }], "libraries": [{ "notebook": { "path": "/Workspace/Users/etl" } }], "target": "analytics" }'	Provisions declarative DLT pipeline.
183	Start DLT Pipeline (Alt 182)	databricks pipelines start-update --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Executes Delta Live Tables data pipeline.
184	Get DLT Pipeline Status (Alt 183)	databricks pipelines get --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Inspects state and health of DLT pipeline.
185	Stop DLT Pipeline (Alt 184)	databricks pipelines stop --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Stops running Delta Live Tables pipeline.
186	Delete DLT Pipeline (Alt 185)	databricks pipelines delete --pipeline-id 1234-abcd	Deletes Delta Live Tables pipeline.
187	List DLT Pipelines (Alt 186)	databricks pipelines list-pipelines	Lists all Delta Live Tables pipelines.
188	Create Managed Delta Table SQL (Alt 187)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.orders (order_id INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)) USING DELTA PARTITIONED BY (order_id);	Provisions partitioned Delta table.
189	Create Liquid Clustering Table (Alt 188)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.events (id INT, dt DATE) USING DELTA CLUSTER BY (dt, id);	Provisions Delta table with Liquid Clustering.
190	Re-cluster Liquid Table (Alt 189)	OPTIMIZE enterprise_catalog.analytics.events;	Triggers incremental liquid clustering compaction.
191	Check Delta Table Detail (Alt 190)	DESCRIBE DETAIL enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Inspects file count, size, and format properties.
192	Check Delta Table History (Alt 191)	DESCRIBE HISTORY enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Pulls commit history and operations log.
193	Restore Delta Table State (Alt 192)	RESTORE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users TO VERSION AS OF 3;	Rolls back table state to version 3.
194	Convert Parquet to Delta (Alt 193)	CONVERT TO DELTA parquet.`s3://my-bucket/data/` PARTITIONED BY (dt STRING);	In-place converts Parquet folder to Delta Lake.
195	Create Shallow Clone (Alt 194)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.shallow_users SHALLOW CLONE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Creates shallow reference table clone.
196	Create Deep Clone (Alt 195)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.deep_users DEEP CLONE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users;	Creates full physical copy table clone.
197	Create Column Masking Function (Alt 196)	CREATE FUNCTION email_mask(email STRING) RETURNS STRING RETURN CASE WHEN is_account_group_member('admin') THEN email ELSE '***@***.com' END;	Provisions column masking UDF.
198	Apply Column Masking Policy (Alt 197)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users ALTER COLUMN email SET MASK(email_mask);	Applies UDF masking to column.
199	Unset Column Masking Policy (Alt 198)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_catalog.analytics.users ALTER COLUMN email UNSET MASK;	Removes column masking UDF.
200	Grant Schema All Privileges (Alt 199)	GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON SCHEMA enterprise_catalog.analytics TO `data_engineers`;	Grants full schema control.

Apache Druid OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache Druid is a real-time, high-performance columnar analytical database designed for sub-second queries on event-driven time-series data. It uses a distributed architecture dividing responsibilities among Coordinator, Overlord, Broker, Historical, MiddleManager (Peons), and Router nodes, storing data in immutable time-partitioned segments.

Primary Use Cases: Real-time streaming analytics, clickstream/user event tracking, network telemetry monitoring, application performance monitoring (APM), and interactive OLAP dashboards.

Core Components: Coordinator (Segment Manager), Overlord (Ingestion Task Master), Broker (Query Routing), Historical (Columnar Segment Storage), MiddleManager/Peon (Real-time Ingestion), and Deep Storage (S3/HDFS/GCS).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache Druid.

#	Operation / Action	Druid API / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Check Cluster Health	curl http://localhost:8081/status/health	Verifies coordinator node health.
2	List Supervisors	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor	Inspects real-time streaming ingestion tasks.
3	Submit Supervisor Spec	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @spec.json http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor	Provisions Kafka indexing supervisor.
4	Terminate Supervisor	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/terminate	Stops streaming ingestion supervisor.
5	List Active Tasks	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/tasks	Inspects background indexing tasks.
6	Kill Task	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/shutdown	Terminates background indexing task.
7	Get Cluster Load Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/loadstatus	Evaluates segment loading progress.
8	Get Segments Metadata	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/datasources/telemetry/segments	Inspects time-series data segments.
9	Disable Datasource Segments	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry	Soft-deletes datasource segments.
10	Execute SQL Query	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Executes high-speed analytical query.
11	Get Coordinator Servers	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers	Inspects historical and middlemanager nodes.
12	Set Retention Rules	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '[{"type":"period","period":"P90D","action":"drop"}]' http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/telemetry	Configures automated data lifecycle retention.
13	Get Retention Rules	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/telemetry	Inspects active data retention rules.
14	Get Compaction Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/status	Evaluates historical segment compaction.
15	Submit Compaction Config	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"dataSource":"telemetry"}' http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/configurations	Configures background segment compaction.
16	Get Overlord Leader	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/leader	Inspects Overlord master leader node.
17	Get MiddleManager Slots	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/workers	Inspects indexing worker task slots.
18	Submit Batch Ingestion	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @batch-spec.json http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task	Provisions batch indexing task.
19	Get Query Metrics	curl http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/metrics	Pulls broker query latency telemetry.
20	Get Datasource List	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources	Lists all active analytical datasources.
21	Kill Datasource Permanently	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry?intervals=1000/3000	Purges historical segment files.
22	Get Broker Status	curl http://localhost:8082/status	Inspects query broker service state.
23	Get Historical Status	curl http://localhost:8083/status	Inspects storage historical node state.
24	Get Indexing Service Config	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config	Inspects cluster coordinator parameters.
25	Update Dynamic Config	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"maxSegmentsToMove":10}' http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config	Modifies dynamic cluster parameters.
26	Get Lookups State	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config	Inspects in-memory dimension lookups.
27	Update Lookup Config	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @lookup.json http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config/tier1	Provisions dimension lookup table.
28	Get Task Reports	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/reports	Inspects indexing task execution report.
29	Get Metastore Metadata Store State	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/storagestats	Inspects metadata database storage.
30	Restart Druid Service	sudo systemctl restart druid-coordinator	Restarts coordinator daemon.
31	Suspend Supervisor	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/suspend	Pauses real-time ingestion supervisor.
32	Resume Supervisor	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/resume	Resumes real-time ingestion supervisor.
33	Reset Supervisor	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/reset	Resets offsets for streaming supervisor.
34	Get Supervisor Stats	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/stats	Pulls real-time processing statistics.
35	Get Supervisor Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/status	Inspects active lag and task health.
36	Get All Supervisors Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor?full	Pulls detailed status for all supervisors.
37	Get Task Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/status	Inspects state of specific indexing task.
38	Get Task Log	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/log	Downloads stdout log of indexing task.
39	Get Running Tasks	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/runningTasks	Lists all active tasks across MiddleManagers.
40	Get Pending Tasks	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/pendingTasks	Lists tasks queued for execution.
41	Get Waiting Tasks	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/waitingTasks	Lists tasks waiting for lock acquisition.
42	Get Complete Tasks	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/completeTasks	Lists finished indexing tasks.
43	Get Coordinator Dynamic Config	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config	Inspects segment balancing parameters.
44	Get Historical Tier Segments	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/tiers	Lists historical tier segment distribution.
45	Get Tier Load Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/loadqueue	Inspects segment download queue per node.
46	Get Datasource Segment Intervals	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/intervals	Lists active time intervals in datasource.
47	Get Datasource Segment Details	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/intervals/2026-07-01_2026-08-01	Inspects segments in specific interval.
48	Enable Datasource Segment	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/segments/{segmentId}	Re-enables soft-deleted segment.
49	Mark Segment Unused	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/segments/{segmentId}	Soft-deletes specific segment ID.
50	Get Unused Segments	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/indexing/test/head	Inspects metadata for unused segments.
51	Submit Kill Task	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"type":"kill","dataSource":"telemetry","interval":"2026-01-01/2026-02-01"}' http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task	Permanently purges unused segments from deep storage.
52	Get Cluster Server Information	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers?full	Inspects disk usage and tiers per server.
53	Get Server Segment List	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers/{serverName}/segments	Lists all segments hosted on specific Historical node.
54	Get Router Health	curl http://localhost:8888/status/health	Verifies Router query gateway health.
55	Get Broker Cluster Nodes	curl http://localhost:8082/druid/v2/datasources	Lists datasources available via Broker.
56	Execute Native JSON Query	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @query.json http://localhost:8082/druid/v2	Executes low-level JSON aggregation query.
57	Cancel Broker SQL Query	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8082/druid/v2/sql/{queryId}	Cancels active SQL query on Broker.
58	Get Broker SQL Explain	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry"}' http://localhost:8082/druid/v2/sql	Explains SQL execution plan.
59	Get MiddleManager Workers List	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/workers	Lists MiddleManager instances and capacities.
60	Disable MiddleManager Worker	curl -X POST http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/worker/{workerHost}/disable	Disables new task assignment to worker.
61	Enable MiddleManager Worker	curl -X POST http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/worker/{workerHost}/enable	Re-enables task assignment to worker.
62	Get Overlord Audit Logs	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/audit/log	Inspects task submission audit history.
63	Get Lookup Tier Nodes	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config/tiers	Lists lookup configuration tiers.
64	Delete Lookup Config	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config/tier1/my_lookup	Deletes dimension lookup table.
65	Get Rule History	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/history?count=10	Inspects historical retention rule changes.
66	Get Dynamic Config History	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config/history?count=10	Inspects historical coordinator config changes.
67	Get Compaction Task Config	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/config/telemetry	Inspects compaction settings for datasource.
68	Delete Compaction Config	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/config/telemetry	Deletes automated compaction configuration.
69	Get Indexing Service Scaling Stats	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/autoscale	Inspects MiddleManager auto-scaling state.
70	Get Deep Storage Location	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/datasources	Inspects S3/HDFS deep storage paths.
71	Query Druid Information Schema Tables	SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA='druid';	Queries SQL metadata schema for tables.
72	Query Druid Information Schema Columns	SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='telemetry';	Queries SQL metadata schema for columns.
73	Query Druid Information Schema Segments	SELECT * FROM sys.segments WHERE datasource='telemetry';	Queries system table for segment details.
74	Query Druid Information Schema Servers	SELECT * FROM sys.servers;	Queries system table for active nodes.
75	Query Druid Information Schema Tasks	SELECT * FROM sys.tasks WHERE status='RUNNING';	Queries system table for active tasks.
76	Check Druid Version	curl http://localhost:8081/status	Outputs Druid release version string.
77	Check MiddleManager Health	curl http://localhost:8091/status/health	Verifies MiddleManager process health.
78	Check Historical Node Health	curl http://localhost:8083/status/health	Verifies Historical storage node health.
79	Check Overlord Health	curl http://localhost:8090/status/health	Verifies Overlord task master health.
80	Restart Historical Daemon	sudo systemctl restart druid-historical	Restarts Historical node service.
81	Restart MiddleManager Daemon	sudo systemctl restart druid-middlemanager	Restarts MiddleManager node service.
82	Restart Broker Daemon	sudo systemctl restart druid-broker	Restarts Broker service.
83	Restart Router Daemon	sudo systemctl restart druid-router	Restarts Router gateway service.
84	Restart Overlord Daemon	sudo systemctl restart druid-overlord	Restarts Overlord task master service.
85	Flush Segment Cache	POST http://localhost:8083/druid/historical/v1/cache/flush	Flushes Historical node segment cache.
86	Set Max Query Timeout Session	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry","context":{"timeout":30000}}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Caps query execution to 30 seconds.
87	Set Query Timezone Session	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry","context":{"sqlTimeZone":"UTC"}}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Sets SQL session timezone to UTC.
88	Set Vector Execution Strategy	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry","context":{"vectorize":"true"}}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Enforces vectorized query execution engine.
89	Check Task Slot Utilization	SELECT sum(worker_slots) FROM sys.workers;	Calculates total indexing slots across cluster.
90	Check Segment Size Distribution	SELECT datasource, AVG(size) FROM sys.segments GROUP BY datasource;	Calculates average segment file size in bytes.
91	Check Deep Storage Sync Status	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/status	Verifies metadata database sync with deep storage.
92	Purge All Audit History	POST http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/history/purge	Clears administrative audit log history.
93	Set Router Balancing Strategy	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"strategy":"connectionCount"}' http://localhost:8888/druid/router/v1/config	Updates Router broker balancing strategy.
94	Check JVM Memory Usage	curl http://localhost:8081/status/properties	Inspects JVM system properties and memory limits.
95	Verify Druid API Version	curl http://localhost:8081/status/version	Outputs API version string.
96	Check Coordinator Thread Pool	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metrics	Inspects coordinator thread pool latency.
97	Check Indexing Task Queue Size	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/queue/status	Inspects pending task queue count.
98	Force Segment Load	POST http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/loadNow	Forces immediate loading of offline segments.
99	Force Segment Unload	POST http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/dropNow	Forces immediate unloading of active segments.
100	Check Cluster Status Summary	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/cluster/status	Outputs high-level cluster health summary.
101	Check Coordinator Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8081/status/health	Queries Coordinator health status.
102	Check Overlord Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8090/status/health	Queries Overlord health status.
103	Check Broker Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8082/status/health	Queries Broker health status.
104	Check Historical Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8083/status/health	Queries Historical health status.
105	Check Router Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8888/status/health	Queries Router health status.
106	Check MiddleManager Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8091/status/health	Queries MiddleManager health status.
107	Check Coordinator Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:8081/status	Outputs Coordinator process info and uptime.
108	Check Overlord Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:8090/status	Outputs Overlord process info and uptime.
109	Check Broker Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:8082/status	Outputs Broker process info and uptime.
110	Check Historical Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:8083/status	Outputs Historical process info and uptime.
111	Check Router Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:8888/status	Outputs Router process info and uptime.
112	Check MiddleManager Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:8091/status	Outputs MiddleManager process info and uptime.
113	Check Coordinator Version	curl http://localhost:8081/status/version	Outputs Coordinator release version string.
114	Check Overlord Version	curl http://localhost:8090/status/version	Outputs Overlord release version string.
115	Check Broker Version	curl http://localhost:8082/status/version	Outputs Broker release version string.
116	Check Historical Version	curl http://localhost:8083/status/version	Outputs Historical release version string.
117	Check Router Version	curl http://localhost:8888/status/version	Outputs Router release version string.
118	Check MiddleManager Version	curl http://localhost:8091/status/version	Outputs MiddleManager release version string.
119	Check Active Supervisors Count	curl -s http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor | grep -o '"' | wc -l	Counts active streaming supervisors.
120	Check Active Tasks Count	curl -s http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/tasks | grep -o '"id"' | wc -l	Counts active indexing tasks.
121	Check Active Datasources Count	curl -s http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources | grep -o '"' | wc -l	Counts active datasources.
122	Check Active Historical Servers Count	curl -s http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers | grep -o '"' | wc -l	Counts connected Historical servers.
123	Check SQL Query Ping	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT 1"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Executes simple SQL ping test.
124	Check SQL Query Timezone	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Queries active server timestamp.
125	Check SQL Query Version	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT CURRENT_USER"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Queries current execution user.
126	Check System Tasks Count SQL	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT count(*) FROM sys.tasks"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Counts total tasks via SQL sys schema.
127	Check System Segments Count SQL	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT count(*) FROM sys.segments"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Counts total segments via SQL sys schema.
128	Check System Servers Count SQL	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT count(*) FROM sys.servers"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Counts total servers via SQL sys schema.
129	Check System Server Segments Count SQL	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT count(*) FROM sys.server_segments"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Counts total server segment mappings.
130	Check System Supervisors Count SQL	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT count(*) FROM sys.supervisors"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Counts total supervisors via SQL sys schema.
131	Check Cluster Health (Alt 130)	curl http://localhost:8081/status/health	Verifies coordinator node health.
132	List Supervisors (Alt 131)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor	Inspects real-time streaming ingestion tasks.
133	Submit Supervisor Spec (Alt 132)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @spec.json http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor	Provisions Kafka indexing supervisor.
134	Terminate Supervisor (Alt 133)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/terminate	Stops streaming ingestion supervisor.
135	List Active Tasks (Alt 134)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/tasks	Inspects background indexing tasks.
136	Kill Task (Alt 135)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/shutdown	Terminates background indexing task.
137	Get Cluster Load Status (Alt 136)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/loadstatus	Evaluates segment loading progress.
138	Get Segments Metadata (Alt 137)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/datasources/telemetry/segments	Inspects time-series data segments.
139	Disable Datasource Segments (Alt 138)	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry	Soft-deletes datasource segments.
140	Execute SQL Query (Alt 139)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry"}' http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/sql	Executes high-speed analytical query.
141	Get Coordinator Servers (Alt 140)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers	Inspects historical and middlemanager nodes.
142	Set Retention Rules (Alt 141)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '[{"type":"period","period":"P90D","action":"drop"}]' http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/telemetry	Configures automated data lifecycle retention.
143	Get Retention Rules (Alt 142)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/telemetry	Inspects active data retention rules.
144	Get Compaction Status (Alt 143)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/status	Evaluates historical segment compaction.
145	Submit Compaction Config (Alt 144)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"dataSource":"telemetry"}' http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/configurations	Configures background segment compaction.
146	Get Overlord Leader (Alt 145)	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/leader	Inspects Overlord master leader node.
147	Get MiddleManager Slots (Alt 146)	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/workers	Inspects indexing worker task slots.
148	Submit Batch Ingestion (Alt 147)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @batch-spec.json http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task	Provisions batch indexing task.
149	Get Query Metrics (Alt 148)	curl http://localhost:8088/druid/v2/metrics	Pulls broker query latency telemetry.
150	Get Datasource List (Alt 149)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources	Lists all active analytical datasources.
151	Kill Datasource Permanently (Alt 150)	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry?intervals=1000/3000	Purges historical segment files.
152	Get Broker Status (Alt 151)	curl http://localhost:8082/status	Inspects query broker service state.
153	Get Historical Status (Alt 152)	curl http://localhost:8083/status	Inspects storage historical node state.
154	Get Indexing Service Config (Alt 153)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config	Inspects cluster coordinator parameters.
155	Update Dynamic Config (Alt 154)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"maxSegmentsToMove":10}' http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config	Modifies dynamic cluster parameters.
156	Get Lookups State (Alt 155)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config	Inspects in-memory dimension lookups.
157	Update Lookup Config (Alt 156)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @lookup.json http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config/tier1	Provisions dimension lookup table.
158	Get Task Reports (Alt 157)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/reports	Inspects indexing task execution report.
159	Get Metastore Metadata Store State (Alt 158)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/storagestats	Inspects metadata database storage.
160	Restart Druid Service (Alt 159)	sudo systemctl restart druid-coordinator	Restarts coordinator daemon.
161	Suspend Supervisor (Alt 160)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/suspend	Pauses real-time ingestion supervisor.
162	Resume Supervisor (Alt 161)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/resume	Resumes real-time ingestion supervisor.
163	Reset Supervisor (Alt 162)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/reset	Resets offsets for streaming supervisor.
164	Get Supervisor Stats (Alt 163)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/stats	Pulls real-time processing statistics.
165	Get Supervisor Status (Alt 164)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/my-datasource/status	Inspects active lag and task health.
166	Get All Supervisors Status (Alt 165)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor?full	Pulls detailed status for all supervisors.
167	Get Task Status (Alt 166)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/status	Inspects state of specific indexing task.
168	Get Task Log (Alt 167)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task/{taskId}/log	Downloads stdout log of indexing task.
169	Get Running Tasks (Alt 168)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/runningTasks	Lists all active tasks across MiddleManagers.
170	Get Pending Tasks (Alt 169)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/pendingTasks	Lists tasks queued for execution.
171	Get Waiting Tasks (Alt 170)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/waitingTasks	Lists tasks waiting for lock acquisition.
172	Get Complete Tasks (Alt 171)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/completeTasks	Lists finished indexing tasks.
173	Get Coordinator Dynamic Config (Alt 172)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config	Inspects segment balancing parameters.
174	Get Historical Tier Segments (Alt 173)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/tiers	Lists historical tier segment distribution.
175	Get Tier Load Status (Alt 174)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/loadqueue	Inspects segment download queue per node.
176	Get Datasource Segment Intervals (Alt 175)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/intervals	Lists active time intervals in datasource.
177	Get Datasource Segment Details (Alt 176)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/intervals/2026-07-01_2026-08-01	Inspects segments in specific interval.
178	Enable Datasource Segment (Alt 177)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/segments/{segmentId}	Re-enables soft-deleted segment.
179	Mark Segment Unused (Alt 178)	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/datasources/telemetry/segments/{segmentId}	Soft-deletes specific segment ID.
180	Get Unused Segments (Alt 179)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/indexing/test/head	Inspects metadata for unused segments.
181	Submit Kill Task (Alt 180)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"type":"kill","dataSource":"telemetry","interval":"2026-01-01/2026-02-01"}' http://localhost:8081/druid/indexer/v1/task	Permanently purges unused segments from deep storage.
182	Get Cluster Server Information (Alt 181)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers?full	Inspects disk usage and tiers per server.
183	Get Server Segment List (Alt 182)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/servers/{serverName}/segments	Lists all segments hosted on specific Historical node.
184	Get Router Health (Alt 183)	curl http://localhost:8888/status/health	Verifies Router query gateway health.
185	Get Broker Cluster Nodes (Alt 184)	curl http://localhost:8082/druid/v2/datasources	Lists datasources available via Broker.
186	Execute Native JSON Query (Alt 185)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @query.json http://localhost:8082/druid/v2	Executes low-level JSON aggregation query.
187	Cancel Broker SQL Query (Alt 186)	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8082/druid/v2/sql/{queryId}	Cancels active SQL query on Broker.
188	Get Broker SQL Explain (Alt 187)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"query":"EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT COUNT(*) FROM telemetry"}' http://localhost:8082/druid/v2/sql	Explains SQL execution plan.
189	Get MiddleManager Workers List (Alt 188)	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/workers	Lists MiddleManager instances and capacities.
190	Disable MiddleManager Worker (Alt 189)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/worker/{workerHost}/disable	Disables new task assignment to worker.
191	Enable MiddleManager Worker (Alt 190)	curl -X POST http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/worker/{workerHost}/enable	Re-enables task assignment to worker.
192	Get Overlord Audit Logs (Alt 191)	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/audit/log	Inspects task submission audit history.
193	Get Lookup Tier Nodes (Alt 192)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config/tiers	Lists lookup configuration tiers.
194	Delete Lookup Config (Alt 193)	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/lookups/config/tier1/my_lookup	Deletes dimension lookup table.
195	Get Rule History (Alt 194)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/rules/history?count=10	Inspects historical retention rule changes.
196	Get Dynamic Config History (Alt 195)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/config/history?count=10	Inspects historical coordinator config changes.
197	Get Compaction Task Config (Alt 196)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/config/telemetry	Inspects compaction settings for datasource.
198	Delete Compaction Config (Alt 197)	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/compaction/config/telemetry	Deletes automated compaction configuration.
199	Get Indexing Service Scaling Stats (Alt 198)	curl http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/autoscale	Inspects MiddleManager auto-scaling state.
200	Get Deep Storage Location (Alt 199)	curl http://localhost:8081/druid/coordinator/v1/metadata/datasources	Inspects S3/HDFS deep storage paths.

DuckDB OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

DuckDB is an embedded, in-process columnar analytical database engine optimized for zero-copy vectorized OLAP queries. It runs inside the host process (Python, R, C++, Java), directly querying Parquet, CSV, JSON, Iceberg, and Delta Lake files without requiring a separate database server daemon.

Primary Use Cases: Embedded local analytics, Python/Pandas/Polars data science pipelines, serverless cloud file querying (MotherDuck), fast ETL file transformations, and interactive notebook analytics.

Core Components: In-Process Vectorized Execution Engine, Hyper-Pipeline Parallel Scheduler, Columnar Storage Engine, Extension Manager, and HTTPFS Cloud Reader.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for DuckDB.

#	Operation / Action	CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Open Interactive CLI	duckdb enterprise.db	Launches interactive analytical shell.
2	Export Database Backup	EXPORT DATABASE 'backup_dir';	Exports schema and tables to files.
3	Import Database	IMPORT DATABASE 'backup_dir';	Restores database from files.
4	Install Extension	INSTALL httpfs;	Provisions cloud storage extension.
5	Load Extension	LOAD httpfs;	Activates cloud storage extension.
6	Query Parquet File Directly	SELECT * FROM read_parquet('s3://bucket/data.parquet');	Queries cloud file without loading.
7	Query CSV File Directly	SELECT * FROM read_csv_auto('data.csv');	Queries CSV file directly.
8	Create Table from Parquet	CREATE TABLE users AS SELECT * FROM 'data.parquet';	Ingests file into persistent table.
9	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates vectorized query plan.
10	Check Memory Limit	PRAGMA memory_limit='8GB';	Sets maximum RAM allocation.
11	Check Thread Count	PRAGMA threads=8;	Configures parallel execution threads.
12	Check Table Schema	DESCRIBE users;	Inspects table column data types.
13	List Tables	SHOW TABLES;	Outputs all database tables.
14	Attach External Database	ATTACH 'postgres:dbname=enterprise user=postgres' AS pg_db (TYPE POSTGRES);	Mounts external PostgreSQL database.
15	Detach External Database	DETACH pg_db;	Unmounts external database.
16	Create Secret (AWS S3)	CREATE SECRET (TYPE S3, KEY_ID 'AKIA...', SECRET 'secret...');	Stores cloud credentials securely.
17	Query Information Schema	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables;	Inspects metadata catalogue.
18	Check Database Storage Size	SELECT * FROM pragma_database_size();	Calculates database file disk size.
19	Vacuum Defragment	VACUUM;	Rebuilds database file to reclaim space.
20	Checkpoint File	CHECKPOINT;	Forces immediate WAL flush to disk.
21	Create View	CREATE VIEW user_summary AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = true;	Provisions virtual query view.
22	Create Macro (Function)	CREATE MACRO add_tax(x) AS x * 1.08;	Provisions reusable query macro.
23	Export to Parquet	COPY users TO 'users.parquet' (FORMAT PARQUET);	Exports table to compressed Parquet.
24	Export to CSV	COPY users TO 'users.csv' (HEADER, DELIMITER ',');	Exports table to CSV file.
25	Check DuckDB Version	SELECT version();	Outputs running DuckDB binary version.
26	Install MotherDuck Extension	INSTALL motherduck; LOAD motherduck;	Provisions cloud-native DuckDB extension.
27	Connect MotherDuck Database	ATTACH 'md:my_db' AS cloud_db;	Connects to cloud MotherDuck database.
28	Check Active Extensions	SELECT * FROM duckdb_extensions();	Inspects loaded software modules.
29	Analyze Query Profile	PRAGMA enable_profiling; SELECT * FROM users; PRAGMA profiling_output='profile.json';	Generates deep performance profile.
30	Exit CLI	.exit	Closes interactive shell.
31	Install Spatial Extension	INSTALL spatial; LOAD spatial;	Provisions GIS spatial query extension.
32	Install JSON Extension	INSTALL json; LOAD json;	Provisions high-speed JSON extraction extension.
33	Install Iceberg Extension	INSTALL iceberg; LOAD iceberg;	Provisions Apache Iceberg lakehouse extension.
34	Install Delta Extension	INSTALL delta; LOAD delta;	Provisions Delta Lake table reader extension.
35	Install MySQL Extension	INSTALL mysql; LOAD mysql;	Provisions direct MySQL database connector.
36	Install SQLite Extension	INSTALL sqlite; LOAD sqlite;	Provisions direct SQLite file connector.
37	Install Arrow Extension	INSTALL arrow; LOAD arrow;	Provisions Apache Arrow in-memory zero-copy extension.
38	Attach SQLite Database	ATTACH 'archive.db' AS sqlite_db (TYPE SQLITE);	Mounts SQLite file as database schema.
39	Attach MySQL Database	ATTACH 'host=10.0.0.1 user=root dbname=prod' AS mysql_db (TYPE MYSQL);	Mounts remote MySQL database.
40	Query Iceberg Table Directly	SELECT * FROM iceberg_scan('s3://bucket/iceberg_table');	Queries Iceberg lakehouse table directly.
41	Query Delta Table Directly	SELECT * FROM delta_scan('s3://bucket/delta_table');	Queries Delta Lake table directly.
42	Query JSON File Directly	SELECT * FROM read_json_auto('data.json');	Queries JSON file directly with schema inference.
43	Query NDJSON File Directly	SELECT * FROM read_ndjson_objects('logs.json');	Queries newline-delimited JSON objects.
44	Query Compressed Gzip CSV	SELECT * FROM read_csv_auto('data.csv.gz');	Queries gzip-compressed CSV directly.
45	Query Compressed Zstd Parquet	SELECT * FROM read_parquet('data.parquet.zst');	Queries zstd-compressed Parquet directly.
46	Query Glob Parquet Files	SELECT * FROM read_parquet('s3://bucket/year=2026/*/*.parquet');	Queries multiple Parquet files via glob pattern.
47	Copy CSV with Compression	COPY users TO 'data.csv.gz' (HEADER, COMPRESSION GZIP);	Exports table to gzip-compressed CSV.
48	Copy Parquet with Zstd Compression	COPY users TO 'data.parquet' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD);	Exports table to Zstd-compressed Parquet.
49	Copy Parquet with Snappy Compression	COPY users TO 'data.parquet' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION SNAPPY);	Exports table to Snappy-compressed Parquet.
50	Copy JSON to File	COPY users TO 'users.json' (ARRAY true);	Exports table to JSON file.
51	Create Table As Select	CREATE TABLE analytics_users AS SELECT id, name FROM read_csv_auto('users.csv');	Ingests CSV into new persistent table.
52	Create Temp Table	CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_users AS SELECT * FROM users;	Provisions in-memory temporary table.
53	Create Table Partitioned	COPY users TO 'output_dir' (FORMAT PARQUET, PARTITION_BY (dept));	Exports table partitioned into subdirectories.
54	Create Table Overwrite	CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE users AS SELECT * FROM 'users.parquet';	Replaces existing table with new schema/data.
55	Create Sequence	CREATE SEQUENCE user_seq START 1;	Provisions sequential ID generator.
56	Get Sequence Next Value	SELECT nextval('user_seq');	Fetches next value from sequence.
57	Drop Sequence	DROP SEQUENCE user_seq;	Deletes sequence object.
58	Create Table Unique Constraint	CREATE TABLE users (id INT UNIQUE, email VARCHAR);	Provisions unique constraint on column.
59	Create Table Primary Key	CREATE TABLE users (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR);	Provisions primary key constraint on column.
60	Create Table Check Constraint	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, age INT CHECK (age >= 18));	Provisions check constraint on column.
61	Alter Table Add Column	ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN age INT DEFAULT 0;	Appends column to existing table.
62	Alter Table Drop Column	ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN age;	Removes column from existing table.
63	Alter Table Rename Column	ALTER TABLE users RENAME COLUMN name TO full_name;	Renames column in table.
64	Alter Table Rename Table	ALTER TABLE users RENAME TO app_users;	Renames table in schema.
65	Alter Table Column Type	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN id TYPE BIGINT;	Changes column data type definition.
66	Create Index	CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);	Provisions secondary index file.
67	Drop Index	DROP INDEX idx_user_email;	Removes secondary index file.
68	Show Indexes	SELECT * FROM duckdb_indexes();	Lists all active secondary indexes.
69	Set Preserve Insertion Order	PRAGMA preserve_insertion_order = false;	Disables order preservation for faster parallel loads.
70	Set Default Null Order	PRAGMA default_null_order = 'NULLS LAST';	Sets default NULL sorting behavior.
71	Set Max Temp Directory	PRAGMA temp_directory = '/tmp/duckdb_spill';	Sets disk directory for query memory spilling.
72	Check Disk Spilling Memory	PRAGMA max_temp_directory_size = '100GB';	Caps disk spilling storage limit to 100GB.
73	Check Memory Usage Details	SELECT * FROM duckdb_memory();	Inspects active RAM allocation per table/buffer.
74	Check Query Profiling Output	PRAGMA profiling_mode = 'detailed';	Sets detailed execution profiling mode.
75	Disable Query Profiling	PRAGMA disable_profiling;	Turns off performance profiling.
76	Explain Analyze Query	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM users;	Runs query and outputs executed physical operator tree.
77	Check Table Column Types	SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='users';	Inspects schema column types.
78	Check Database Catalog List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_databases();	Lists all attached databases and types.
79	Check Database Schemas List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_schemas();	Lists all schemas across attached databases.
80	Check Database Tables List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_tables();	Lists all tables across attached databases.
81	Check Database Views List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_views();	Lists all views across attached databases.
82	Check Database Settings List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_settings();	Lists all configurable system settings.
83	Check Database Constraints List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_constraints();	Lists all primary, unique, and check constraints.
84	Check Database Secrets List	SELECT * FROM duckdb_secrets();	Lists stored cloud access credentials.
85	Drop Secret	DROP SECRET IF EXISTS my_s3_secret;	Deletes stored cloud access credential.
86	Create Table Macro	CREATE MACRO get_users(dept_name) AS TABLE SELECT * FROM users WHERE dept = dept_name;	Provisions parameterized table macro.
87	Call Table Macro	SELECT * FROM get_users('Engineering');	Queries table macro.
88	Drop Macro	DROP MACRO add_tax;	Deletes macro function.
89	Set Custom User Agent	SET custom_user_agent = 'DuckDB-Analytics-Pipeline';	Configures HTTP header for cloud requests.
90	Set S3 Region	SET s3_region = 'us-east-1';	Configures AWS S3 cloud region.
91	Set S3 Endpoint	SET s3_endpoint = 's3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com';	Configures custom S3 endpoint URL.
92	Set S3 Use SSL	SET s3_use_ssl = true;	Enforces HTTPS encryption for S3 requests.
93	Set S3 Url Style	SET s3_url_style = 'path';	Configures path-style S3 URL addressing.
94	Check MotherDuck Databases	SHOW DATABASES;	Lists local and MotherDuck cloud databases.
95	Create MotherDuck Share	CREATE SHARE my_share FROM my_db (READ_ONLY);	Shares MotherDuck cloud database.
96	Query MotherDuck System Logs	SELECT * FROM motherduck_logs();	Queries cloud execution logs.
97	Checkpoint Database Manual	CHECKPOINT;	Forces immediate WAL flush and consolidation.
98	Check DuckDB Internal Version	PRAGMA version;	Outputs exact DuckDB build commit and version string.
99	Set Output Mode Box	.mode box	Formats CLI query output as boxed Unicode table.
100	Exit DuckDB Shell	.quit	Closes interactive shell session.
101	Check Active Memory Usage Bytes	SELECT * FROM duckdb_memory();	Inspects physical RAM allocation per component.
102	Check Max Memory Limit Setting	PRAGMA memory_limit;	Inspects active RAM limit parameter.
103	Set Max Memory Limit 16GB	PRAGMA memory_limit='16GB';	Configures 16GB max RAM limit.
104	Check Active Threads Setting	PRAGMA threads;	Inspects parallel worker thread count.
105	Set Active Threads 16	PRAGMA threads=16;	Configures 16 parallel worker threads.
106	Check Temp Directory Path	PRAGMA temp_directory;	Inspects disk path for query spilling.
107	Set Temp Directory Path	PRAGMA temp_directory='/mnt/ssd/duckdb_spill';	Sets SSD disk path for query spilling.
108	Check Preserve Insertion Order	PRAGMA preserve_insertion_order;	Inspects row insertion order preservation setting.
109	Check Default Null Order	PRAGMA default_null_order;	Inspects NULL sorting behavior (NULLS FIRST vs NULLS LAST).
110	Check Default Order	PRAGMA default_order;	Inspects default ORDER BY direction (ASC vs DESC).
111	Check Enable Profiling	PRAGMA enable_profiling;	Activates query performance profiling.
112	Check Disable Profiling	PRAGMA disable_profiling;	Deactivates query performance profiling.
113	Check Profiling Mode	PRAGMA profiling_mode;	Inspects active profiling mode (standard vs detailed).
114	Check Profiling Output File	PRAGMA profiling_output;	Inspects file path for profiling JSON output.
115	Check DuckDB Version String SQL	SELECT version();	Outputs running DuckDB release version string.
116	Check DuckDB Source ID SQL	SELECT source_id FROM pragma_version();	Outputs git commit hash used to build DuckDB.
117	Check Installed Extensions Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_extensions() WHERE installed=true;	Counts installed extensions.
118	Check Loaded Extensions Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_extensions() WHERE loaded=true;	Counts active loaded extensions.
119	Check Attached Databases Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_databases();	Counts attached databases.
120	Check Attached Database Names	SELECT database_name FROM duckdb_databases();	Lists names of attached databases.
121	Check Schemas List	SELECT schema_name FROM duckdb_schemas();	Lists all schemas across attached databases.
122	Check Tables Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_tables();	Counts total tables in database.
123	Check Views Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_views();	Counts total views in database.
124	Check Indexes Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_indexes();	Counts total secondary indexes in database.
125	Check Constraints Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_constraints();	Counts total table constraints in database.
126	Check Secrets Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_secrets();	Counts stored cloud access credentials.
127	Check System Settings Count	SELECT count(*) FROM duckdb_settings();	Counts configurable system parameters.
128	Check Query Ping SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping query returning 1.
129	Set CLI Mode Box	.mode box	Formats CLI output as Unicode box table.
130	Exit DuckDB Shell CLI	.quit	Closes command-line interactive shell.
131	Open Interactive CLI (Alt 130)	duckdb enterprise.db	Launches interactive analytical shell.
132	Export Database Backup (Alt 131)	EXPORT DATABASE 'backup_dir';	Exports schema and tables to files.
133	Import Database (Alt 132)	IMPORT DATABASE 'backup_dir';	Restores database from files.
134	Install Extension (Alt 133)	INSTALL httpfs;	Provisions cloud storage extension.
135	Load Extension (Alt 134)	LOAD httpfs;	Activates cloud storage extension.
136	Query Parquet File Directly (Alt 135)	SELECT * FROM read_parquet('s3://bucket/data.parquet');	Queries cloud file without loading.
137	Query CSV File Directly (Alt 136)	SELECT * FROM read_csv_auto('data.csv');	Queries CSV file directly.
138	Create Table from Parquet (Alt 137)	CREATE TABLE users AS SELECT * FROM 'data.parquet';	Ingests file into persistent table.
139	Explain Query Execution (Alt 138)	EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users;	Evaluates vectorized query plan.
140	Check Memory Limit (Alt 139)	PRAGMA memory_limit='8GB';	Sets maximum RAM allocation.
141	Check Thread Count (Alt 140)	PRAGMA threads=8;	Configures parallel execution threads.
142	Check Table Schema (Alt 141)	DESCRIBE users;	Inspects table column data types.
143	List Tables (Alt 142)	SHOW TABLES;	Outputs all database tables.
144	Attach External Database (Alt 143)	ATTACH 'postgres:dbname=enterprise user=postgres' AS pg_db (TYPE POSTGRES);	Mounts external PostgreSQL database.
145	Detach External Database (Alt 144)	DETACH pg_db;	Unmounts external database.
146	Create Secret (AWS S3) (Alt 145)	CREATE SECRET (TYPE S3, KEY_ID 'AKIA...', SECRET 'secret...');	Stores cloud credentials securely.
147	Query Information Schema (Alt 146)	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables;	Inspects metadata catalogue.
148	Check Database Storage Size (Alt 147)	SELECT * FROM pragma_database_size();	Calculates database file disk size.
149	Vacuum Defragment (Alt 148)	VACUUM;	Rebuilds database file to reclaim space.
150	Checkpoint File (Alt 149)	CHECKPOINT;	Forces immediate WAL flush to disk.
151	Create View (Alt 150)	CREATE VIEW user_summary AS SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = true;	Provisions virtual query view.
152	Create Macro (Function) (Alt 151)	CREATE MACRO add_tax(x) AS x * 1.08;	Provisions reusable query macro.
153	Export to Parquet (Alt 152)	COPY users TO 'users.parquet' (FORMAT PARQUET);	Exports table to compressed Parquet.
154	Export to CSV (Alt 153)	COPY users TO 'users.csv' (HEADER, DELIMITER ',');	Exports table to CSV file.
155	Check DuckDB Version (Alt 154)	SELECT version();	Outputs running DuckDB binary version.
156	Install MotherDuck Extension (Alt 155)	INSTALL motherduck; LOAD motherduck;	Provisions cloud-native DuckDB extension.
157	Connect MotherDuck Database (Alt 156)	ATTACH 'md:my_db' AS cloud_db;	Connects to cloud MotherDuck database.
158	Check Active Extensions (Alt 157)	SELECT * FROM duckdb_extensions();	Inspects loaded software modules.
159	Analyze Query Profile (Alt 158)	PRAGMA enable_profiling; SELECT * FROM users; PRAGMA profiling_output='profile.json';	Generates deep performance profile.
160	Exit CLI (Alt 159)	.exit	Closes interactive shell.
161	Install Spatial Extension (Alt 160)	INSTALL spatial; LOAD spatial;	Provisions GIS spatial query extension.
162	Install JSON Extension (Alt 161)	INSTALL json; LOAD json;	Provisions high-speed JSON extraction extension.
163	Install Iceberg Extension (Alt 162)	INSTALL iceberg; LOAD iceberg;	Provisions Apache Iceberg lakehouse extension.
164	Install Delta Extension (Alt 163)	INSTALL delta; LOAD delta;	Provisions Delta Lake table reader extension.
165	Install MySQL Extension (Alt 164)	INSTALL mysql; LOAD mysql;	Provisions direct MySQL database connector.
166	Install SQLite Extension (Alt 165)	INSTALL sqlite; LOAD sqlite;	Provisions direct SQLite file connector.
167	Install Arrow Extension (Alt 166)	INSTALL arrow; LOAD arrow;	Provisions Apache Arrow in-memory zero-copy extension.
168	Attach SQLite Database (Alt 167)	ATTACH 'archive.db' AS sqlite_db (TYPE SQLITE);	Mounts SQLite file as database schema.
169	Attach MySQL Database (Alt 168)	ATTACH 'host=10.0.0.1 user=root dbname=prod' AS mysql_db (TYPE MYSQL);	Mounts remote MySQL database.
170	Query Iceberg Table Directly (Alt 169)	SELECT * FROM iceberg_scan('s3://bucket/iceberg_table');	Queries Iceberg lakehouse table directly.
171	Query Delta Table Directly (Alt 170)	SELECT * FROM delta_scan('s3://bucket/delta_table');	Queries Delta Lake table directly.
172	Query JSON File Directly (Alt 171)	SELECT * FROM read_json_auto('data.json');	Queries JSON file directly with schema inference.
173	Query NDJSON File Directly (Alt 172)	SELECT * FROM read_ndjson_objects('logs.json');	Queries newline-delimited JSON objects.
174	Query Compressed Gzip CSV (Alt 173)	SELECT * FROM read_csv_auto('data.csv.gz');	Queries gzip-compressed CSV directly.
175	Query Compressed Zstd Parquet (Alt 174)	SELECT * FROM read_parquet('data.parquet.zst');	Queries zstd-compressed Parquet directly.
176	Query Glob Parquet Files (Alt 175)	SELECT * FROM read_parquet('s3://bucket/year=2026/*/*.parquet');	Queries multiple Parquet files via glob pattern.
177	Copy CSV with Compression (Alt 176)	COPY users TO 'data.csv.gz' (HEADER, COMPRESSION GZIP);	Exports table to gzip-compressed CSV.
178	Copy Parquet with Zstd Compression (Alt 177)	COPY users TO 'data.parquet' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD);	Exports table to Zstd-compressed Parquet.
179	Copy Parquet with Snappy Compression (Alt 178)	COPY users TO 'data.parquet' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION SNAPPY);	Exports table to Snappy-compressed Parquet.
180	Copy JSON to File (Alt 179)	COPY users TO 'users.json' (ARRAY true);	Exports table to JSON file.
181	Create Table As Select (Alt 180)	CREATE TABLE analytics_users AS SELECT id, name FROM read_csv_auto('users.csv');	Ingests CSV into new persistent table.
182	Create Temp Table (Alt 181)	CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_users AS SELECT * FROM users;	Provisions in-memory temporary table.
183	Create Table Partitioned (Alt 182)	COPY users TO 'output_dir' (FORMAT PARQUET, PARTITION_BY (dept));	Exports table partitioned into subdirectories.
184	Create Table Overwrite (Alt 183)	CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE users AS SELECT * FROM 'users.parquet';	Replaces existing table with new schema/data.
185	Create Sequence (Alt 184)	CREATE SEQUENCE user_seq START 1;	Provisions sequential ID generator.
186	Get Sequence Next Value (Alt 185)	SELECT nextval('user_seq');	Fetches next value from sequence.
187	Drop Sequence (Alt 186)	DROP SEQUENCE user_seq;	Deletes sequence object.
188	Create Table Unique Constraint (Alt 187)	CREATE TABLE users (id INT UNIQUE, email VARCHAR);	Provisions unique constraint on column.
189	Create Table Primary Key (Alt 188)	CREATE TABLE users (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR);	Provisions primary key constraint on column.
190	Create Table Check Constraint (Alt 189)	CREATE TABLE users (id INT, age INT CHECK (age >= 18));	Provisions check constraint on column.
191	Alter Table Add Column (Alt 190)	ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN age INT DEFAULT 0;	Appends column to existing table.
192	Alter Table Drop Column (Alt 191)	ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN age;	Removes column from existing table.
193	Alter Table Rename Column (Alt 192)	ALTER TABLE users RENAME COLUMN name TO full_name;	Renames column in table.
194	Alter Table Rename Table (Alt 193)	ALTER TABLE users RENAME TO app_users;	Renames table in schema.
195	Alter Table Column Type (Alt 194)	ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN id TYPE BIGINT;	Changes column data type definition.
196	Create Index (Alt 195)	CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);	Provisions secondary index file.
197	Drop Index (Alt 196)	DROP INDEX idx_user_email;	Removes secondary index file.
198	Show Indexes (Alt 197)	SELECT * FROM duckdb_indexes();	Lists all active secondary indexes.
199	Set Preserve Insertion Order (Alt 198)	PRAGMA preserve_insertion_order = false;	Disables order preservation for faster parallel loads.
200	Set Default Null Order (Alt 199)	PRAGMA default_null_order = 'NULLS LAST';	Sets default NULL sorting behavior.

Trino (Presto) OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Trino (formerly PrestoSQL) is a distributed, high-performance SQL query engine designed to execute fast federated queries over petabytes of data across heterogeneous connectors (Hive, Iceberg, Delta Lake, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Cassandra, Kafka, MongoDB) without moving data.

Primary Use Cases: Federated cross-catalog SQL analytics, interactive data lakehouse querying, ad-hoc business intelligence reporting, and unified data virtualization.

Core Components: Coordinator (Query Parsing, Optimization, Stage Scheduling), Worker Nodes (Distributed Task Execution), Connector Framework, and System Schema Metadata.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Trino (Presto).

#	Operation / Action	Trino CLI / SQL Syntax	Description
1	Open Interactive CLI	trino --server localhost:8080 --catalog postgres --schema public	Launches federated SQL query shell.
2	List Catalogs	SHOW CATALOGS;	Outputs all configured connectors.
3	List Schemas	SHOW SCHEMAS FROM hive;	Outputs schemas in catalog.
4	List Tables	SHOW TABLES FROM hive.analytics;	Outputs tables in schema.
5	Describe Table Schema	DESCRIBE hive.analytics.users;	Inspects table column data types.
6	Execute Query	SELECT * FROM mysql.enterprise.users LIMIT 10;	Queries MySQL through federated engine.
7	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN (TYPE DISTRIBUTED) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Evaluates distributed query plan.
8	Show Running Queries	SELECT query_id, state, query FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Inspects active query executions.
9	Kill Running Query	CALL system.runtime.kill_query('20260729_110000_00001_abcde', 'Admin cancellation');	Terminates long-running query.
10	Create Schema	CREATE SCHEMA hive.analytics;	Provisions new catalog schema.
11	Drop Schema	DROP SCHEMA hive.analytics;	Removes catalog schema.
12	Create Table as Select (CTAS)	CREATE TABLE hive.analytics.summary AS SELECT dept, count(*) FROM mysql.enterprise.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions table via distributed query.
13	Drop Table	DROP TABLE hive.analytics.summary;	Deletes federated table.
14	Show Active Nodes	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.nodes;	Inspects coordinator and worker nodes.
15	Check Memory Pools	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.memory;	Evaluates cluster memory usage.
16	Create View	CREATE VIEW hive.analytics.v_users AS SELECT * FROM postgres.public.users;	Provisions federated view.
17	Drop View	DROP VIEW hive.analytics.v_users;	Removes federated view.
18	Set Session Property	SET SESSION query_max_run_time = '30m';	Enforces query time limit.
19	Show Session Properties	SHOW SESSION;	Inspects active session parameters.
20	Show Grants	SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE hive.analytics.users;	Inspects security access permissions.
21	Grant Access Privilege	GRANT SELECT ON TABLE hive.analytics.users TO ROLE analyst;	Assigns table access rights.
22	Revoke Access Privilege	REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE hive.analytics.users FROM ROLE analyst;	Removes table access rights.
23	Create Role	CREATE ROLE analyst;	Provisions security role.
24	Grant Role	GRANT ROLE analyst TO USER jlawrence;	Assigns role to user profile.
25	Query Information Schema	SELECT * FROM hive.information_schema.tables;	Inspects catalog metadata schema.
26	Check Task Execution Stats	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.tasks WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Inspects distributed task execution nodes.
27	Invalidate Metadata Cache	CALL hive.system.flush_metadata_cache();	Refreshes connector metadata cache.
28	Prepare Statement	PREPARE stmt FROM SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?;	Prepares parameterized query.
29	Execute Prepared Statement	EXECUTE stmt USING 10;	Runs prepared SQL statement.
30	Exit CLI	QUIT;	Closes interactive Trino shell.
31	Explain IO Query Plan	EXPLAIN (TYPE IO) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Outputs estimated input bytes and read rows.
32	Explain Validate Query	EXPLAIN (TYPE VALIDATE) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Validates query syntax and schema without execution.
33	Explain Logical Query Plan	EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Outputs logical relational operator tree.
34	Show Functions	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all available scalar, aggregate, and window functions.
35	Show Create Table DDL	SHOW CREATE TABLE hive.analytics.users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
36	Show Create Schema DDL	SHOW CREATE SCHEMA hive.analytics;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build schema.
37	Show Create View DDL	SHOW CREATE VIEW hive.analytics.v_users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build view.
38	Show Columns	SHOW COLUMNS FROM hive.analytics.users;	Outputs detailed column metadata and comments.
39	Show Stats for Table	SHOW STATS FOR hive.analytics.users;	Pulls row counts, null fractions, and distinct values.
40	Analyze Table Statistics	ANALYZE hive.analytics.users;	Gathers table statistics for cost-based optimizer.
41	Create Empty Table	CREATE TABLE hive.analytics.users (id BIGINT, name VARCHAR) WITH (format = 'PARQUET');	Provisions empty table definition.
42	Insert Into Table	INSERT INTO hive.analytics.users VALUES (1, 'Alice');	Appends records into table.
43	Delete Rows from Table	DELETE FROM hive.analytics.users WHERE id = 1;	Removes rows matching condition.
44	Update Table Rows	UPDATE hive.analytics.users SET name = 'Alicia' WHERE id = 1;	Modifies table row values.
45	Merge Into Table	MERGE INTO hive.analytics.target t USING hive.analytics.source s ON t.id = s.id WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET t.name = s.name WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, name) VALUES (s.id, s.name);	Executes MERGE upsert operation.
46	Alter Table Rename	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users RENAME TO hive.analytics.app_users;	Renames table relation in catalog.
47	Alter Table Add Column	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users ADD COLUMN age INTEGER;	Appends column to table schema.
48	Alter Table Drop Column	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users DROP COLUMN age;	Removes column from table schema.
49	Alter Table Rename Column	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users RENAME COLUMN name TO full_name;	Renames column in table schema.
50	Set Table Comment	COMMENT ON TABLE hive.analytics.users IS 'Production user records';	Updates table comment description.
51	Set Column Comment	COMMENT ON COLUMN hive.analytics.users.id IS 'Primary key identifier';	Updates column comment description.
52	Create Schema with Location	CREATE SCHEMA iceberg.analytics WITH (location = 's3://my-bucket/iceberg/analytics/');	Provisions schema linked to S3 bucket.
53	Set Catalog Session Property	SET SESSION hive.parquet_optimized_reader_enabled = true;	Activates optimized Parquet reader.
54	Reset Session Property	RESET SESSION query_max_run_time;	Restores session parameter to default.
55	Set Join Distribution	SET SESSION join_distribution_type = 'BROADCAST';	Forces broadcast hash join strategy.
56	Set Spilling Enabled	SET SESSION spill_enabled = true;	Allows disk spilling for large hash joins.
57	Set Memory Revocable	SET SESSION query_max_memory_per_node = '8GB';	Caps per-node memory allocation.
58	Check Query Execution History	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.queries ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 20;	Inspects historical query execution log.
59	Check Query Stage Stats	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.tasks WHERE query_id = '20260729_110000_00001_abcde';	Inspects stage tasks for query.
60	Check Active Worker Memory	SELECT node_id, memory_type, bytes FROM system.runtime.memory;	Inspects memory distribution per worker node.
61	Check Active Cluster CPU	SELECT node_id, cpu_user, cpu_system FROM system.runtime.nodes;	Inspects CPU load across worker nodes.
62	Check Catalog Connectors	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.catalogs;	Lists connector catalogs and properties.
63	Check Materialized Views	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.materialized_views;	Lists materialized views across catalogs.
64	Refresh Materialized View	REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW hive.analytics.mv_users;	Triggers refresh of materialized view data.
65	Drop Materialized View	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW hive.analytics.mv_users;	Deletes materialized view.
66	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW hive.analytics.mv_users AS SELECT dept, count(*) FROM hive.analytics.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions pre-computed materialized view.
67	Check System Transactions	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.transactions;	Inspects active cluster transactions.
68	Revoke Role	REVOKE ROLE analyst FROM USER jlawrence;	Revokes security role from user.
69	Drop Role	DROP ROLE analyst;	Deletes security role.
70	Show Roles	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all security roles in cluster.
71	Show Role Grants	SHOW ROLE GRANTS;	Lists roles assigned to current user.
72	Show Current Roles	SHOW CURRENT ROLES;	Lists active roles in current session.
73	Set Role	SET ROLE ALL;	Activates all assigned roles in session.
74	Create Table Iceberg Syntax	CREATE TABLE iceberg.analytics.users (id BIGINT, name VARCHAR) WITH (format = 'PARQUET', partitioning = ARRAY['bucket(id, 10)']);	Provisions Iceberg table with bucket partitioning.
75	Create Table Delta Syntax	CREATE TABLE delta.analytics.users (id BIGINT, name VARCHAR) WITH (location = 's3://my-bucket/delta/users');	Provisions Delta Lake table.
76	Call Iceberg System Expire Snapshots	CALL iceberg.system.expire_snapshots('analytics', 'users', TIMESTAMP '2026-07-01 00:00:00 UTC');	Purges expired Iceberg snapshots.
77	Call Iceberg System Remove Orphan Files	CALL iceberg.system.remove_orphan_files('analytics', 'users');	Deletes unreferenced files from storage.
78	Call Iceberg System Optimize	CALL iceberg.system.rewrite_data_files('analytics', 'users');	Compacts small Iceberg data files.
79	Call Hive System Flush Metadata Cache	CALL hive.system.flush_metadata_cache('analytics', 'users');	Flushes cached metastore data for table.
80	Query Iceberg Snapshot History	SELECT * FROM "iceberg.analytics.users$snapshots";	Queries Iceberg metadata snapshot log.
81	Query Iceberg History Table	SELECT * FROM "iceberg.analytics.users$history";	Queries Iceberg metadata transaction history.
82	Query Iceberg Files Table	SELECT * FROM "iceberg.analytics.users$files";	Queries Iceberg physical data files list.
83	Query Iceberg Manifests Table	SELECT * FROM "iceberg.analytics.users$manifests";	Queries Iceberg manifest files list.
84	Query Iceberg Partitions Table	SELECT * FROM "iceberg.analytics.users$partitions";	Queries Iceberg partition status.
85	Set Output Format CSV	trino --output-format CSV --execute 'SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users'	Outputs query results as CSV via CLI.
86	Set Output Format JSON	trino --output-format JSON --execute 'SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users'	Outputs query results as JSON via CLI.
87	Set Output Format TSV	trino --output-format TSV --execute 'SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users'	Outputs query results as TSV via CLI.
88	Check Trino Version	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs running Trino server version string.
89	Check Coordinator Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8080/v1/info	Queries REST API endpoint for coordinator status.
90	Check Active Cluster Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Counts running queries across cluster.
91	Check Failed Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'FAILED';	Counts failed queries in system history.
92	Check Worker Memory Usage per Node	SELECT node_id, pool, total_bytes, free_bytes FROM system.runtime.memory;	Inspects memory pools across workers.
93	Check Active Spilled Memory	SELECT sum(spilled_bytes) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Measures spilled memory bytes.
94	Set Query Max Execution Time	SET SESSION query_max_execution_time = '1h';	Caps query execution duration to 1 hour.
95	Set Hash Partitioning Strategy	SET SESSION hash_partition_user_supplier = true;	Activates hash partitioning for joins.
96	Set Task Concurrency	SET SESSION task_concurrency = 16;	Sets parallel execution threads per task.
97	Set Writer Count	SET SESSION task_writer_count = 8;	Sets parallel writer threads for CTAS/INSERT.
98	Show Catalogs Filtered	SHOW CATALOGS LIKE '%hive%';	Lists catalogs matching filter expression.
99	Show Schemas Filtered	SHOW SCHEMAS FROM hive LIKE '%analytics%';	Lists schemas matching filter expression.
100	Show Tables Filtered	SHOW TABLES FROM hive.analytics LIKE '%users%';	Lists tables matching filter expression.
101	Check Active Nodes Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.nodes;	Counts active coordinator and worker nodes.
102	Check Active Workers List	SELECT node_id, http_uri, node_version FROM system.runtime.nodes;	Lists worker node HTTP URIs and versions.
103	Check Active Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Counts running queries across cluster.
104	Check Queued Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'QUEUED';	Counts queued queries waiting for memory/slots.
105	Check Failed Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'FAILED';	Counts failed queries in system history.
106	Check Finished Queries Count	SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'FINISHED';	Counts completed queries in system history.
107	Check Query ID Details	SELECT query_id, user_source, state, queued_time_ms, analysis_time_ms, planning_time_ms, execution_time_ms FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE query_id = '20260729_110000_00001_abcde';	Pulls exact timing metrics for query.
108	Check Query Memory Usage Bytes	SELECT query_id, peak_user_memory_bytes, peak_total_memory_bytes FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE query_id = '20260729_110000_00001_abcde';	Inspects peak RAM consumed by query.
109	Check Query Processed Rows	SELECT query_id, processed_rows, processed_bytes FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE query_id = '20260729_110000_00001_abcde';	Inspects total input rows and bytes scanned.
110	Check Query Task Count	SELECT query_id, total_tasks, completed_tasks FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE query_id = '20260729_110000_00001_abcde';	Inspects parallel task execution counts.
111	Check Active Worker Memory Pools	SELECT node_id, pool, total_bytes, free_bytes, reserved_bytes FROM system.runtime.memory;	Inspects general vs reserved memory pools per worker.
112	Check Active Tasks List	SELECT task_id, node_id, state, splits FROM system.runtime.tasks WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Lists running parallel tasks across worker nodes.
113	Check Catalog List System Schema	SELECT catalog_name FROM system.metadata.catalogs;	Lists all registered connector catalogs.
114	Check Schema List System Schema	SELECT schema_name FROM system.jdbc.schemas WHERE catalog_name = 'hive';	Lists schemas in catalog.
115	Check Table List System Schema	SELECT table_name FROM system.jdbc.tables WHERE table_cat = 'hive' AND table_schem = 'analytics';	Lists tables in schema.
116	Check Column List System Schema	SELECT column_name, type_name FROM system.jdbc.columns WHERE table_cat = 'hive' AND table_schem = 'analytics' AND table_name = 'users';	Lists columns and data types.
117	Check Materialized Views System Schema	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.materialized_views;	Lists all materialized views across catalogs.
118	Check Materialized View Properties	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.materialized_view_properties;	Lists supported properties for materialized views per connector.
119	Check Table Properties System Schema	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.table_properties;	Lists supported table properties per connector (format, partitioning, location).
120	Check Schema Properties System Schema	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.schema_properties;	Lists supported schema properties per connector.
121	Check Column Properties System Schema	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.column_properties;	Lists supported column properties per connector.
122	Check Session Properties System Schema	SELECT name, value, default_value, description FROM system.metadata.session_properties;	Lists all configurable session parameters.
123	Check Trino Version String SQL	SELECT VERSION();	Outputs running Trino coordinator release version string.
124	Check Current User Account SQL	SELECT CURRENT_USER;	Outputs current execution user name.
125	Check Current Date SQL	SELECT CURRENT_DATE;	Outputs current server date.
126	Check Current Time SQL	SELECT CURRENT_TIME;	Outputs current server time.
127	Check Current Timestamp SQL	SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;	Outputs current server timestamp.
128	Check Connection Ping Query SQL	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
129	Check Coordinator Info HTTP API	curl http://localhost:8080/v1/info	Queries REST API endpoint for coordinator node status.
130	Check Coordinator State HTTP API	curl http://localhost:8080/v1/state	Queries REST API endpoint for coordinator cluster state.
131	Open Interactive CLI (Alt 130)	trino --server localhost:8080 --catalog postgres --schema public	Launches federated SQL query shell.
132	List Catalogs (Alt 131)	SHOW CATALOGS;	Outputs all configured connectors.
133	List Schemas (Alt 132)	SHOW SCHEMAS FROM hive;	Outputs schemas in catalog.
134	List Tables (Alt 133)	SHOW TABLES FROM hive.analytics;	Outputs tables in schema.
135	Describe Table Schema (Alt 134)	DESCRIBE hive.analytics.users;	Inspects table column data types.
136	Execute Query (Alt 135)	SELECT * FROM mysql.enterprise.users LIMIT 10;	Queries MySQL through federated engine.
137	Explain Query Execution (Alt 136)	EXPLAIN (TYPE DISTRIBUTED) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Evaluates distributed query plan.
138	Show Running Queries (Alt 137)	SELECT query_id, state, query FROM system.runtime.queries WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Inspects active query executions.
139	Kill Running Query (Alt 138)	CALL system.runtime.kill_query('20260729_110000_00001_abcde', 'Admin cancellation');	Terminates long-running query.
140	Create Schema (Alt 139)	CREATE SCHEMA hive.analytics;	Provisions new catalog schema.
141	Drop Schema (Alt 140)	DROP SCHEMA hive.analytics;	Removes catalog schema.
142	Create Table as Select (CTAS) (Alt 141)	CREATE TABLE hive.analytics.summary AS SELECT dept, count(*) FROM mysql.enterprise.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions table via distributed query.
143	Drop Table (Alt 142)	DROP TABLE hive.analytics.summary;	Deletes federated table.
144	Show Active Nodes (Alt 143)	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.nodes;	Inspects coordinator and worker nodes.
145	Check Memory Pools (Alt 144)	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.memory;	Evaluates cluster memory usage.
146	Create View (Alt 145)	CREATE VIEW hive.analytics.v_users AS SELECT * FROM postgres.public.users;	Provisions federated view.
147	Drop View (Alt 146)	DROP VIEW hive.analytics.v_users;	Removes federated view.
148	Set Session Property (Alt 147)	SET SESSION query_max_run_time = '30m';	Enforces query time limit.
149	Show Session Properties (Alt 148)	SHOW SESSION;	Inspects active session parameters.
150	Show Grants (Alt 149)	SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE hive.analytics.users;	Inspects security access permissions.
151	Grant Access Privilege (Alt 150)	GRANT SELECT ON TABLE hive.analytics.users TO ROLE analyst;	Assigns table access rights.
152	Revoke Access Privilege (Alt 151)	REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE hive.analytics.users FROM ROLE analyst;	Removes table access rights.
153	Create Role (Alt 152)	CREATE ROLE analyst;	Provisions security role.
154	Grant Role (Alt 153)	GRANT ROLE analyst TO USER jlawrence;	Assigns role to user profile.
155	Query Information Schema (Alt 154)	SELECT * FROM hive.information_schema.tables;	Inspects catalog metadata schema.
156	Check Task Execution Stats (Alt 155)	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.tasks WHERE state = 'RUNNING';	Inspects distributed task execution nodes.
157	Invalidate Metadata Cache (Alt 156)	CALL hive.system.flush_metadata_cache();	Refreshes connector metadata cache.
158	Prepare Statement (Alt 157)	PREPARE stmt FROM SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?;	Prepares parameterized query.
159	Execute Prepared Statement (Alt 158)	EXECUTE stmt USING 10;	Runs prepared SQL statement.
160	Exit CLI (Alt 159)	QUIT;	Closes interactive Trino shell.
161	Explain IO Query Plan (Alt 160)	EXPLAIN (TYPE IO) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Outputs estimated input bytes and read rows.
162	Explain Validate Query (Alt 161)	EXPLAIN (TYPE VALIDATE) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Validates query syntax and schema without execution.
163	Explain Logical Query Plan (Alt 162)	EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL) SELECT * FROM hive.analytics.users;	Outputs logical relational operator tree.
164	Show Functions (Alt 163)	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all available scalar, aggregate, and window functions.
165	Show Create Table DDL (Alt 164)	SHOW CREATE TABLE hive.analytics.users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
166	Show Create Schema DDL (Alt 165)	SHOW CREATE SCHEMA hive.analytics;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build schema.
167	Show Create View DDL (Alt 166)	SHOW CREATE VIEW hive.analytics.v_users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build view.
168	Show Columns (Alt 167)	SHOW COLUMNS FROM hive.analytics.users;	Outputs detailed column metadata and comments.
169	Show Stats for Table (Alt 168)	SHOW STATS FOR hive.analytics.users;	Pulls row counts, null fractions, and distinct values.
170	Analyze Table Statistics (Alt 169)	ANALYZE hive.analytics.users;	Gathers table statistics for cost-based optimizer.
171	Create Empty Table (Alt 170)	CREATE TABLE hive.analytics.users (id BIGINT, name VARCHAR) WITH (format = 'PARQUET');	Provisions empty table definition.
172	Insert Into Table (Alt 171)	INSERT INTO hive.analytics.users VALUES (1, 'Alice');	Appends records into table.
173	Delete Rows from Table (Alt 172)	DELETE FROM hive.analytics.users WHERE id = 1;	Removes rows matching condition.
174	Update Table Rows (Alt 173)	UPDATE hive.analytics.users SET name = 'Alicia' WHERE id = 1;	Modifies table row values.
175	Merge Into Table (Alt 174)	MERGE INTO hive.analytics.target t USING hive.analytics.source s ON t.id = s.id WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET t.name = s.name WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, name) VALUES (s.id, s.name);	Executes MERGE upsert operation.
176	Alter Table Rename (Alt 175)	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users RENAME TO hive.analytics.app_users;	Renames table relation in catalog.
177	Alter Table Add Column (Alt 176)	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users ADD COLUMN age INTEGER;	Appends column to table schema.
178	Alter Table Drop Column (Alt 177)	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users DROP COLUMN age;	Removes column from table schema.
179	Alter Table Rename Column (Alt 178)	ALTER TABLE hive.analytics.users RENAME COLUMN name TO full_name;	Renames column in table schema.
180	Set Table Comment (Alt 179)	COMMENT ON TABLE hive.analytics.users IS 'Production user records';	Updates table comment description.
181	Set Column Comment (Alt 180)	COMMENT ON COLUMN hive.analytics.users.id IS 'Primary key identifier';	Updates column comment description.
182	Create Schema with Location (Alt 181)	CREATE SCHEMA iceberg.analytics WITH (location = 's3://my-bucket/iceberg/analytics/');	Provisions schema linked to S3 bucket.
183	Set Catalog Session Property (Alt 182)	SET SESSION hive.parquet_optimized_reader_enabled = true;	Activates optimized Parquet reader.
184	Reset Session Property (Alt 183)	RESET SESSION query_max_run_time;	Restores session parameter to default.
185	Set Join Distribution (Alt 184)	SET SESSION join_distribution_type = 'BROADCAST';	Forces broadcast hash join strategy.
186	Set Spilling Enabled (Alt 185)	SET SESSION spill_enabled = true;	Allows disk spilling for large hash joins.
187	Set Memory Revocable (Alt 186)	SET SESSION query_max_memory_per_node = '8GB';	Caps per-node memory allocation.
188	Check Query Execution History (Alt 187)	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.queries ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 20;	Inspects historical query execution log.
189	Check Query Stage Stats (Alt 188)	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.tasks WHERE query_id = '20260729_110000_00001_abcde';	Inspects stage tasks for query.
190	Check Active Worker Memory (Alt 189)	SELECT node_id, memory_type, bytes FROM system.runtime.memory;	Inspects memory distribution per worker node.
191	Check Active Cluster CPU (Alt 190)	SELECT node_id, cpu_user, cpu_system FROM system.runtime.nodes;	Inspects CPU load across worker nodes.
192	Check Catalog Connectors (Alt 191)	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.catalogs;	Lists connector catalogs and properties.
193	Check Materialized Views (Alt 192)	SELECT * FROM system.metadata.materialized_views;	Lists materialized views across catalogs.
194	Refresh Materialized View (Alt 193)	REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW hive.analytics.mv_users;	Triggers refresh of materialized view data.
195	Drop Materialized View (Alt 194)	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW hive.analytics.mv_users;	Deletes materialized view.
196	Create Materialized View (Alt 195)	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW hive.analytics.mv_users AS SELECT dept, count(*) FROM hive.analytics.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions pre-computed materialized view.
197	Check System Transactions (Alt 196)	SELECT * FROM system.runtime.transactions;	Inspects active cluster transactions.
198	Revoke Role (Alt 197)	REVOKE ROLE analyst FROM USER jlawrence;	Revokes security role from user.
199	Drop Role (Alt 198)	DROP ROLE analyst;	Deletes security role.
200	Show Roles (Alt 199)	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all security roles in cluster.

Apache Hive OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache Hive is a data warehouse software system built on top of Apache Hadoop for providing data summarization, ad-hoc querying, and analysis of large datasets stored in HDFS or S3. It uses HiveQL (SQL dialect) translated into execution plans on Apache Tez, MapReduce, or Spark, backed by a central Metastore RDBMS.

Primary Use Cases: Batch ETL processing, enterprise data lake warehousing, historical petabyte-scale reporting, and centralized metadata cataloging via Hive Metastore.

Core Components: HiveServer2 (HS2 JDBC/ODBC endpoint), Hive Metastore (HMS RDBMS metadata store), Beeline CLI, Execution Engines (Tez / MapReduce / Spark), and HDFS/S3 storage.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache Hive.

#	Operation / Action	Beeline CLI / HiveQL Syntax	Description
1	Connect via Beeline CLI	beeline -u jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/default -n hive	Opens HiveQL interactive shell.
2	List Databases	SHOW DATABASES;	Outputs all Hive metastore databases.
3	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS enterprise_db;	Provisions new metastore database.
4	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS enterprise_db CASCADE;	Deletes database and tables.
5	List Tables	SHOW TABLES FROM enterprise_db;	Outputs tables inside database.
6	Create Managed Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users (id INT, name STRING) STORED AS PARQUET;	Provisions managed Parquet table.
7	Create External Table	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE enterprise_db.ext_users (id INT, name STRING) LOCATION '/apps/hive/warehouse/ext';	Provisions external table.
8	Drop Table	DROP TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Deletes table definition.
9	Describe Table Schema	DESCRIBE FORMATTED enterprise_db.users;	Inspects detailed table storage properties.
10	Load Data from HDFS	LOAD DATA INPATH '/tmp/users.csv' INTO TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Ingests file from HDFS into table.
11	Repair Table (Recover Partitions)	MSCK REPAIR TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Discovers new HDFS partition folders.
12	Create Partitioned Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.logs (msg STRING) PARTITIONED BY (dt STRING) STORED AS ORC;	Provisions partitioned ORC table.
13	Add Partition	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs ADD PARTITION (dt='2026-07-29');	Manually provisions table partition.
14	Drop Partition	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs DROP PARTITION (dt='2026-01-01');	Removes table partition data.
15	Analyze Table Stats	ANALYZE TABLE enterprise_db.users COMPUTE STATISTICS;	Gathers table cost statistics.
16	Analyze Table Partitions	ANALYZE TABLE enterprise_db.logs PARTITION(dt) COMPUTE STATISTICS;	Gathers partition statistics.
17	Explain Query Execution	EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users;	Evaluates MapReduce/Tez execution plan.
18	Create View	CREATE VIEW enterprise_db.v_users AS SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id > 0;	Provisions virtual query view.
19	Drop View	DROP VIEW enterprise_db.v_users;	Removes virtual view.
20	Create Role	CREATE ROLE data_analyst;	Provisions security role.
21	Grant Role Privilege	GRANT SELECT ON TABLE enterprise_db.users TO ROLE data_analyst;	Assigns table access rights.
22	Show Grants	SHOW GRANT ROLE data_analyst ON TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Inspects security permissions.
23	Set Execution Engine Tez	SET hive.execution.engine=tez;	Configures Tez high-speed execution engine.
24	Enable Cost-Based Optimizer	SET hive.cbo.enable=true;	Activates CBO query planner.
25	Compact Table (Major)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users COMPACT 'MAJOR';	Compacts ACID delta files.
26	Show Compactions	SHOW COMPACTIONS;	Inspects background compaction status.
27	Show Transactions	SHOW TRANSACTIONS;	Inspects active ACID transactions.
28	Abort Transaction	ABORT TRANSACTION 12345;	Stops stuck ACID transaction.
29	Query Information Schema	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db';	Inspects metastore metadata catalog.
30	Exit Beeline CLI	!quit	Closes interactive Beeline session.
31	Create Transactional ACID Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.acid_users (id INT, name STRING) STORED AS ORC TBLPROPERTIES ('transactional'='true');	Provisions ACID transactional ORC table.
32	Compact Table (Minor)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users COMPACT 'MINOR';	Compacts small delta files.
33	Compact Partition (Major)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs PARTITION (dt='2026-07-29') COMPACT 'MAJOR';	Compacts ACID delta files for partition.
34	Set Dynamic Partitioning Mode	SET hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode=nonstrict;	Enables dynamic partitioning without static key.
35	Set Dynamic Partitioning True	SET hive.exec.dynamic.partition=true;	Activates dynamic partitioning execution.
36	Set Max Dynamic Partitions	SET hive.exec.max.dynamic.partitions=10000;	Increases max dynamic partition creation limit.
37	Set Max Dynamic Partitions Per Node	SET hive.exec.max.dynamic.partitions.pernode=1000;	Increases max dynamic partitions per mapper.
38	Create Bucketed Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.bucketed_users (id INT, name STRING) CLUSTERED BY (id) INTO 16 BUCKETS STORED AS ORC;	Provisions bucketed table.
39	Create Bucketed Sorted Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.sorted_users (id INT, name STRING) CLUSTERED BY (id) SORTED BY (id) INTO 16 BUCKETS STORED AS ORC;	Provisions bucketed and pre-sorted table.
40	Set Enforce Bucketing	SET hive.enforce.bucketing=true;	Enforces correct bucketing distribution on insert.
41	Set Enforce Sorting	SET hive.enforce.sorting=true;	Enforces correct row sorting on insert.
42	Insert Overwrite Table	INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE enterprise_db.users SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.ext_users;	Replaces table data rows.
43	Insert Overwrite Partition	INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE enterprise_db.logs PARTITION (dt='2026-07-29') SELECT msg FROM staging;	Replaces specific partition data.
44	Alter Table Rename	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users RENAME TO enterprise_db.app_users;	Renames table in metastore.
45	Alter Table Add Columns	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMNS (age INT, email STRING);	Appends new columns to table schema.
46	Alter Table Replace Columns	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users REPLACE COLUMNS (id INT, full_name STRING);	Redefines table schema columns.
47	Alter Table Change Column	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users CHANGE COLUMN name full_name STRING COMMENT 'Full user name';	Renames and updates column comment.
48	Alter Table Set Properties	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('comment'='Updated user table');	Updates metastore table properties.
49	Alter Table Set SerDe	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users SET SERDE 'org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.parquet.serde.ParquetHiveSerDe';	Updates table SerDe class.
50	Alter Table Set Location	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users SET LOCATION '/apps/hive/warehouse/new_loc';	Points table to new HDFS path.
51	Show Partitions	SHOW PARTITIONS enterprise_db.logs;	Lists all partition values for table.
52	Show Create Table DDL	SHOW CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
53	Show Functions	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all built-in and custom UDF functions.
54	Describe Function	DESCRIBE FUNCTION EXTENDED upper;	Inspects parameters and usage of function.
55	Create Temporary Function	CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION my_udf AS 'com.org.MyUDF';	Provisions session-scoped custom UDF.
56	Drop Temporary Function	DROP TEMPORARY FUNCTION IF EXISTS my_udf;	Deletes session-scoped UDF.
57	Create Permanent Function	CREATE FUNCTION enterprise_db.my_udf AS 'com.org.MyUDF' USING JAR 'hdfs:///udfs/my_udf.jar';	Provisions metastore persistent UDF.
58	Drop Permanent Function	DROP FUNCTION enterprise_db.my_udf;	Deletes metastore persistent UDF.
59	Create Index	CREATE INDEX idx_user_id ON TABLE enterprise_db.users (id) AS 'COMPACT' WITH DEFERRED REBUILD;	Provisions legacy Hive index.
60	Alter Index Rebuild	ALTER INDEX idx_user_id ON enterprise_db.users REBUILD;	Builds legacy Hive index data.
61	Drop Index	DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_user_id ON enterprise_db.users;	Deletes legacy Hive index.
62	Show Indexes	SHOW INDEXES ON enterprise_db.users;	Lists all legacy indexes on table.
63	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.mv_summary STORED AS ORC AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM enterprise_db.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions auto-rewritten materialized view.
64	Refresh Materialized View	ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.mv_summary REBUILD;	Rebuilds materialized view dataset.
65	Drop Materialized View	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.mv_summary;	Deletes materialized view.
66	Show Materialized Views	SHOW MATERIALIZED VIEWS IN enterprise_db;	Lists all materialized views in database.
67	Grant Role To User	GRANT ROLE data_analyst TO USER jlawrence;	Assigns role to user account.
68	Revoke Role From User	REVOKE ROLE data_analyst FROM USER jlawrence;	Revokes role from user account.
69	Drop Role	DROP ROLE data_analyst;	Deletes security role.
70	Show Roles	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all security roles in metastore.
71	Show Current Roles	SHOW CURRENT ROLES;	Lists active roles in current Beeline session.
72	Set Role	SET ROLE data_analyst;	Activates role in current Beeline session.
73	Set Vectorization Enabled	SET hive.vectorized.execution.enabled=true;	Activates vectorized query execution engine.
74	Set Vectorized Reduce Enabled	SET hive.vectorized.execution.reduce.enabled=true;	Activates vectorized reduce phase execution.
75	Set Fetch Task Conversion	SET hive.fetch.task.conversion=more;	Executes simple queries directly without Tez jobs.
76	Set Auto Convert Join	SET hive.auto.convert.join=true;	Automatically converts joins to MapJoins in memory.
77	Set MapJoin Memory Size	SET hive.auto.convert.join.noconditionaltask.size=1000000000;	Increases max RAM size for MapJoin conversion.
78	Set LLAP Execution	SET hive.execution.mode=llap;	Routes queries to LLAP daemon pool for sub-second execution.
79	Check LLAP Daemon Status	hive --service llapstatus	Inspects active LLAP worker daemon status.
80	Set Merge Small Files Mappers	SET hive.merge.mapfiles=true;	Merges small output files at end of Map-only job.
81	Set Merge Small Files Reducers	SET hive.merge.mapredfiles=true;	Merges small output files at end of MapReduce job.
82	Set Target File Size	SET hive.merge.size.per.task=256000000;	Sets target merged file size to 256MB.
83	Set Small File Threshold	SET hive.merge.smallfiles.avgsize=16000000;	Triggers file merging if average size < 16MB.
84	Check Metastore Database Health	hive --service metastore	Boots/checks Hive Metastore service daemon.
85	Check HiveServer2 Health	hive --service hiveserver2	Boots/checks HiveServer2 service daemon.
86	Export Table Metadata	EXPORT TABLE enterprise_db.users TO '/tmp/export_users';	Exports table data and metadata to HDFS path.
87	Import Table Metadata	IMPORT TABLE enterprise_db.imp_users FROM '/tmp/export_users';	Imports table data and metadata from HDFS path.
88	Show Lock Details	SHOW LOCKS enterprise_db.users;	Inspects active locks on table.
89	Unlock Table	UNLOCK TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Force-releases lock on table.
90	Check Beeline Connection Commands	!connect jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/default hive pass	Connects to alternative HiveServer2 endpoint.
91	Beeline Reconnect	!reconnect	Reconnects active Beeline session.
92	Beeline Save History	!history	Outputs recent Beeline command history.
93	Beeline Set AutoCommit	!autocommit off	Disables autocommit mode in Beeline.
94	Set Query Timeout	SET hive.transaction.manager=org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.lockmgr.DbTxnManager;	Enforces ACID transaction manager.
95	Set Strict Partitioning	SET hive.mapred.mode=strict;	Blocks queries without partition clauses on partitioned tables.
96	Check Metastore Schema Version	SELECT * FROM VERSION;	Queries metastore RDBMS for schema version.
97	Check Hive Server Version	SELECT reflect('java.lang.System', 'getProperty', 'java.version');	Outputs JVM runtime version in HiveServer2.
98	Check Metastore Tables List	SHOW TABLES LIKE 'app_*';	Lists tables matching pattern.
99	Clear Beeline Screen	!clear	Clears command-line terminal screen.
100	Check Hive Metastore Service Status	hive --service metastore -v	Outputs verbose diagnostic logs for metastore.
101	Check Databases Count	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.schemata;	Counts total databases in metastore.
102	Check Tables Count In Database	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db';	Counts total tables in database.
103	Check Views Count In Database	SELECT count(*) FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db';	Counts total views in database.
104	Check Columns List In Table	SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db' AND table_name = 'users';	Lists columns and types.
105	Check Table Partitions Count	SHOW PARTITIONS enterprise_db.logs;	Lists all partition values for table.
106	Check Table Create DDL	SHOW CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
107	Check Database Create DDL	SHOW CREATE DATABASE enterprise_db;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build database.
108	Check Functions Count	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all built-in and custom UDF functions.
109	Check Function Usage Help	DESCRIBE FUNCTION EXTENDED upper;	Inspects parameters and usage of function.
110	Check Active Locks On Table	SHOW LOCKS enterprise_db.users;	Inspects active locks held on table.
111	Check Active Compactions Queue	SHOW COMPACTIONS;	Monitors background ACID file compaction queue.
112	Check Active Transactions List	SHOW TRANSACTIONS;	Monitors active ACID transactions.
113	Check Active Roles List	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all security roles in metastore.
114	Check Current User Roles	SHOW CURRENT ROLES;	Lists active roles in current Beeline session.
115	Check Table Privileges On User	SHOW GRANT USER jlawrence ON TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Lists table privileges assigned to user.
116	Check Table Privileges On Role	SHOW GRANT ROLE data_analyst ON TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Lists table privileges assigned to role.
117	Set Execution Engine Tez	SET hive.execution.engine=tez;	Enforces Apache Tez execution engine.
118	Set Execution Engine MapReduce	SET hive.execution.engine=mr;	Enforces legacy MapReduce execution engine.
119	Set Vectorization Enabled	SET hive.vectorized.execution.enabled=true;	Activates vectorized query execution engine.
120	Set Dynamic Partition Mode Nonstrict	SET hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode=nonstrict;	Enables dynamic partitioning without static key.
121	Set Dynamic Partition Enabled	SET hive.exec.dynamic.partition=true;	Activates dynamic partitioning execution.
122	Set CBO Enabled	SET hive.cbo.enable=true;	Activates Cost-Based Optimizer.
123	Set Auto Convert Join	SET hive.auto.convert.join=true;	Automatically converts joins to MapJoins in memory.
124	Set Fetch Task Conversion	SET hive.fetch.task.conversion=more;	Executes simple queries directly without launching Tez jobs.
125	Check Hive Version SQL	SELECT reflect('java.lang.System', 'getProperty', 'java.version');	Outputs JVM runtime version in HiveServer2.
126	Check Ping Connection Query	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping query returning 1.
127	Beeline Reconnect	!reconnect	Reconnects active Beeline session.
128	Beeline History	!history	Outputs recent Beeline command history.
129	Beeline Clear Screen	!clear	Clears command-line terminal screen.
130	Beeline Quit	!quit	Exits Beeline command-line interface.
131	Connect via Beeline CLI (Alt 130)	beeline -u jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000/default -n hive	Opens HiveQL interactive shell.
132	List Databases (Alt 131)	SHOW DATABASES;	Outputs all Hive metastore databases.
133	Create Database (Alt 132)	CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS enterprise_db;	Provisions new metastore database.
134	Drop Database (Alt 133)	DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS enterprise_db CASCADE;	Deletes database and tables.
135	List Tables (Alt 134)	SHOW TABLES FROM enterprise_db;	Outputs tables inside database.
136	Create Managed Table (Alt 135)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users (id INT, name STRING) STORED AS PARQUET;	Provisions managed Parquet table.
137	Create External Table (Alt 136)	CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE enterprise_db.ext_users (id INT, name STRING) LOCATION '/apps/hive/warehouse/ext';	Provisions external table.
138	Drop Table (Alt 137)	DROP TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Deletes table definition.
139	Describe Table Schema (Alt 138)	DESCRIBE FORMATTED enterprise_db.users;	Inspects detailed table storage properties.
140	Load Data from HDFS (Alt 139)	LOAD DATA INPATH '/tmp/users.csv' INTO TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Ingests file from HDFS into table.
141	Repair Table (Recover Partitions) (Alt 140)	MSCK REPAIR TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Discovers new HDFS partition folders.
142	Create Partitioned Table (Alt 141)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.logs (msg STRING) PARTITIONED BY (dt STRING) STORED AS ORC;	Provisions partitioned ORC table.
143	Add Partition (Alt 142)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs ADD PARTITION (dt='2026-07-29');	Manually provisions table partition.
144	Drop Partition (Alt 143)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs DROP PARTITION (dt='2026-01-01');	Removes table partition data.
145	Analyze Table Stats (Alt 144)	ANALYZE TABLE enterprise_db.users COMPUTE STATISTICS;	Gathers table cost statistics.
146	Analyze Table Partitions (Alt 145)	ANALYZE TABLE enterprise_db.logs PARTITION(dt) COMPUTE STATISTICS;	Gathers partition statistics.
147	Explain Query Execution (Alt 146)	EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users;	Evaluates MapReduce/Tez execution plan.
148	Create View (Alt 147)	CREATE VIEW enterprise_db.v_users AS SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id > 0;	Provisions virtual query view.
149	Drop View (Alt 148)	DROP VIEW enterprise_db.v_users;	Removes virtual view.
150	Create Role (Alt 149)	CREATE ROLE data_analyst;	Provisions security role.
151	Grant Role Privilege (Alt 150)	GRANT SELECT ON TABLE enterprise_db.users TO ROLE data_analyst;	Assigns table access rights.
152	Show Grants (Alt 151)	SHOW GRANT ROLE data_analyst ON TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Inspects security permissions.
153	Set Execution Engine Tez (Alt 152)	SET hive.execution.engine=tez;	Configures Tez high-speed execution engine.
154	Enable Cost-Based Optimizer (Alt 153)	SET hive.cbo.enable=true;	Activates CBO query planner.
155	Compact Table (Major) (Alt 154)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users COMPACT 'MAJOR';	Compacts ACID delta files.
156	Show Compactions (Alt 155)	SHOW COMPACTIONS;	Inspects background compaction status.
157	Show Transactions (Alt 156)	SHOW TRANSACTIONS;	Inspects active ACID transactions.
158	Abort Transaction (Alt 157)	ABORT TRANSACTION 12345;	Stops stuck ACID transaction.
159	Query Information Schema (Alt 158)	SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'enterprise_db';	Inspects metastore metadata catalog.
160	Exit Beeline CLI (Alt 159)	!quit	Closes interactive Beeline session.
161	Create Transactional ACID Table (Alt 160)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.acid_users (id INT, name STRING) STORED AS ORC TBLPROPERTIES ('transactional'='true');	Provisions ACID transactional ORC table.
162	Compact Table (Minor) (Alt 161)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users COMPACT 'MINOR';	Compacts small delta files.
163	Compact Partition (Major) (Alt 162)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.logs PARTITION (dt='2026-07-29') COMPACT 'MAJOR';	Compacts ACID delta files for partition.
164	Set Dynamic Partitioning Mode (Alt 163)	SET hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode=nonstrict;	Enables dynamic partitioning without static key.
165	Set Dynamic Partitioning True (Alt 164)	SET hive.exec.dynamic.partition=true;	Activates dynamic partitioning execution.
166	Set Max Dynamic Partitions (Alt 165)	SET hive.exec.max.dynamic.partitions=10000;	Increases max dynamic partition creation limit.
167	Set Max Dynamic Partitions Per Node (Alt 166)	SET hive.exec.max.dynamic.partitions.pernode=1000;	Increases max dynamic partitions per mapper.
168	Create Bucketed Table (Alt 167)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.bucketed_users (id INT, name STRING) CLUSTERED BY (id) INTO 16 BUCKETS STORED AS ORC;	Provisions bucketed table.
169	Create Bucketed Sorted Table (Alt 168)	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.sorted_users (id INT, name STRING) CLUSTERED BY (id) SORTED BY (id) INTO 16 BUCKETS STORED AS ORC;	Provisions bucketed and pre-sorted table.
170	Set Enforce Bucketing (Alt 169)	SET hive.enforce.bucketing=true;	Enforces correct bucketing distribution on insert.
171	Set Enforce Sorting (Alt 170)	SET hive.enforce.sorting=true;	Enforces correct row sorting on insert.
172	Insert Overwrite Table (Alt 171)	INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE enterprise_db.users SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.ext_users;	Replaces table data rows.
173	Insert Overwrite Partition (Alt 172)	INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE enterprise_db.logs PARTITION (dt='2026-07-29') SELECT msg FROM staging;	Replaces specific partition data.
174	Alter Table Rename (Alt 173)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users RENAME TO enterprise_db.app_users;	Renames table in metastore.
175	Alter Table Add Columns (Alt 174)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMNS (age INT, email STRING);	Appends new columns to table schema.
176	Alter Table Replace Columns (Alt 175)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users REPLACE COLUMNS (id INT, full_name STRING);	Redefines table schema columns.
177	Alter Table Change Column (Alt 176)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users CHANGE COLUMN name full_name STRING COMMENT 'Full user name';	Renames and updates column comment.
178	Alter Table Set Properties (Alt 177)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('comment'='Updated user table');	Updates metastore table properties.
179	Alter Table Set SerDe (Alt 178)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users SET SERDE 'org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.parquet.serde.ParquetHiveSerDe';	Updates table SerDe class.
180	Alter Table Set Location (Alt 179)	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users SET LOCATION '/apps/hive/warehouse/new_loc';	Points table to new HDFS path.
181	Show Partitions (Alt 180)	SHOW PARTITIONS enterprise_db.logs;	Lists all partition values for table.
182	Show Create Table DDL (Alt 181)	SHOW CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Outputs exact DDL syntax used to build table.
183	Show Functions (Alt 182)	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all built-in and custom UDF functions.
184	Describe Function (Alt 183)	DESCRIBE FUNCTION EXTENDED upper;	Inspects parameters and usage of function.
185	Create Temporary Function (Alt 184)	CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION my_udf AS 'com.org.MyUDF';	Provisions session-scoped custom UDF.
186	Drop Temporary Function (Alt 185)	DROP TEMPORARY FUNCTION IF EXISTS my_udf;	Deletes session-scoped UDF.
187	Create Permanent Function (Alt 186)	CREATE FUNCTION enterprise_db.my_udf AS 'com.org.MyUDF' USING JAR 'hdfs:///udfs/my_udf.jar';	Provisions metastore persistent UDF.
188	Drop Permanent Function (Alt 187)	DROP FUNCTION enterprise_db.my_udf;	Deletes metastore persistent UDF.
189	Create Index (Alt 188)	CREATE INDEX idx_user_id ON TABLE enterprise_db.users (id) AS 'COMPACT' WITH DEFERRED REBUILD;	Provisions legacy Hive index.
190	Alter Index Rebuild (Alt 189)	ALTER INDEX idx_user_id ON enterprise_db.users REBUILD;	Builds legacy Hive index data.
191	Drop Index (Alt 190)	DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_user_id ON enterprise_db.users;	Deletes legacy Hive index.
192	Show Indexes (Alt 191)	SHOW INDEXES ON enterprise_db.users;	Lists all legacy indexes on table.
193	Create Materialized View (Alt 192)	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.mv_summary STORED AS ORC AS SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM enterprise_db.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions auto-rewritten materialized view.
194	Refresh Materialized View (Alt 193)	ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.mv_summary REBUILD;	Rebuilds materialized view dataset.
195	Drop Materialized View (Alt 194)	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.mv_summary;	Deletes materialized view.
196	Show Materialized Views (Alt 195)	SHOW MATERIALIZED VIEWS IN enterprise_db;	Lists all materialized views in database.
197	Grant Role To User (Alt 196)	GRANT ROLE data_analyst TO USER jlawrence;	Assigns role to user account.
198	Revoke Role From User (Alt 197)	REVOKE ROLE data_analyst FROM USER jlawrence;	Revokes role from user account.
199	Drop Role (Alt 198)	DROP ROLE data_analyst;	Deletes security role.
200	Show Roles (Alt 199)	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all security roles in metastore.

Apache Iceberg OLAP

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache Iceberg is an open table format for huge analytic datasets. It provides full ACID transaction guarantees, schema evolution without side effects, partition evolution without rewriting tables, time travel querying, and fast metadata-driven filtering across compute engines (Spark, Trino, Flink, DuckDB, Snowflake).

Primary Use Cases: Open lakehouse data architectures, large-scale S3/ADLS/GCS analytics, high-frequency CDCupsert processing, time-travel auditing, and multi-engine data access.

Core Components: Iceberg Catalog (REST / Glue / Nessie / HMS), Metadata Files (JSON), Manifest Lists (AVRO), Manifest Files (AVRO), and Parquet/ORC Data Files.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache Iceberg.

#	Operation / Action	Spark SQL / PySpark Syntax	Description
1	Create Iceberg Catalog	CREATE CATALOG spark_catalog TYPE iceberg WAREHOUSE 's3://my-bucket/iceberg';	Provisions Iceberg table catalog.
2	Create Iceberg Table	CREATE TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users (id INT, name STRING, dept STRING) USING iceberg;	Provisions open Iceberg table.
3	Drop Iceberg Table	DROP TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Deletes Iceberg table metadata and data.
4	Insert Records	INSERT INTO spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'Engineering');	Writes records into Iceberg table.
5	Query Iceberg Table	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Reads data from Iceberg table.
6	Describe Table History	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.history;	Inspects transactional metadata snapshots.
7	Describe Table Snapshots	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.snapshots;	Outputs snapshot audit history.
8	Describe Table Files	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Inspects physical data files.
9	Time Travel Query	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users TIMESTAMP AS OF '2026-07-01 10:00:00';	Queries historical snapshot state.
10	Rollback Table Snapshot	CALL spark_catalog.system.rollback_to_snapshot('enterprise_db.users', 8492038420);	Rolls back table state to snapshot ID.
11	Expire Old Snapshots	CALL spark_catalog.system.expire_snapshots('enterprise_db.users', TIMESTAMP '2026-07-01 00:00:00');	Removes expired snapshot metadata.
12	Remove Orphan Files	CALL spark_catalog.system.remove_orphan_files('enterprise_db.users');	Deletes unreferenced files from storage.
13	Rewrite Data Files (Compact)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files('enterprise_db.users');	Compacts small data files into larger blocks.
14	Rewrite Manifests	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_manifests('enterprise_db.users');	Optimizes metadata manifest files.
15	Add Table Partition	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD dept;	Adds table partition transform.
16	Drop Table Partition	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP PARTITION FIELD dept;	Removes partition transform.
17	Add Table Column	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMN email STRING;	Modifies table schema definition.
18	Drop Table Column	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP COLUMN email;	Removes table column.
19	Rename Table Column	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users RENAME COLUMN name TO full_name;	Renames table column.
20	Migrate Existing Table to Iceberg	CALL spark_catalog.system.migrate('spark_catalog.enterprise_db.legacy_users');	Converts Hive/Parquet table to Iceberg.
21	Snapshot Existing Table to Iceberg	CALL spark_catalog.system.snapshot('spark_catalog.enterprise_db.legacy_users', 's3://bucket/snapshot');	Creates Iceberg snapshot without modifying legacy table.
22	Fast Append Files	CALL spark_catalog.system.fast_append('enterprise_db.users', ARRAY('s3://bucket/data.parquet'));	Quickly registers external Parquet file.
23	Set Table Property	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.format.default'='orc');	Modifies Iceberg table configuration.
24	Query Table Manifest Entries	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.manifests;	Inspects manifest file metadata.
25	Query Table Partitions	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.partitions;	Inspects table partition boundaries.
26	Cherry-pick Snapshot	CALL spark_catalog.system.cherry_pick('enterprise_db.users', 123456789);	Applies changes from another branch snapshot.
27	Create Branch	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users CREATE BRANCH audit_branch AS 123456789;	Provisions isolated table branch.
28	Create Tag	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users CREATE TAG release_v1 AS 123456789;	Provisions immutable table tag.
29	Inspect Table Metadata JSON	DESCRIBE EXTENDED spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Outputs metadata file location.
30	Drop Table Branch	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP BRANCH audit_branch;	Removes isolated table branch.
31	Drop Table Tag	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP TAG release_v1;	Removes immutable table tag.
32	Set Branch Ref Retention	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users CREATE BRANCH dev_branch RETAIN 7 DAYS;	Provisions branch with 7-day TTL.
33	Replace Branch Ref	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users REPLACE BRANCH audit_branch AS 987654321;	Updates branch head pointer.
34	Query Branch Data	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.branch_audit_branch;	Queries data directly from branch ref.
35	Query Tag Data	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.tag_release_v1;	Queries data directly from immutable tag ref.
36	Time Travel Snapshot ID	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users VERSION AS OF 8492038420;	Queries historical state by snapshot ID.
37	Create Partition Transform Bucket	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD bucket(10, id);	Adds 10-bucket partition transform.
38	Create Partition Transform Truncate	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD truncate(4, name);	Adds prefix-4 string truncate partition.
39	Create Partition Transform Day	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD day(created_at);	Adds daily time partition transform.
40	Create Partition Transform Hour	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD hour(created_at);	Adds hourly time partition transform.
41	Create Partition Transform Month	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD month(created_at);	Adds monthly time partition transform.
42	Create Partition Transform Year	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD year(created_at);	Adds yearly time partition transform.
43	Replace Partition Field	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users REPLACE PARTITION FIELD day(created_at) WITH month(created_at);	Evolves partition layout without rewrite.
44	Update Column Type (Promote)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id TYPE BIGINT;	Safely promotes INT column to BIGINT.
45	Update Column Comment	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN name COMMENT 'Full user name';	Updates column comment metadata.
46	Update Column Order (First)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id FIRST;	Reorders column position to first.
47	Update Column Order (After)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN email AFTER name;	Reorders column position after name.
48	Set Column Required (Not Null)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id SET NOT NULL;	Enforces non-null constraint on column.
49	Drop Column Required (Nullable)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id DROP NOT NULL;	Allows NULL values in column.
50	Create Nested Struct Column	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMN address STRUCT<street: STRING, zip: INT>;	Appends nested struct column.
51	Add Nested Field to Struct	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMN address.city STRING;	Appends field inside nested struct.
52	Compact Data Files Strategy Binpack	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files(table => 'enterprise_db.users', strategy => 'binpack');	Compacts small files via binpack.
53	Compact Data Files Strategy Sort	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files(table => 'enterprise_db.users', strategy => 'sort', sort_order => 'id ASC');	Compacts and sorts data files.
54	Compact Data Files Strategy ZOrder	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files(table => 'enterprise_db.users', strategy => 'zorder', sort_order => 'id, dept');	Compacts files using Z-Order curve.
55	Set Write Parquet Compression	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.parquet.compression-codec'='zstd');	Enforces ZSTD compression for Parquet.
56	Set Write Target File Size	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.target-file-size-bytes'='268435456');	Configures 256MB target data file size.
57	Set Delete Mode Copy On Write	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.delete.mode'='copy-on-write');	Enforces Copy-On-Write for DELETE.
58	Set Delete Mode Merge On Read	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.delete.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for DELETE.
59	Set Update Mode Merge On Read	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.update.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for UPDATE.
60	Set Merge Mode Merge On Read	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.merge.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for MERGE INTO.
61	Set Vectorized Read Enabled	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('read.parquet.vectorization.enabled'='true');	Activates vectorized Arrow reads.
62	Set Manifest Target Size	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('commit.manifest.target-size-bytes'='8388608');	Sets 8MB target size for manifest files.
63	Set Manifest Min Count to Merge	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('commit.manifest-min-merge-count'='10');	Sets min manifests count before auto-merge.
64	Set Snapshot Retain Hours	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('history.expire.max-snapshot-age-ms'='604800000');	Configures 7-day max snapshot retention.
65	Set Snapshot Min Count	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('history.expire.min-snapshots-to-keep'='10');	Preserves at least 10 historical snapshots.
66	Query Metadata Entries Table	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.entries;	Inspects active and deleted manifest entries.
67	Query Metadata Refs Table	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.refs;	Lists active branches, tags, and snapshot pointers.
68	Query Metadata All Data Files	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.all_data_files;	Inspects data files across all historical snapshots.
69	Query Metadata All Manifests	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.all_manifests;	Inspects manifest files across all historical snapshots.
70	Merge Into Iceberg Table	MERGE INTO spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users t USING staging s ON t.id = s.id WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET t.name = s.name WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, name, dept) VALUES (s.id, s.name, s.dept);	Executes MERGE upsert operation.
71	Update Iceberg Table Rows	UPDATE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET dept = 'R&D' WHERE id = 100;	Modifies table row values.
72	Delete Iceberg Table Rows	DELETE FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 100;	Deletes matching table rows.
73	Set Current Snapshot Rollback	CALL spark_catalog.system.set_current_snapshot('enterprise_db.users', 8492038420);	Switches current active snapshot pointer.
74	Ancestors Of Snapshot	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.ancestors_of(8492038420);	Inspects ancestor lineage of specific snapshot.
75	Create REST Catalog	CREATE CATALOG rest_catalog TYPE rest URI 'https://catalog.org/api/v1' WAREHOUSE 's3://bucket/iceberg';	Provisions Iceberg REST catalog.
76	Create Glue Catalog	CREATE CATALOG glue_catalog TYPE glue WAREHOUSE 's3://bucket/iceberg';	Provisions AWS Glue Iceberg catalog.
77	Create Nessie Catalog	CREATE CATALOG nessie_catalog TYPE nessie URI 'http://localhost:19120/api/v1' REF 'main' WAREHOUSE 's3://bucket/iceberg';	Provisions Project Nessie git-like catalog.
78	Create Hive Metastore Catalog	CREATE CATALOG hive_catalog TYPE hive URI 'thrift://localhost:9083' WAREHOUSE 's3://bucket/iceberg';	Provisions Hive Metastore Iceberg catalog.
79	Create JDBC Catalog	CREATE CATALOG jdbc_catalog TYPE jdbc URI 'jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/iceberg_catalog' WAREHOUSE 's3://bucket/iceberg';	Provisions RDBMS JDBC Iceberg catalog.
80	Show Catalogs	SHOW CATALOGS;	Lists all registered Iceberg catalogs.
81	Show Schemas in Catalog	SHOW SCHEMAS IN spark_catalog;	Lists all database schemas in Iceberg catalog.
82	Show Tables in Schema	SHOW TABLES IN spark_catalog.enterprise_db;	Lists all Iceberg tables in schema.
83	Create Schema in Catalog	CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS spark_catalog.enterprise_db;	Provisions database schema namespace in catalog.
84	Drop Schema in Catalog	DROP SCHEMA spark_catalog.enterprise_db;	Deletes database schema namespace from catalog.
85	Show Table Properties	SHOW TBLPROPERTIES spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Lists all configuration properties for table.
86	Unset Table Property	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users UNSET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.format.default');	Removes configuration property from table.
87	Create Table As Select (CTAS)	CREATE TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users_summary AS SELECT dept, count(*) as cnt FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users GROUP BY dept;	Provisions new Iceberg table via query.
88	Replace Table As Select (RTAS)	CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users_summary AS SELECT dept, count(*) as cnt FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users GROUP BY dept;	Atomically replaces table content and schema.
89	Truncate Iceberg Table	TRUNCATE TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Clears all data rows while maintaining table schema.
90	Check Iceberg Library Version	SELECT iceberg_version();	Outputs running Apache Iceberg library version string.
91	Verify Storage Write Permissions	CALL spark_catalog.system.check_write('enterprise_db.users');	Verifies write access to S3/HDFS deep storage.
92	Check Manifest List Files Count	SELECT count(*) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.manifests;	Counts total manifest files for current snapshot.
93	Check Active Data Files Count	SELECT count(*) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Counts total data files in current snapshot.
94	Check Total Table Records	SELECT sum(record_count) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Calculates total row count without scanning data files.
95	Check Total Table File Bytes	SELECT sum(file_size_in_bytes) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Calculates total physical storage bytes without scanning files.
96	Drop Branch Safely	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP BRANCH IF EXISTS dev_branch;	Safely drops branch reference if it exists.
97	Drop Tag Safely	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP TAG IF EXISTS release_v1;	Safely drops tag reference if it exists.
98	Show Active Branches	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.refs WHERE type = 'BRANCH';	Lists all active branch references for table.
99	Show Active Tags	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.refs WHERE type = 'TAG';	Lists all active tag references for table.
100	Commit Table Metadata Manual	CALL spark_catalog.system.commit('enterprise_db.users');	Forces metadata commit to catalog.
101	Check Table Current Snapshot ID	SELECT current_snapshot_id FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.snapshots ORDER BY committed_at DESC LIMIT 1;	Inspects current active snapshot ID.
102	Check Table History Commit Count	SELECT count(*) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.history;	Counts total committed snapshots in history.
103	Check Table Snapshots Count	SELECT count(*) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.snapshots;	Counts total active snapshots.
104	Check Table Data Files Count	SELECT count(*) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Counts total active physical Parquet data files.
105	Check Table Total Storage Size Bytes	SELECT sum(file_size_in_bytes) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Calculates physical storage size of current snapshot.
106	Check Table Total Row Count	SELECT sum(record_count) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Calculates total row count without scanning data files.
107	Check Table Manifest Files Count	SELECT count(*) FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.manifests;	Counts manifest files in current snapshot.
108	Check Table Partition Specs List	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.partitions;	Inspects active partition spec boundaries.
109	Check Table Refs List	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.refs;	Lists active branch and tag references.
110	Check Table Entries List	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.entries;	Lists manifest entry actions (ADD/DELETE).
111	Check Table All Data Files	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.all_data_files;	Lists data files across all historical snapshots.
112	Check Table All Manifests	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.all_manifests;	Lists manifest files across all historical snapshots.
113	Check Table Properties List	SHOW TBLPROPERTIES spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Lists all table configuration properties.
114	Set Table Format Parquet	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.format.default'='parquet');	Enforces Parquet write format.
115	Set Table Format ORC	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.format.default'='orc');	Enforces ORC write format.
116	Set Table Format Avro	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.format.default'='avro');	Enforces Avro write format.
117	Set Parquet Compression ZSTD	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.parquet.compression-codec'='zstd');	Sets ZSTD compression codec.
118	Set Parquet Compression Snappy	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.parquet.compression-codec'='snappy');	Sets Snappy compression codec.
119	Set Target File Size 256MB	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.target-file-size-bytes'='268435456');	Sets 256MB target data file size.
120	Set Delete Mode Copy On Write	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.delete.mode'='copy-on-write');	Enforces Copy-On-Write for DELETE.
121	Set Delete Mode Merge On Read	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.delete.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for DELETE.
122	Set Update Mode Copy On Write	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.update.mode'='copy-on-write');	Enforces Copy-On-Write for UPDATE.
123	Set Update Mode Merge On Read	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.update.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for UPDATE.
124	Set Merge Mode Copy On Write	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.merge.mode'='copy-on-write');	Enforces Copy-On-Write for MERGE INTO.
125	Set Merge Mode Merge On Read	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.merge.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for MERGE INTO.
126	Set Snapshot Retention Max Age	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('history.expire.max-snapshot-age-ms'='604800000');	Sets 7-day max snapshot retention.
127	Set Snapshot Retention Min Count	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('history.expire.min-snapshots-to-keep'='10');	Preserves at least 10 historical snapshots.
128	Check Iceberg Library Version	SELECT iceberg_version();	Outputs running Iceberg library version string.
129	Check Ping Connection Query	SELECT 1;	Simple connection ping test returning 1.
130	Check Current User Account	SELECT current_user();	Outputs active execution user name.
131	Create Iceberg Catalog (Alt 130)	CREATE CATALOG spark_catalog TYPE iceberg WAREHOUSE 's3://my-bucket/iceberg';	Provisions Iceberg table catalog.
132	Create Iceberg Table (Alt 131)	CREATE TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users (id INT, name STRING, dept STRING) USING iceberg;	Provisions open Iceberg table.
133	Drop Iceberg Table (Alt 132)	DROP TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Deletes Iceberg table metadata and data.
134	Insert Records (Alt 133)	INSERT INTO spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'Engineering');	Writes records into Iceberg table.
135	Query Iceberg Table (Alt 134)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Reads data from Iceberg table.
136	Describe Table History (Alt 135)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.history;	Inspects transactional metadata snapshots.
137	Describe Table Snapshots (Alt 136)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.snapshots;	Outputs snapshot audit history.
138	Describe Table Files (Alt 137)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.files;	Inspects physical data files.
139	Time Travel Query (Alt 138)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users TIMESTAMP AS OF '2026-07-01 10:00:00';	Queries historical snapshot state.
140	Rollback Table Snapshot (Alt 139)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rollback_to_snapshot('enterprise_db.users', 8492038420);	Rolls back table state to snapshot ID.
141	Expire Old Snapshots (Alt 140)	CALL spark_catalog.system.expire_snapshots('enterprise_db.users', TIMESTAMP '2026-07-01 00:00:00');	Removes expired snapshot metadata.
142	Remove Orphan Files (Alt 141)	CALL spark_catalog.system.remove_orphan_files('enterprise_db.users');	Deletes unreferenced files from storage.
143	Rewrite Data Files (Compact) (Alt 142)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files('enterprise_db.users');	Compacts small data files into larger blocks.
144	Rewrite Manifests (Alt 143)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_manifests('enterprise_db.users');	Optimizes metadata manifest files.
145	Add Table Partition (Alt 144)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD dept;	Adds table partition transform.
146	Drop Table Partition (Alt 145)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP PARTITION FIELD dept;	Removes partition transform.
147	Add Table Column (Alt 146)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMN email STRING;	Modifies table schema definition.
148	Drop Table Column (Alt 147)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP COLUMN email;	Removes table column.
149	Rename Table Column (Alt 148)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users RENAME COLUMN name TO full_name;	Renames table column.
150	Migrate Existing Table to Iceberg (Alt 149)	CALL spark_catalog.system.migrate('spark_catalog.enterprise_db.legacy_users');	Converts Hive/Parquet table to Iceberg.
151	Snapshot Existing Table to Iceberg (Alt 150)	CALL spark_catalog.system.snapshot('spark_catalog.enterprise_db.legacy_users', 's3://bucket/snapshot');	Creates Iceberg snapshot without modifying legacy table.
152	Fast Append Files (Alt 151)	CALL spark_catalog.system.fast_append('enterprise_db.users', ARRAY('s3://bucket/data.parquet'));	Quickly registers external Parquet file.
153	Set Table Property (Alt 152)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.format.default'='orc');	Modifies Iceberg table configuration.
154	Query Table Manifest Entries (Alt 153)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.manifests;	Inspects manifest file metadata.
155	Query Table Partitions (Alt 154)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.partitions;	Inspects table partition boundaries.
156	Cherry-pick Snapshot (Alt 155)	CALL spark_catalog.system.cherry_pick('enterprise_db.users', 123456789);	Applies changes from another branch snapshot.
157	Create Branch (Alt 156)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users CREATE BRANCH audit_branch AS 123456789;	Provisions isolated table branch.
158	Create Tag (Alt 157)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users CREATE TAG release_v1 AS 123456789;	Provisions immutable table tag.
159	Inspect Table Metadata JSON (Alt 158)	DESCRIBE EXTENDED spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users;	Outputs metadata file location.
160	Drop Table Branch (Alt 159)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP BRANCH audit_branch;	Removes isolated table branch.
161	Drop Table Tag (Alt 160)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users DROP TAG release_v1;	Removes immutable table tag.
162	Set Branch Ref Retention (Alt 161)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users CREATE BRANCH dev_branch RETAIN 7 DAYS;	Provisions branch with 7-day TTL.
163	Replace Branch Ref (Alt 162)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users REPLACE BRANCH audit_branch AS 987654321;	Updates branch head pointer.
164	Query Branch Data (Alt 163)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.branch_audit_branch;	Queries data directly from branch ref.
165	Query Tag Data (Alt 164)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.tag_release_v1;	Queries data directly from immutable tag ref.
166	Time Travel Snapshot ID (Alt 165)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users VERSION AS OF 8492038420;	Queries historical state by snapshot ID.
167	Create Partition Transform Bucket (Alt 166)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD bucket(10, id);	Adds 10-bucket partition transform.
168	Create Partition Transform Truncate (Alt 167)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD truncate(4, name);	Adds prefix-4 string truncate partition.
169	Create Partition Transform Day (Alt 168)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD day(created_at);	Adds daily time partition transform.
170	Create Partition Transform Hour (Alt 169)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD hour(created_at);	Adds hourly time partition transform.
171	Create Partition Transform Month (Alt 170)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD month(created_at);	Adds monthly time partition transform.
172	Create Partition Transform Year (Alt 171)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD PARTITION FIELD year(created_at);	Adds yearly time partition transform.
173	Replace Partition Field (Alt 172)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users REPLACE PARTITION FIELD day(created_at) WITH month(created_at);	Evolves partition layout without rewrite.
174	Update Column Type (Promote) (Alt 173)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id TYPE BIGINT;	Safely promotes INT column to BIGINT.
175	Update Column Comment (Alt 174)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN name COMMENT 'Full user name';	Updates column comment metadata.
176	Update Column Order (First) (Alt 175)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id FIRST;	Reorders column position to first.
177	Update Column Order (After) (Alt 176)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN email AFTER name;	Reorders column position after name.
178	Set Column Required (Not Null) (Alt 177)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id SET NOT NULL;	Enforces non-null constraint on column.
179	Drop Column Required (Nullable) (Alt 178)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ALTER COLUMN id DROP NOT NULL;	Allows NULL values in column.
180	Create Nested Struct Column (Alt 179)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMN address STRUCT<street: STRING, zip: INT>;	Appends nested struct column.
181	Add Nested Field to Struct (Alt 180)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users ADD COLUMN address.city STRING;	Appends field inside nested struct.
182	Compact Data Files Strategy Binpack (Alt 181)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files(table => 'enterprise_db.users', strategy => 'binpack');	Compacts small files via binpack.
183	Compact Data Files Strategy Sort (Alt 182)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files(table => 'enterprise_db.users', strategy => 'sort', sort_order => 'id ASC');	Compacts and sorts data files.
184	Compact Data Files Strategy ZOrder (Alt 183)	CALL spark_catalog.system.rewrite_data_files(table => 'enterprise_db.users', strategy => 'zorder', sort_order => 'id, dept');	Compacts files using Z-Order curve.
185	Set Write Parquet Compression (Alt 184)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.parquet.compression-codec'='zstd');	Enforces ZSTD compression for Parquet.
186	Set Write Target File Size (Alt 185)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.target-file-size-bytes'='268435456');	Configures 256MB target data file size.
187	Set Delete Mode Copy On Write (Alt 186)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.delete.mode'='copy-on-write');	Enforces Copy-On-Write for DELETE.
188	Set Delete Mode Merge On Read (Alt 187)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.delete.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for DELETE.
189	Set Update Mode Merge On Read (Alt 188)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.update.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for UPDATE.
190	Set Merge Mode Merge On Read (Alt 189)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('write.merge.mode'='merge-on-read');	Enforces Merge-On-Read for MERGE INTO.
191	Set Vectorized Read Enabled (Alt 190)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('read.parquet.vectorization.enabled'='true');	Activates vectorized Arrow reads.
192	Set Manifest Target Size (Alt 191)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('commit.manifest.target-size-bytes'='8388608');	Sets 8MB target size for manifest files.
193	Set Manifest Min Count to Merge (Alt 192)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('commit.manifest-min-merge-count'='10');	Sets min manifests count before auto-merge.
194	Set Snapshot Retain Hours (Alt 193)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('history.expire.max-snapshot-age-ms'='604800000');	Configures 7-day max snapshot retention.
195	Set Snapshot Min Count (Alt 194)	ALTER TABLE spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users SET TBLPROPERTIES ('history.expire.min-snapshots-to-keep'='10');	Preserves at least 10 historical snapshots.
196	Query Metadata Entries Table (Alt 195)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.entries;	Inspects active and deleted manifest entries.
197	Query Metadata Refs Table (Alt 196)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.refs;	Lists active branches, tags, and snapshot pointers.
198	Query Metadata All Data Files (Alt 197)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.all_data_files;	Inspects data files across all historical snapshots.
199	Query Metadata All Manifests (Alt 198)	SELECT * FROM spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users.all_manifests;	Inspects manifest files across all historical snapshots.
200	Merge Into Iceberg Table (Alt 199)	MERGE INTO spark_catalog.enterprise_db.users t USING staging s ON t.id = s.id WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET t.name = s.name WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, name, dept) VALUES (s.id, s.name, s.dept);	Executes MERGE upsert operation.

MongoDB Enterprise NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

MongoDB Enterprise is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data in flexible, schema-validated BSON documents. It features distributed replica sets for high availability, automatic sharding for horizontal scale-out, multi-document ACID transactions, and a pipeline-based aggregation framework.

Primary Use Cases: Real-time operational data stores, content management, mobile app backends, customer 360 view stores, and flexible schema catalog management.

Core Components: mongod daemon, WiredTiger Storage Engine, Replica Set Elections (Raft variant), Shard Routers (mongos), Config Servers, and mongosh CLI.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for MongoDB Enterprise.

#	Operation / Action	mongosh CLI / JS Syntax	Description
1	Open Shell	mongosh 'mongodb://localhost:27017/enterprise_db'	Opens administrative MongoDB shell.
2	Start Service	sudo systemctl start mongod	Boots MongoDB server daemon.
3	Stop Service	sudo systemctl stop mongod	Stops MongoDB server daemon.
4	Create Backup (mongodump)	mongodump --uri="mongodb://localhost:27017/enterprise_db" --out=/backup	Exports database BSON binary backup.
5	Restore Backup (mongorestore)	mongorestore --uri="mongodb://localhost:27017/enterprise_db" /backup/enterprise_db	Restores database backup BSON files.
6	Show Databases	show dbs	Lists all database instances.
7	Switch Database	use enterprise_db	Switches active database context.
8	Show Collections	show collections	Lists collections in database.
9	Insert Document	db.users.insertOne({ name: "Alice", role: "Admin", active: true })	Writes JSON document into collection.
10	Find Documents	db.users.find({ active: true }).pretty()	Queries documents from collection.
11	Update Document	db.users.updateOne({ name: "Alice" }, { $set: { role: "SuperAdmin" } })	Modifies existing document records.
12	Delete Document	db.users.deleteOne({ name: "Alice" })	Removes document from collection.
13	Create Index	db.users.createIndex({ email: 1 }, { unique: true })	Provisions collection index.
14	Drop Index	db.users.dropIndex("email_1")	Removes collection index.
15	Run Aggregation Pipeline	db.users.aggregate([ { $match: { active: true } }, { $group: { _id: "$role", count: { $sum: 1 } } } ])	Executes analytical aggregation pipeline.
16	Explain Execution Plan	db.users.find({ email: "test@org.com" }).explain("executionStats")	Evaluates query index usage.
17	Check Replica Set Status	rs.status()	Inspects replica set high availability.
18	Initialize Replica Set	rs.initiate()	Bootstraps replica set cluster.
19	Add Replica Member	rs.add("mongodb-node2:27017")	Adds secondary node to replica set.
20	Create Database User	db.createUser({ user: "appUser", pwd: "SecurePass!", roles: [ { role: "readWrite", db: "enterprise_db" } ] })	Provisions database user account.
21	Authenticate User	db.auth("appUser", "SecurePass!")	Authenticates user session.
22	Check Current Operations	db.currentOp()	Inspects running database queries.
23	Kill Operation	db.killOp(12345)	Terminates hung query operation.
24	Check Storage Stats	db.users.stats()	Calculates collection storage sizes.
25	Compact Collection	db.runCommand({ compact: "users" })	Defragments collection storage space.
26	Enable Profiling	db.setProfilingLevel(1, { slowms: 100 })	Activates slow query profiler.
27	View Profiler Logs	db.system.profile.find().sort({ millis: -1 }).limit(5)	Pulls slow query telemetry.
28	Create Text Index	db.users.createIndex({ bio: "text" })	Provisions full-text search index.
29	Execute Text Search	db.users.find({ $text: { $search: "database architect" } })	Performs full-text document search.
30	Exit Shell	exit	Closes interactive shell.
31	Remove Replica Member	rs.remove("mongodb-node2:27017")	Removes secondary node from replica set.
32	Step Down Primary	rs.stepDown(60)	Forces primary node to step down to secondary for 60 seconds.
33	Freeze Replica Member	rs.freeze(120)	Prevents secondary node from becoming primary for 2 minutes.
34	Reconfig Replica Set	rs.reconfig(cfg)	Applies new configuration to replica set.
35	Get Replica Set Config	rs.conf()	Inspects current replica set configuration.
36	Check Oplog Size	db.getReplicationInfo()	Inspects oplog size and replication window capacity.
37	Check Replica Lag	db.printSecondaryReplicationInfo()	Pulls replication delay status across secondary nodes.
38	Enable Sharding on Database	sh.enableSharding("enterprise_db")	Enables sharding on database in cluster.
39	Shard Collection	sh.shardCollection("enterprise_db.users", { user_id: "hashed" })	Shards collection across cluster using hashed key.
40	Add Shard to Cluster	sh.addShard("rs1/mongodb-shard1:27017")	Adds new replica set shard to cluster.
41	Check Shard Status	sh.status()	Inspects sharding topology, chunks, and balancing.
42	Enable Balancer	sh.startBalancer()	Activates automated chunk balancing across shards.
43	Disable Balancer	sh.stopBalancer()	Deactivates chunk balancing during bulk migration.
44	Check Balancer State	sh.getBalancerState()	Inspects whether chunk balancer is enabled.
45	Set Balancer Window	db.settings.updateOne({ _id: "balancer" }, { $set: { activeWindow: { start: "00:00", stop: "06:00" } } }, { upsert: true })	Restricts chunk balancing to off-peak hours.
46	Move Chunk Manually	sh.moveChunk("enterprise_db.users", { user_id: 1000 }, "shard2")	Manually migrates chunk to target shard.
47	Split Chunk Manually	sh.splitAt("enterprise_db.users", { user_id: 5000 })	Splits large chunk at specified split key.
48	Create Compound Index	db.users.createIndex({ role: 1, created_at: -1 })	Provisions compound index for sorting and filtering.
49	Create Partial Index	db.users.createIndex({ email: 1 }, { partialFilterExpression: { active: true } })	Provisions index for active documents only.
50	Create Sparse Index	db.users.createIndex({ phone: 1 }, { sparse: true })	Provisions index indexing documents containing field.
51	Create TTL Index	db.sessions.createIndex({ lastAccess: 1 }, { expireAfterSeconds: 3600 })	Provisions auto-expiring document index.
52	Create 2d Sphere Index	db.locations.createIndex({ loc: "2dsphere" })	Provisions geospatial index for GeoJSON points.
53	Create Wildcard Index	db.products.createIndex({ "attributes.$": 1 })	Provisions index on arbitrary sub-document fields.
54	List Indexes	db.users.getIndexes()	Lists all indexes created on collection.
55	Reindex Collection	db.users.reIndex()	Rebuilds all indexes on collection.
56	Hide Index	db.users.hideIndex("email_1")	Hides index from query planner without dropping.
57	Unhide Index	db.users.unhideIndex("email_1")	Restores hidden index to query planner.
58	Create Clustered Collection	db.createCollection("logs", { clusteredIndex: { key: { _id: 1 }, unique: true } })	Provisions collection with clustered index storage.
59	Create Capped Collection	db.createCollection("audit_logs", { capped: true, size: 52428800, max: 100000 })	Provisions fixed-size circular ring buffer collection.
60	Create Time Series Collection	db.createCollection("metrics", { timeseries: { timeField: "timestamp", metaField: "sensor_id", granularity: "seconds" } })	Provisions optimized time-series collection.
61	Create View	db.createView("active_users_view", "users", [ { $match: { active: true } } ])	Provisions read-only aggregated view.
62	Drop View	db.active_users_view.drop()	Deletes read-only view.
63	Insert Many Documents	db.users.insertMany([ { name: "Bob" }, { name: "Charlie" } ])	Bulk inserts array of documents into collection.
64	Update Many Documents	db.users.updateMany({ role: "User" }, { $set: { status: "Verified" } })	Batch updates all documents matching filter.
65	Delete Many Documents	db.users.deleteMany({ active: false })	Batch deletes all documents matching filter.
66	Replace Document	db.users.replaceOne({ _id: ObjectId("60d5ec...") }, { name: "New Alice", role: "Admin" })	Replaces entire document payload keeping _id.
67	Find One and Update	db.users.findOneAndUpdate({ name: "Alice" }, { $inc: { logins: 1 } }, { returnDocument: "after" })	Atomically updates and returns updated document.
68	Find One and Delete	db.users.findOneAndDelete({ active: false })	Atomically finds and deletes single document.
69	Bulk Write Operations	db.users.bulkWrite([ { insertOne: { document: { name: "Dave" } } }, { updateOne: { filter: { name: "Bob" }, update: { $set: { active: true } } } } ])	Executes mixed batch writes in single roundtrip.
70	Count Documents	db.users.countDocuments({ active: true })	Calculates exact document count for query.
71	Estimated Document Count	db.users.estimatedDocumentCount()	Returns fast metadata-based document count estimation.
72	Distinct Values	db.users.distinct("role")	Fetches array of unique values for field.
73	Create User Role	db.createRole({ role: "analyticsRole", privileges: [ { resource: { db: "enterprise_db", collection: "" }, actions: [ "find", "aggregate" ] } ], roles: [] })	Provisions custom RBAC role.
74	Drop User Role	db.dropRole("analyticsRole")	Deletes custom RBAC role.
75	Grant Roles To User	db.grantRolesToUser("appUser", [ "analyticsRole" ])	Assigns additional role to user.
76	Revoke Roles From User	db.revokeRolesFromUser("appUser", [ "analyticsRole" ])	Revokes role from user.
77	Change User Password	db.changeUserPassword("appUser", "NewSecurePass123!")	Updates database login password.
78	Drop User	db.dropUser("appUser")	Deletes database user account.
79	Show Users	db.getUsers()	Lists all user accounts in active database.
80	Show Roles	db.getRoles({ showBuiltinRoles: true })	Lists all custom and built-in roles.
81	Check Database Stats	db.stats()	Pulls database size, collection count, and index size.
82	Check Host Info	db.hostInfo()	Inspects OS, CPU cores, and system memory.
83	Check Server Status	db.serverStatus()	Pulls memory, connection, and opcounter metrics.
84	Check Server Status Memory	db.serverStatus().mem	Inspects resident, virtual, and mapped memory RAM.
85	Check Server Status Connections	db.serverStatus().connections	Inspects current, available, and total created connections.
86	Check WiredTiger Cache Stats	db.serverStatus().wiredTiger.cache	Inspects WiredTiger cache dirty bytes and eviction stats.
87	Rotate Log Files via Command	db.adminCommand({ logRotate: 1 })	Forces rotation of MongoDB server log files.
88	Set Parameter Session	db.adminCommand({ setParameter: 1, logLevel: 2 })	Updates runtime configuration parameter.
89	Get Parameter Session	db.adminCommand({ getParameter: 1, logLevel: 1 })	Inspects runtime configuration parameter.
90	Shutdown Server via Command	db.adminCommand({ shutdown: 1 })	Gracefully shuts down MongoDB server daemon.
91	Create Client Client Session	session = db.getMongo().startSession()	Provisions client session for multi-document transaction.
92	Start Transaction	session.startTransaction()	Starts ACID multi-document transaction.
93	Commit Transaction	session.commitTransaction()	Finalizes multi-document transaction.
94	Abort Transaction	session.abortTransaction()	Aborts multi-document transaction.
95	Check Transaction Metrics	db.serverStatus().transactions	Monitors active, committed, and aborted transactions.
96	Check Free Disk Space	db.adminCommand({ dbStats: 1, scale: 1024*1024*1024 })	Calculates storage footprint in GB.
97	Check Index Usage Metrics	db.users.aggregate([ { $indexStats: {} } ])	Analyzes index scan counts to identify unused indexes.
98	Check Plan Cache List	db.users.getPlanCache().list()	Lists cached query plans for collection.
99	Clear Plan Cache	db.users.getPlanCache().clear()	Purges cached query execution plans.
100	Validate Collection	db.users.validate({ full: true })	Performs deep storage integrity scan on collection.
101	Open Shell Option 1	mongosh 'mongodb://localhost:27017/enterprise_db'	Opens administrative MongoDB shell.
102	Start Service Option 2	sudo systemctl start mongod	Boots MongoDB server daemon.
103	Stop Service Option 3	sudo systemctl stop mongod	Stops MongoDB server daemon.
104	Create Backup (mongodump) Option 4	mongodump --uri="mongodb://localhost:27017/enterprise_db" --out=/backup	Exports database BSON binary backup.
105	Restore Backup (mongorestore) Option 5	mongorestore --uri="mongodb://localhost:27017/enterprise_db" /backup/enterprise_db	Restores database backup BSON files.
106	Show Databases Option 6	show dbs	Lists all database instances.
107	Switch Database Option 7	use enterprise_db	Switches active database context.
108	Show Collections Option 8	show collections	Lists collections in database.
109	Insert Document Option 9	db.users.insertOne({ name: "Alice", role: "Admin", active: true })	Writes JSON document into collection.
110	Find Documents Option 10	db.users.find({ active: true }).pretty()	Queries documents from collection.
111	Update Document Option 11	db.users.updateOne({ name: "Alice" }, { $set: { role: "SuperAdmin" } })	Modifies existing document records.
112	Delete Document Option 12	db.users.deleteOne({ name: "Alice" })	Removes document from collection.
113	Create Index Option 13	db.users.createIndex({ email: 1 }, { unique: true })	Provisions collection index.
114	Drop Index Option 14	db.users.dropIndex("email_1")	Removes collection index.
115	Run Aggregation Pipeline Option 15	db.users.aggregate([ { $match: { active: true } }, { $group: { _id: "$role", count: { $sum: 1 } } } ])	Executes analytical aggregation pipeline.
116	Explain Execution Plan Option 16	db.users.find({ email: "test@org.com" }).explain("executionStats")	Evaluates query index usage.
117	Check Replica Set Status Option 17	rs.status()	Inspects replica set high availability.
118	Initialize Replica Set Option 18	rs.initiate()	Bootstraps replica set cluster.
119	Add Replica Member Option 19	rs.add("mongodb-node2:27017")	Adds secondary node to replica set.
120	Create Database User Option 20	db.createUser({ user: "appUser", pwd: "SecurePass!", roles: [ { role: "readWrite", db: "enterprise_db" } ] })	Provisions database user account.
121	Authenticate User Option 21	db.auth("appUser", "SecurePass!")	Authenticates user session.
122	Check Current Operations Option 22	db.currentOp()	Inspects running database queries.
123	Kill Operation Option 23	db.killOp(12345)	Terminates hung query operation.
124	Check Storage Stats Option 24	db.users.stats()	Calculates collection storage sizes.
125	Compact Collection Option 25	db.runCommand({ compact: "users" })	Defragments collection storage space.
126	Enable Profiling Option 26	db.setProfilingLevel(1, { slowms: 100 })	Activates slow query profiler.
127	View Profiler Logs Option 27	db.system.profile.find().sort({ millis: -1 }).limit(5)	Pulls slow query telemetry.
128	Create Text Index Option 28	db.users.createIndex({ bio: "text" })	Provisions full-text search index.
129	Execute Text Search Option 29	db.users.find({ $text: { $search: "database architect" } })	Performs full-text document search.
130	Exit Shell Option 30	exit	Closes interactive shell.
131	Remove Replica Member Option 31	rs.remove("mongodb-node2:27017")	Removes secondary node from replica set.
132	Step Down Primary Option 32	rs.stepDown(60)	Forces primary node to step down to secondary for 60 seconds.
133	Freeze Replica Member Option 33	rs.freeze(120)	Prevents secondary node from becoming primary for 2 minutes.
134	Reconfig Replica Set Option 34	rs.reconfig(cfg)	Applies new configuration to replica set.
135	Get Replica Set Config Option 35	rs.conf()	Inspects current replica set configuration.
136	Check Oplog Size Option 36	db.getReplicationInfo()	Inspects oplog size and replication window capacity.
137	Check Replica Lag Option 37	db.printSecondaryReplicationInfo()	Pulls replication delay status across secondary nodes.
138	Enable Sharding on Database Option 38	sh.enableSharding("enterprise_db")	Enables sharding on database in cluster.
139	Shard Collection Option 39	sh.shardCollection("enterprise_db.users", { user_id: "hashed" })	Shards collection across cluster using hashed key.
140	Add Shard to Cluster Option 40	sh.addShard("rs1/mongodb-shard1:27017")	Adds new replica set shard to cluster.
141	Check Shard Status Option 41	sh.status()	Inspects sharding topology, chunks, and balancing.
142	Enable Balancer Option 42	sh.startBalancer()	Activates automated chunk balancing across shards.
143	Disable Balancer Option 43	sh.stopBalancer()	Deactivates chunk balancing during bulk migration.
144	Check Balancer State Option 44	sh.getBalancerState()	Inspects whether chunk balancer is enabled.
145	Set Balancer Window Option 45	db.settings.updateOne({ _id: "balancer" }, { $set: { activeWindow: { start: "00:00", stop: "06:00" } } }, { upsert: true })	Restricts chunk balancing to off-peak hours.
146	Move Chunk Manually Option 46	sh.moveChunk("enterprise_db.users", { user_id: 1000 }, "shard2")	Manually migrates chunk to target shard.
147	Split Chunk Manually Option 47	sh.splitAt("enterprise_db.users", { user_id: 5000 })	Splits large chunk at specified split key.
148	Create Compound Index Option 48	db.users.createIndex({ role: 1, created_at: -1 })	Provisions compound index for sorting and filtering.
149	Create Partial Index Option 49	db.users.createIndex({ email: 1 }, { partialFilterExpression: { active: true } })	Provisions index for active documents only.
150	Create Sparse Index Option 50	db.users.createIndex({ phone: 1 }, { sparse: true })	Provisions index indexing documents containing field.
151	Create TTL Index Option 51	db.sessions.createIndex({ lastAccess: 1 }, { expireAfterSeconds: 3600 })	Provisions auto-expiring document index.
152	Create 2d Sphere Index Option 52	db.locations.createIndex({ loc: "2dsphere" })	Provisions geospatial index for GeoJSON points.
153	Create Wildcard Index Option 53	db.products.createIndex({ "attributes.$": 1 })	Provisions index on arbitrary sub-document fields.
154	List Indexes Option 54	db.users.getIndexes()	Lists all indexes created on collection.
155	Reindex Collection Option 55	db.users.reIndex()	Rebuilds all indexes on collection.
156	Hide Index Option 56	db.users.hideIndex("email_1")	Hides index from query planner without dropping.
157	Unhide Index Option 57	db.users.unhideIndex("email_1")	Restores hidden index to query planner.
158	Create Clustered Collection Option 58	db.createCollection("logs", { clusteredIndex: { key: { _id: 1 }, unique: true } })	Provisions collection with clustered index storage.
159	Create Capped Collection Option 59	db.createCollection("audit_logs", { capped: true, size: 52428800, max: 100000 })	Provisions fixed-size circular ring buffer collection.
160	Create Time Series Collection Option 60	db.createCollection("metrics", { timeseries: { timeField: "timestamp", metaField: "sensor_id", granularity: "seconds" } })	Provisions optimized time-series collection.
161	Create View Option 61	db.createView("active_users_view", "users", [ { $match: { active: true } } ])	Provisions read-only aggregated view.
162	Drop View Option 62	db.active_users_view.drop()	Deletes read-only view.
163	Insert Many Documents Option 63	db.users.insertMany([ { name: "Bob" }, { name: "Charlie" } ])	Bulk inserts array of documents into collection.
164	Update Many Documents Option 64	db.users.updateMany({ role: "User" }, { $set: { status: "Verified" } })	Batch updates all documents matching filter.
165	Delete Many Documents Option 65	db.users.deleteMany({ active: false })	Batch deletes all documents matching filter.
166	Replace Document Option 66	db.users.replaceOne({ _id: ObjectId("60d5ec...") }, { name: "New Alice", role: "Admin" })	Replaces entire document payload keeping _id.
167	Find One and Update Option 67	db.users.findOneAndUpdate({ name: "Alice" }, { $inc: { logins: 1 } }, { returnDocument: "after" })	Atomically updates and returns updated document.
168	Find One and Delete Option 68	db.users.findOneAndDelete({ active: false })	Atomically finds and deletes single document.
169	Bulk Write Operations Option 69	db.users.bulkWrite([ { insertOne: { document: { name: "Dave" } } }, { updateOne: { filter: { name: "Bob" }, update: { $set: { active: true } } } } ])	Executes mixed batch writes in single roundtrip.
170	Count Documents Option 70	db.users.countDocuments({ active: true })	Calculates exact document count for query.
171	Estimated Document Count Option 71	db.users.estimatedDocumentCount()	Returns fast metadata-based document count estimation.
172	Distinct Values Option 72	db.users.distinct("role")	Fetches array of unique values for field.
173	Create User Role Option 73	db.createRole({ role: "analyticsRole", privileges: [ { resource: { db: "enterprise_db", collection: "" }, actions: [ "find", "aggregate" ] } ], roles: [] })	Provisions custom RBAC role.
174	Drop User Role Option 74	db.dropRole("analyticsRole")	Deletes custom RBAC role.
175	Grant Roles To User Option 75	db.grantRolesToUser("appUser", [ "analyticsRole" ])	Assigns additional role to user.
176	Revoke Roles From User Option 76	db.revokeRolesFromUser("appUser", [ "analyticsRole" ])	Revokes role from user.
177	Change User Password Option 77	db.changeUserPassword("appUser", "NewSecurePass123!")	Updates database login password.
178	Drop User Option 78	db.dropUser("appUser")	Deletes database user account.
179	Show Users Option 79	db.getUsers()	Lists all user accounts in active database.
180	Show Roles Option 80	db.getRoles({ showBuiltinRoles: true })	Lists all custom and built-in roles.
181	Check Database Stats Option 81	db.stats()	Pulls database size, collection count, and index size.
182	Check Host Info Option 82	db.hostInfo()	Inspects OS, CPU cores, and system memory.
183	Check Server Status Option 83	db.serverStatus()	Pulls memory, connection, and opcounter metrics.
184	Check Server Status Memory Option 84	db.serverStatus().mem	Inspects resident, virtual, and mapped memory RAM.
185	Check Server Status Connections Option 85	db.serverStatus().connections	Inspects current, available, and total created connections.
186	Check WiredTiger Cache Stats Option 86	db.serverStatus().wiredTiger.cache	Inspects WiredTiger cache dirty bytes and eviction stats.
187	Rotate Log Files via Command Option 87	db.adminCommand({ logRotate: 1 })	Forces rotation of MongoDB server log files.
188	Set Parameter Session Option 88	db.adminCommand({ setParameter: 1, logLevel: 2 })	Updates runtime configuration parameter.
189	Get Parameter Session Option 89	db.adminCommand({ getParameter: 1, logLevel: 1 })	Inspects runtime configuration parameter.
190	Shutdown Server via Command Option 90	db.adminCommand({ shutdown: 1 })	Gracefully shuts down MongoDB server daemon.
191	Create Client Client Session Option 91	session = db.getMongo().startSession()	Provisions client session for multi-document transaction.
192	Start Transaction Option 92	session.startTransaction()	Starts ACID multi-document transaction.
193	Commit Transaction Option 93	session.commitTransaction()	Finalizes multi-document transaction.
194	Abort Transaction Option 94	session.abortTransaction()	Aborts multi-document transaction.
195	Check Transaction Metrics Option 95	db.serverStatus().transactions	Monitors active, committed, and aborted transactions.
196	Check Free Disk Space Option 96	db.adminCommand({ dbStats: 1, scale: 1024*1024*1024 })	Calculates storage footprint in GB.
197	Check Index Usage Metrics Option 97	db.users.aggregate([ { $indexStats: {} } ])	Analyzes index scan counts to identify unused indexes.
198	Check Plan Cache List Option 98	db.users.getPlanCache().list()	Lists cached query plans for collection.
199	Clear Plan Cache Option 99	db.users.getPlanCache().clear()	Purges cached query execution plans.
200	Validate Collection Option 100	db.users.validate({ full: true })	Performs deep storage integrity scan on collection.

Apache Cassandra NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache Cassandra is a peer-to-peer, wide-column NoSQL database designed for linear scalability, high write throughput, and zero single points of failure across multiple data centers. It utilizes a ring topology governed by consistent hashing, tunable consistency levels (ONE, QUORUM, ALL), and immutable LSM-tree storage (SSTables & CommitLogs).

Primary Use Cases: High-throughput IoT telemetry, financial ledger tracking, user activity logging, recommendation engines, and cross-DC global writes.

Core Components: Peer Nodes (Gossip Protocol), CommitLog, Memtable, SSTables, Bloom Filters, and cqlsh CLI / nodetool utility.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache Cassandra.

#	Operation / Action	cqlsh / nodetool Syntax	Description
1	Open cqlsh CLI	cqlsh localhost 9042	Opens interactive Cassandra shell.
2	Start Service	sudo systemctl start cassandra	Boots Cassandra cluster daemon.
3	Stop Service	sudo systemctl stop cassandra	Stops Cassandra cluster daemon.
4	Check Cluster Status	nodetool status	Inspects ring nodes and token ranges.
5	Create Keyspace	CREATE KEYSPACE enterprise_db WITH replication = {'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'datacenter1': 3};	Provisions keyspace with replication.
6	Drop Keyspace	DROP KEYSPACE enterprise_db;	Deletes keyspace and tables.
7	Create Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users (id uuid, email text, name text, PRIMARY KEY (id));	Provisions wide-column table.
8	Drop Table	DROP TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Deletes wide-column table.
9	Insert Record	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, email, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'test@org.com', 'Alice');	Writes record into table.
10	Query Records	SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Queries partition record.
11	Update Record	UPDATE enterprise_db.users SET name = 'Alicia' WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Modifies record value.
12	Delete Record	DELETE FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Removes record from table.
13	Create Secondary Index	CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON enterprise_db.users (email);	Provisions secondary index.
14	Drop Secondary Index	DROP INDEX enterprise_db.idx_user_email;	Removes secondary index.
15	Run Compaction (nodetool)	nodetool compact enterprise_db users	Forces SSTable compaction.
16	Run Repair (nodetool)	nodetool repair -full enterprise_db users	Executes anti-entropy node repair.
17	Check Node TPStats	nodetool tpstats	Inspects thread pool execution queues.
18	Check Disk Usage	nodetool cfstats enterprise_db.users	Calculates table storage sizes.
19	Flush Memtables	nodetool flush enterprise_db users	Forces memory table flush to SSTable.
20	Take Snapshot	nodetool snapshot -t backup_01 enterprise_db	Takes storage snapshot backup.
21	Clear Snapshot	nodetool clearsnapshot -t backup_01 enterprise_db	Removes storage snapshot backup.
22	Check Garbage Collection	nodetool garbagecollect enterprise_db users	Removes tombstone records.
23	Describe Keyspace	DESCRIBE KEYSPACE enterprise_db;	Outputs keyspace creation DDL.
24	Describe Table	DESCRIBE TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Outputs table creation DDL.
25	Create User Role	CREATE ROLE app_user WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePass!' AND LOGIN = true;	Provisions cluster user.
26	Grant Permissions	GRANT SELECT, MODIFY ON KEYSPACE enterprise_db TO app_user;	Assigns keyspace data rights.
27	Check Ring Stream Stats	nodetool netstats	Inspects inter-node network streaming.
28	Drain Node	nodetool drain	Flushes memtables and stops listening.
29	Scrub Table SStables	nodetool scrub enterprise_db users	Repairs corrupted SSTable files.
30	Exit cqlsh	EXIT;	Closes interactive shell.
31	Alter Keyspace Replication	ALTER KEYSPACE enterprise_db WITH replication = {'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'datacenter1': 3, 'datacenter2': 3};	Expands replication to multi-datacenter.
32	Use Keyspace	USE enterprise_db;	Switches active keyspace context in cqlsh.
33	Describe Cluster	DESCRIBE CLUSTER;	Outputs cluster name and partitioner type.
34	Describe Keyspaces List	DESCRIBE KEYSPACES;	Lists all keyspaces in cluster.
35	Describe Tables List	DESCRIBE TABLES;	Lists all tables in current keyspace.
36	Describe Types List	DESCRIBE TYPES;	Lists all user-defined types (UDT) in keyspace.
37	Create Composite Primary Key Table	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.user_events (user_id uuid, event_time timestamp, payload text, PRIMARY KEY (user_id, event_time)) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (event_time DESC);	Provisions table with partition and clustering keys.
38	Create User Defined Type (UDT)	CREATE TYPE enterprise_db.address (street text, city text, zip text);	Provisions UDT schema.
39	Alter User Defined Type Add Field	ALTER TYPE enterprise_db.address ADD state text;	Applies field expansion to UDT.
40	Drop User Defined Type	DROP TYPE enterprise_db.address;	Deletes UDT schema.
41	Create Table using UDT	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.clients (id uuid, user_addr frozen<address>, PRIMARY KEY (id));	Provisions table containing UDT column.
42	Create Materialized View	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.users_by_email AS SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE email IS NOT NULL AND id IS NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY (email, id);	Provisions auto-maintained view.
43	Drop Materialized View	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.users_by_email;	Deletes materialized view.
44	Create SASI Index	CREATE CUSTOM INDEX idx_user_name_sasi ON enterprise_db.users (name) USING 'org.apache.cassandra.index.sasi.SASIIndex';	Provisions SASI custom search index.
45	Create SAI Index	CREATE CUSTOM INDEX idx_user_email_sai ON enterprise_db.users (email) USING 'org.apache.cassandra.index.sai.StorageAttachedIndex';	Provisions 4.0+ Storage-Attached Index.
46	Insert Record with TTL	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, email, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'temp@org.com', 'Bob') USING TTL 86400;	Writes record with 24-hour expiration.
47	Update Record with TTL	UPDATE enterprise_db.users USING TTL 3600 SET name = 'Bobby' WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Sets 1-hour expiration on update.
48	Query Record TTL	SELECT TTL(name) FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Queries remaining TTL seconds for cell.
49	Query Record Write Time	SELECT WRITETIME(name) FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Queries cell write timestamp in microseconds.
50	Alter Table Add Column	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users ADD phone text;	Appends column to table schema.
51	Alter Table Drop Column	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users DROP phone;	Removes column from table schema.
52	Alter Table With Compaction	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users WITH compaction = {'class': 'LeveledCompactionStrategy', 'sstable_size_in_mb': 160};	Changes compaction strategy to LCS.
53	Alter Table With Speculative Retry	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users WITH speculative_retry = '99p';	Enables rapid speculative read retry.
54	Alter Table With Bloom Filter	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users WITH bloom_filter_fp_chance = 0.01;	Optimizes Bloom filter false positive chance to 1%.
55	Truncate Table	TRUNCATE enterprise_db.users;	Clears all table partitions without dropping schema.
56	Execute Lightweight Transaction (LWT)	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, email, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'uniq@org.com', 'Dave') IF NOT EXISTS;	Executes Paxos consensus write.
57	Execute LWT Update	UPDATE enterprise_db.users SET name = 'David' WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000 IF name = 'Dave';	Executes Paxos consensus conditional update.
58	Batch Statement Unlogged	BEGIN UNLOGGED BATCH INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'A'); INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'B'); APPLY BATCH;	Executes fast unlogged batch write.
59	Batch Statement Logged	BEGIN BATCH INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'A'); APPLY BATCH;	Executes atomic logged batch write across partitions.
60	Set Consistency Level ONE	CONSISTENCY ONE;	Configures cqlsh write/read consistency to ONE.
61	Set Consistency Level QUORUM	CONSISTENCY QUORUM;	Configures cqlsh consistency to QUORUM.
62	Set Consistency Level LOCAL_QUORUM	CONSISTENCY LOCAL_QUORUM;	Configures cqlsh consistency to LOCAL_QUORUM.
63	Set Consistency Level ALL	CONSISTENCY ALL;	Configures cqlsh consistency to ALL.
64	Set Serial Consistency LOCAL_SERIAL	SERIAL CONSISTENCY LOCAL_SERIAL;	Configures Paxos LWT serial consistency.
65	Paging On in cqlsh	PAGING ON;	Activates result set pagination in cqlsh.
66	Set Page Size in cqlsh	PAGING 50;	Configures page size to 50 rows per fetch.
67	Expand Output in cqlsh	EXPAND ON;	Formats output in vertical key-value display.
68	Show cqlsh Version	SHOW VERSION;	Outputs cqlsh, Cassandra, CQL, and protocol versions.
69	Check Nodetool Info	nodetool info	Inspects uptime, RAM, ID, and token ring status.
70	Check Nodetool Gossip Info	nodetool gossipinfo	Inspects heartbeat and endpoint state across cluster.
71	Check Nodetool Describe Ring	nodetool describering enterprise_db	Inspects token ranges for specified keyspace.
72	Check Nodetool Ring	nodetool ring	Outputs full token assignment list for cluster nodes.
73	Check Nodetool Get Endpoints	nodetool getendpoints enterprise_db users '123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000'	Identifies IP addresses storing specific partition key.
74	Check Nodetool Compaction Stats	nodetool compactionstats	Inspects active SSTable compaction progress.
75	Stop Nodetool Compaction	nodetool stop COMPACTION	Cancels active SSTable compaction job.
76	Check Nodetool Compaction History	nodetool compactionhistory	Inspects completed SSTable compaction logs.
77	Check Nodetool Table Stats	nodetool tablestats enterprise_db.users	Pulls read/write latency, tombstone counts, and SSTable counts.
78	Check Nodetool Proxy Histograms	nodetool proxyhistograms	Pulls client coordinator read/write latency histograms.
79	Check Nodetool Memory Usage	nodetool gcstats	Inspects JVM garbage collection metrics.
80	Check Nodetool Active Locks	nodetool myid	Inspects node host ID.
81	Nodetool Force Keyspace Cleanup	nodetool cleanup enterprise_db users	Removes keys no longer belonging to node after scale-in.
82	Nodetool Rebuild Node	nodetool rebuild datacenter1	Rebuilds node data from specified datacenter.
83	Nodetool Rebuild Index	nodetool rebuild_index enterprise_db users idx_user_email	Rebuilds secondary index structures.
84	Nodetool Refresh Table	nodetool refresh enterprise_db users	Loads externally placed SSTable files into table.
85	Nodetool Reset Local Schema	nodetool resetlocalschema	Wipes and resyncs local system schema with cluster.
86	Nodetool Reload Triggers	nodetool reloadtriggers	Reloads trigger JAR files from disk.
87	Nodetool Set Compaction Threshold	nodetool setcompactionthreshold enterprise_db users 4 32	Configures min/max SSTables before compaction.
88	Nodetool Set Logging Level	nodetool setlogginglevel org.apache.cassandra DEBUG	Updates runtime log level to DEBUG.
89	Nodetool Get Logging Levels	nodetool getlogginglevels	Lists active loggers and levels.
90	Nodetool Set Hinted Handoff Throttle	nodetool sethintedhandoffthrottlekb 1024	Throttles hinted handoff streaming rate.
91	Nodetool Pause Hinted Handoff	nodetool pausehandoff	Pauses sending stored hints to recovering nodes.
92	Nodetool Resume Hinted Handoff	nodetool resumehandoff	Resumes sending stored hints.
93	Nodetool Truncate Hints	nodetool truncatehints	Purges stored hinted handoffs for all nodes.
94	Create Role Superuser	CREATE ROLE admin_user WITH PASSWORD = 'AdminPass123!' AND SUPERUSER = true AND LOGIN = true;	Provisions superuser cluster login.
95	Alter Role Password	ALTER ROLE app_user WITH PASSWORD = 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates authentication password.
96	Revoke Permission	REVOKE SELECT ON KEYSPACE enterprise_db FROM app_user;	Revokes keyspace access rights.
97	Drop Role	DROP ROLE IF EXISTS app_user;	Deletes cluster user role.
98	List Roles	LIST ROLES;	Outputs all registered cluster roles.
99	List Permissions	LIST ALL PERMISSIONS OF app_user;	Outputs permissions assigned to user role.
100	Verify CQL Protocol Version	SELECT cql_version FROM system.local;	Outputs active CQL protocol version.
101	Open cqlsh CLI Option 1	cqlsh localhost 9042	Opens interactive Cassandra shell.
102	Start Service Option 2	sudo systemctl start cassandra	Boots Cassandra cluster daemon.
103	Stop Service Option 3	sudo systemctl stop cassandra	Stops Cassandra cluster daemon.
104	Check Cluster Status Option 4	nodetool status	Inspects ring nodes and token ranges.
105	Create Keyspace Option 5	CREATE KEYSPACE enterprise_db WITH replication = {'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'datacenter1': 3};	Provisions keyspace with replication.
106	Drop Keyspace Option 6	DROP KEYSPACE enterprise_db;	Deletes keyspace and tables.
107	Create Table Option 7	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.users (id uuid, email text, name text, PRIMARY KEY (id));	Provisions wide-column table.
108	Drop Table Option 8	DROP TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Deletes wide-column table.
109	Insert Record Option 9	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, email, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'test@org.com', 'Alice');	Writes record into table.
110	Query Records Option 10	SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Queries partition record.
111	Update Record Option 11	UPDATE enterprise_db.users SET name = 'Alicia' WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Modifies record value.
112	Delete Record Option 12	DELETE FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Removes record from table.
113	Create Secondary Index Option 13	CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON enterprise_db.users (email);	Provisions secondary index.
114	Drop Secondary Index Option 14	DROP INDEX enterprise_db.idx_user_email;	Removes secondary index.
115	Run Compaction (nodetool) Option 15	nodetool compact enterprise_db users	Forces SSTable compaction.
116	Run Repair (nodetool) Option 16	nodetool repair -full enterprise_db users	Executes anti-entropy node repair.
117	Check Node TPStats Option 17	nodetool tpstats	Inspects thread pool execution queues.
118	Check Disk Usage Option 18	nodetool cfstats enterprise_db.users	Calculates table storage sizes.
119	Flush Memtables Option 19	nodetool flush enterprise_db users	Forces memory table flush to SSTable.
120	Take Snapshot Option 20	nodetool snapshot -t backup_01 enterprise_db	Takes storage snapshot backup.
121	Clear Snapshot Option 21	nodetool clearsnapshot -t backup_01 enterprise_db	Removes storage snapshot backup.
122	Check Garbage Collection Option 22	nodetool garbagecollect enterprise_db users	Removes tombstone records.
123	Describe Keyspace Option 23	DESCRIBE KEYSPACE enterprise_db;	Outputs keyspace creation DDL.
124	Describe Table Option 24	DESCRIBE TABLE enterprise_db.users;	Outputs table creation DDL.
125	Create User Role Option 25	CREATE ROLE app_user WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePass!' AND LOGIN = true;	Provisions cluster user.
126	Grant Permissions Option 26	GRANT SELECT, MODIFY ON KEYSPACE enterprise_db TO app_user;	Assigns keyspace data rights.
127	Check Ring Stream Stats Option 27	nodetool netstats	Inspects inter-node network streaming.
128	Drain Node Option 28	nodetool drain	Flushes memtables and stops listening.
129	Scrub Table SStables Option 29	nodetool scrub enterprise_db users	Repairs corrupted SSTable files.
130	Exit cqlsh Option 30	EXIT;	Closes interactive shell.
131	Alter Keyspace Replication Option 31	ALTER KEYSPACE enterprise_db WITH replication = {'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'datacenter1': 3, 'datacenter2': 3};	Expands replication to multi-datacenter.
132	Use Keyspace Option 32	USE enterprise_db;	Switches active keyspace context in cqlsh.
133	Describe Cluster Option 33	DESCRIBE CLUSTER;	Outputs cluster name and partitioner type.
134	Describe Keyspaces List Option 34	DESCRIBE KEYSPACES;	Lists all keyspaces in cluster.
135	Describe Tables List Option 35	DESCRIBE TABLES;	Lists all tables in current keyspace.
136	Describe Types List Option 36	DESCRIBE TYPES;	Lists all user-defined types (UDT) in keyspace.
137	Create Composite Primary Key Table Option 37	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.user_events (user_id uuid, event_time timestamp, payload text, PRIMARY KEY (user_id, event_time)) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (event_time DESC);	Provisions table with partition and clustering keys.
138	Create User Defined Type (UDT) Option 38	CREATE TYPE enterprise_db.address (street text, city text, zip text);	Provisions UDT schema.
139	Alter User Defined Type Add Field Option 39	ALTER TYPE enterprise_db.address ADD state text;	Applies field expansion to UDT.
140	Drop User Defined Type Option 40	DROP TYPE enterprise_db.address;	Deletes UDT schema.
141	Create Table using UDT Option 41	CREATE TABLE enterprise_db.clients (id uuid, user_addr frozen<address>, PRIMARY KEY (id));	Provisions table containing UDT column.
142	Create Materialized View Option 42	CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.users_by_email AS SELECT * FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE email IS NOT NULL AND id IS NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY (email, id);	Provisions auto-maintained view.
143	Drop Materialized View Option 43	DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW enterprise_db.users_by_email;	Deletes materialized view.
144	Create SASI Index Option 44	CREATE CUSTOM INDEX idx_user_name_sasi ON enterprise_db.users (name) USING 'org.apache.cassandra.index.sasi.SASIIndex';	Provisions SASI custom search index.
145	Create SAI Index Option 45	CREATE CUSTOM INDEX idx_user_email_sai ON enterprise_db.users (email) USING 'org.apache.cassandra.index.sai.StorageAttachedIndex';	Provisions 4.0+ Storage-Attached Index.
146	Insert Record with TTL Option 46	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, email, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'temp@org.com', 'Bob') USING TTL 86400;	Writes record with 24-hour expiration.
147	Update Record with TTL Option 47	UPDATE enterprise_db.users USING TTL 3600 SET name = 'Bobby' WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Sets 1-hour expiration on update.
148	Query Record TTL Option 48	SELECT TTL(name) FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Queries remaining TTL seconds for cell.
149	Query Record Write Time Option 49	SELECT WRITETIME(name) FROM enterprise_db.users WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000;	Queries cell write timestamp in microseconds.
150	Alter Table Add Column Option 50	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users ADD phone text;	Appends column to table schema.
151	Alter Table Drop Column Option 51	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users DROP phone;	Removes column from table schema.
152	Alter Table With Compaction Option 52	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users WITH compaction = {'class': 'LeveledCompactionStrategy', 'sstable_size_in_mb': 160};	Changes compaction strategy to LCS.
153	Alter Table With Speculative Retry Option 53	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users WITH speculative_retry = '99p';	Enables rapid speculative read retry.
154	Alter Table With Bloom Filter Option 54	ALTER TABLE enterprise_db.users WITH bloom_filter_fp_chance = 0.01;	Optimizes Bloom filter false positive chance to 1%.
155	Truncate Table Option 55	TRUNCATE enterprise_db.users;	Clears all table partitions without dropping schema.
156	Execute Lightweight Transaction (LWT) Option 56	INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, email, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'uniq@org.com', 'Dave') IF NOT EXISTS;	Executes Paxos consensus write.
157	Execute LWT Update Option 57	UPDATE enterprise_db.users SET name = 'David' WHERE id = 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000 IF name = 'Dave';	Executes Paxos consensus conditional update.
158	Batch Statement Unlogged Option 58	BEGIN UNLOGGED BATCH INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'A'); INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'B'); APPLY BATCH;	Executes fast unlogged batch write.
159	Batch Statement Logged Option 59	BEGIN BATCH INSERT INTO enterprise_db.users (id, name) VALUES (uuid(), 'A'); APPLY BATCH;	Executes atomic logged batch write across partitions.
160	Set Consistency Level ONE Option 60	CONSISTENCY ONE;	Configures cqlsh write/read consistency to ONE.
161	Set Consistency Level QUORUM Option 61	CONSISTENCY QUORUM;	Configures cqlsh consistency to QUORUM.
162	Set Consistency Level LOCAL_QUORUM Option 62	CONSISTENCY LOCAL_QUORUM;	Configures cqlsh consistency to LOCAL_QUORUM.
163	Set Consistency Level ALL Option 63	CONSISTENCY ALL;	Configures cqlsh consistency to ALL.
164	Set Serial Consistency LOCAL_SERIAL Option 64	SERIAL CONSISTENCY LOCAL_SERIAL;	Configures Paxos LWT serial consistency.
165	Paging On in cqlsh Option 65	PAGING ON;	Activates result set pagination in cqlsh.
166	Set Page Size in cqlsh Option 66	PAGING 50;	Configures page size to 50 rows per fetch.
167	Expand Output in cqlsh Option 67	EXPAND ON;	Formats output in vertical key-value display.
168	Show cqlsh Version Option 68	SHOW VERSION;	Outputs cqlsh, Cassandra, CQL, and protocol versions.
169	Check Nodetool Info Option 69	nodetool info	Inspects uptime, RAM, ID, and token ring status.
170	Check Nodetool Gossip Info Option 70	nodetool gossipinfo	Inspects heartbeat and endpoint state across cluster.
171	Check Nodetool Describe Ring Option 71	nodetool describering enterprise_db	Inspects token ranges for specified keyspace.
172	Check Nodetool Ring Option 72	nodetool ring	Outputs full token assignment list for cluster nodes.
173	Check Nodetool Get Endpoints Option 73	nodetool getendpoints enterprise_db users '123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000'	Identifies IP addresses storing specific partition key.
174	Check Nodetool Compaction Stats Option 74	nodetool compactionstats	Inspects active SSTable compaction progress.
175	Stop Nodetool Compaction Option 75	nodetool stop COMPACTION	Cancels active SSTable compaction job.
176	Check Nodetool Compaction History Option 76	nodetool compactionhistory	Inspects completed SSTable compaction logs.
177	Check Nodetool Table Stats Option 77	nodetool tablestats enterprise_db.users	Pulls read/write latency, tombstone counts, and SSTable counts.
178	Check Nodetool Proxy Histograms Option 78	nodetool proxyhistograms	Pulls client coordinator read/write latency histograms.
179	Check Nodetool Memory Usage Option 79	nodetool gcstats	Inspects JVM garbage collection metrics.
180	Check Nodetool Active Locks Option 80	nodetool myid	Inspects node host ID.
181	Nodetool Force Keyspace Cleanup Option 81	nodetool cleanup enterprise_db users	Removes keys no longer belonging to node after scale-in.
182	Nodetool Rebuild Node Option 82	nodetool rebuild datacenter1	Rebuilds node data from specified datacenter.
183	Nodetool Rebuild Index Option 83	nodetool rebuild_index enterprise_db users idx_user_email	Rebuilds secondary index structures.
184	Nodetool Refresh Table Option 84	nodetool refresh enterprise_db users	Loads externally placed SSTable files into table.
185	Nodetool Reset Local Schema Option 85	nodetool resetlocalschema	Wipes and resyncs local system schema with cluster.
186	Nodetool Reload Triggers Option 86	nodetool reloadtriggers	Reloads trigger JAR files from disk.
187	Nodetool Set Compaction Threshold Option 87	nodetool setcompactionthreshold enterprise_db users 4 32	Configures min/max SSTables before compaction.
188	Nodetool Set Logging Level Option 88	nodetool setlogginglevel org.apache.cassandra DEBUG	Updates runtime log level to DEBUG.
189	Nodetool Get Logging Levels Option 89	nodetool getlogginglevels	Lists active loggers and levels.
190	Nodetool Set Hinted Handoff Throttle Option 90	nodetool sethintedhandoffthrottlekb 1024	Throttles hinted handoff streaming rate.
191	Nodetool Pause Hinted Handoff Option 91	nodetool pausehandoff	Pauses sending stored hints to recovering nodes.
192	Nodetool Resume Hinted Handoff Option 92	nodetool resumehandoff	Resumes sending stored hints.
193	Nodetool Truncate Hints Option 93	nodetool truncatehints	Purges stored hinted handoffs for all nodes.
194	Create Role Superuser Option 94	CREATE ROLE admin_user WITH PASSWORD = 'AdminPass123!' AND SUPERUSER = true AND LOGIN = true;	Provisions superuser cluster login.
195	Alter Role Password Option 95	ALTER ROLE app_user WITH PASSWORD = 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates authentication password.
196	Revoke Permission Option 96	REVOKE SELECT ON KEYSPACE enterprise_db FROM app_user;	Revokes keyspace access rights.
197	Drop Role Option 97	DROP ROLE IF EXISTS app_user;	Deletes cluster user role.
198	List Roles Option 98	LIST ROLES;	Outputs all registered cluster roles.
199	List Permissions Option 99	LIST ALL PERMISSIONS OF app_user;	Outputs permissions assigned to user role.
200	Verify CQL Protocol Version Option 100	SELECT cql_version FROM system.local;	Outputs active CQL protocol version.

Apache HBase NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache HBase is an open-source, distributed, wide-column NoSQL datastore modeled after Google Bigtable. Operating on top of HDFS, it provides random, real-time read/write access to petabytes of structured and semi-structured data grouped into column families.

Primary Use Cases: Real-time analytics on Hadoop, time-series metrics storage, web crawler indexing, and high-throughput append/scan logs.

Core Components: HMaster (Cluster Coordinator), RegionServers (Data Slice Hosts), HDFS (Storage Layer), WAL (Write-Ahead Log), MemStore/HFiles, and Apache ZooKeeper.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache HBase.

#	Operation / Action	HBase Shell / CLI Syntax	Description
1	Open HBase Shell	hbase shell	Launches interactive HBase shell.
2	Start Service	start-hbase.sh	Boots HBase master and regionservers.
3	Stop Service	stop-hbase.sh	Stops HBase services.
4	Create Table	create 'enterprise_users', 'personal', 'professional'	Provisions table with column families.
5	Disable Table	disable 'enterprise_users'	Disables table before alteration.
6	Drop Table	drop 'enterprise_users'	Deletes HBase table.
7	Enable Table	enable 'enterprise_users'	Enables disabled table.
8	List Tables	list	Outputs all active table names.
9	Describe Table	describe 'enterprise_users'	Inspects column family schemas.
10	Put Record	put 'enterprise_users', 'row1', 'personal:name', 'Alice'	Writes cell value into table.
11	Get Record	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1'	Retrieves cell values for row key.
12	Scan Table	scan 'enterprise_users', {LIMIT => 10}	Scans rows from table.
13	Delete Cell Value	delete 'enterprise_users', 'row1', 'personal:name'	Removes cell value.
14	Delete Entire Row	deleteall 'enterprise_users', 'row1'	Removes entire row key.
15	Count Rows	count 'enterprise_users'	Calculates total row count.
16	Alter Table Column Family	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'professional', VERSIONS => 5}	Modifies column family settings.
17	Add Column Family	alter 'enterprise_users', 'audit'	Provisions new column family.
18	Remove Column Family	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'audit', METHOD => 'delete'}	Deletes column family.
19	Check Cluster Status	status 'detailed'	Inspects regionserver node health.
20	Check Region Server Version	version	Outputs running HBase version.
21	Flush Table	flush 'enterprise_users'	Forces memstore flush to HFiles.
22	Compact Table	major_compact 'enterprise_users'	Forces major compaction of HFiles.
23	Snapshot Table	snapshot 'enterprise_users', 'users_snap_01'	Takes metadata storage snapshot.
24	Restore Snapshot	restore_snapshot 'users_snap_01'	Restores table from snapshot.
25	Clone Snapshot	clone_snapshot 'users_snap_01', 'enterprise_users_clone'	Clones table from snapshot.
26	Delete Snapshot	delete_snapshot 'users_snap_01'	Removes storage snapshot.
27	Check Balancer State	balancer	Executes region balancer algorithm.
28	Assign Region	assign 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Forces region assignment to server.
29	Unassign Region	unassign 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Unassigns region from server.
30	Exit Shell	exit	Closes interactive HBase shell.
31	Check Table Existence	exists 'enterprise_users'	Checks if specified table exists in catalog.
32	Check Table Enabled Status	is_enabled 'enterprise_users'	Verifies whether table is active.
33	Check Table Disabled Status	is_disabled 'enterprise_users'	Verifies whether table is disabled.
34	Scan Table Column Subset	scan 'enterprise_users', {COLUMNS => ['personal:name']}	Scans only specific column family or qualifier.
35	Scan Table Row Prefix Filter	scan 'enterprise_users', {ROWPREFIXFILTER => 'usr_'}	Scans rows matching rowkey prefix.
36	Scan Table Timerange	scan 'enterprise_users', {TIMERANGE => [1700000000000, 1710000000000]}	Scans cell versions within millisecond time window.
37	Scan Table Reversed	scan 'enterprise_users', {REVERSED => true, LIMIT => 10}	Scans table rows in reverse key order.
38	Get Record Specific Column	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1', {COLUMN => 'personal:name'}	Fetches value for single column qualifier.
39	Get Record Max Versions	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1', {VERSIONS => 5}	Fetches up to 5 historical versions of cell.
40	Get Record Timestamp	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1', {TIMESTAMP => 1715000000000}	Fetches cell value at exact millisecond timestamp.
41	Put Record with Timestamp	put 'enterprise_users', 'row1', 'personal:name', 'Alice', 1715000000000	Writes cell value with explicit timestamp.
42	Truncate Table	truncate 'enterprise_users'	Disables, drops, and recreates table to clear rows.
43	Alter Table Compression	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', COMPRESSION => 'SNAPPY'}	Applies Snappy compression to column family.
44	Alter Table Blocksize	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', BLOCKSIZE => '131072'}	Configures 128KB HFile block size for family.
45	Alter Table In Memory	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', IN_MEMORY => 'true'}	Hints regionservers to cache column family block in RAM.
46	Alter Table Bloom Filter	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW'}	Activates row-key Bloom filter for fast lookup.
47	Alter Table Data Block Encoding	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'FAST_DIFF'}	Enables FastDiff block encoding.
48	Minor Compact Table	compact 'enterprise_users'	Triggers minor compaction of memstores and HFiles.
49	Compact Specific Region	compact 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Triggers compaction on a single region.
50	Major Compact Specific Region	major_compact 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Triggers major compaction on a single region.
51	Split Region Manually	split 'REGION_HASH_ID', 'row500'	Splits region at specified rowkey boundary.
52	Merge Regions Manually	merge_region 'REGION_HASH_ID_1', 'REGION_HASH_ID_2'	Merges two adjacent regions.
53	List Snapshots	list_snapshots	Outputs all saved storage snapshots.
54	List Table Snapshots	list_snapshots 'enterprise_users.*'	Outputs snapshots matching regex pattern.
55	Check Catalog Namespace List	list_namespace	Lists all logical table namespaces.
56	Create Namespace	create_namespace 'staging_ns'	Provisions logical table namespace.
57	Drop Namespace	drop_namespace 'staging_ns'	Deletes empty table namespace.
58	Create Table in Namespace	create 'staging_ns:logs', 'f1'	Provisions table inside namespace.
59	List Tables in Namespace	list_namespace_tables 'staging_ns'	Lists tables belonging to namespace.
60	Describe Namespace	describe_namespace 'staging_ns'	Inspects properties of namespace.
61	Grant User Permissions	grant 'app_user', 'RW', 'enterprise_users'	Grants Read/Write rights on table.
62	Revoke User Permissions	revoke 'app_user', 'enterprise_users'	Revokes access rights on table.
63	List User Permissions	user_permission 'app_user'	Inspects permissions assigned to user.
64	Check Balancer Status	balancer_enabled	Inspects whether region balancer is running.
65	Enable Balancer	balance_switch true	Activates region balancer daemon.
66	Disable Balancer	balance_switch false	Deactivates region balancer daemon.
67	Check Catalog System Tables	list 'hbase:*'	Lists system catalog tables (hbase:meta).
68	Scan Meta Table	scan 'hbase:meta'	Queries system catalog table for region locations.
69	Check Quotas List	list_quotas	Lists active namespace and table quotas.
70	Set Table Quota Space	set_quota TYPE => SPACE, LIMIT => '100G', TABLE => 'enterprise_users'	Enforces 100GB storage quota on table.
71	Set Namespace Quota Space	set_quota TYPE => SPACE, LIMIT => '1T', NAMESPACE => 'staging_ns'	Enforces 1TB storage quota on namespace.
72	Remove Table Quota	set_quota TYPE => SPACE, LIMIT => NONE, TABLE => 'enterprise_users'	Removes storage quota from table.
73	Check hbck Status (CLI)	hbase hbck	Scans cluster for region inconsistency and overlaps.
74	Fix hbck Inconsistencies	hbase hbck -fix	Repairs broken region assignments in hbase:meta.
75	Check Master Health	hbase master	Boots/checks Master daemon health.
76	Check RegionServer Health	hbase regionserver	Boots/checks RegionServer daemon health.
77	Check ZooKeeper Nodes	hbase zkcli ls /hbase	Queries ZooKeeper z-node tree for HBase status.
78	Set Normalization Mode	normalizer_switch true	Activates region normalizer for size uniformity.
79	Check Normalization Status	normalizer_enabled	Inspects whether region normalizer is active.
80	Run Normalizer	normalize	Executes on-demand region normalization.
81	Check Active Compaction Queues	compaction_switch true	Activates background compaction executor.
82	Check WAL Log Archiving	hbase wal	Inspects write-ahead log files in HDFS.
83	Roll HLog Files	wal_roll	Forces RegionServer to roll WAL log file.
84	Check Region Split Status	splitormerge_switch 'SPLIT', true	Enables automatic region splitting.
85	Disable Region Split	splitormerge_switch 'SPLIT', false	Disables automatic region splitting.
86	Disable Region Merge	splitormerge_switch 'MERGE', false	Disables automatic region merging.
87	Trace Row Key Location	locate_region 'enterprise_users', 'row100'	Identifies RegionServer hosting rowkey.
88	Get Region Server Metrics HTTP	curl http://localhost:16030/jmx	Pulls JMX performance telemetry from RegionServer.
89	Get Master Metrics HTTP	curl http://localhost:16010/jmx	Pulls JMX performance telemetry from Master node.
90	Check HBase Shell Version	version	Outputs client shell build version string.
91	Quiet Exit HBase Shell	quit	Closes command-line interactive shell.
92	Check Region Server Log	hbase log	Pulls active RegionServer log output.
93	Check Master Status HTTP	curl http://localhost:16010/master-status	Fetches HTML master dashboard status.
94	Check Dump Command	hbase pe	Runs PerformanceEvaluation load testing tool.
95	Check L2 Block Cache	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', IN_MEMORY => 'true', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}	Enables block cache for family.
96	Check Column Family Data Block	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'PREFIX'}	Enables Prefix encoding.
97	Check Table Max File Size	alter 'enterprise_users', {MAX_FILESIZE => '10737418240'}	Sets max HFile size before region split.
98	Check Table Memstore Flush Size	alter 'enterprise_users', {MEMSTORE_FLUSHSIZE => '134217728'}	Sets 128MB memstore flush threshold.
99	Check Table Read Only	alter 'enterprise_users', READONLY => true	Enforces read-only status on table.
100	Check Table Read Write	alter 'enterprise_users', READONLY => false	Restores write status on table.
101	Open HBase Shell Option 1	hbase shell	Launches interactive HBase shell.
102	Start Service Option 2	start-hbase.sh	Boots HBase master and regionservers.
103	Stop Service Option 3	stop-hbase.sh	Stops HBase services.
104	Create Table Option 4	create 'enterprise_users', 'personal', 'professional'	Provisions table with column families.
105	Disable Table Option 5	disable 'enterprise_users'	Disables table before alteration.
106	Drop Table Option 6	drop 'enterprise_users'	Deletes HBase table.
107	Enable Table Option 7	enable 'enterprise_users'	Enables disabled table.
108	List Tables Option 8	list	Outputs all active table names.
109	Describe Table Option 9	describe 'enterprise_users'	Inspects column family schemas.
110	Put Record Option 10	put 'enterprise_users', 'row1', 'personal:name', 'Alice'	Writes cell value into table.
111	Get Record Option 11	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1'	Retrieves cell values for row key.
112	Scan Table Option 12	scan 'enterprise_users', {LIMIT => 10}	Scans rows from table.
113	Delete Cell Value Option 13	delete 'enterprise_users', 'row1', 'personal:name'	Removes cell value.
114	Delete Entire Row Option 14	deleteall 'enterprise_users', 'row1'	Removes entire row key.
115	Count Rows Option 15	count 'enterprise_users'	Calculates total row count.
116	Alter Table Column Family Option 16	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'professional', VERSIONS => 5}	Modifies column family settings.
117	Add Column Family Option 17	alter 'enterprise_users', 'audit'	Provisions new column family.
118	Remove Column Family Option 18	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'audit', METHOD => 'delete'}	Deletes column family.
119	Check Cluster Status Option 19	status 'detailed'	Inspects regionserver node health.
120	Check Region Server Version Option 20	version	Outputs running HBase version.
121	Flush Table Option 21	flush 'enterprise_users'	Forces memstore flush to HFiles.
122	Compact Table Option 22	major_compact 'enterprise_users'	Forces major compaction of HFiles.
123	Snapshot Table Option 23	snapshot 'enterprise_users', 'users_snap_01'	Takes metadata storage snapshot.
124	Restore Snapshot Option 24	restore_snapshot 'users_snap_01'	Restores table from snapshot.
125	Clone Snapshot Option 25	clone_snapshot 'users_snap_01', 'enterprise_users_clone'	Clones table from snapshot.
126	Delete Snapshot Option 26	delete_snapshot 'users_snap_01'	Removes storage snapshot.
127	Check Balancer State Option 27	balancer	Executes region balancer algorithm.
128	Assign Region Option 28	assign 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Forces region assignment to server.
129	Unassign Region Option 29	unassign 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Unassigns region from server.
130	Exit Shell Option 30	exit	Closes interactive HBase shell.
131	Check Table Existence Option 31	exists 'enterprise_users'	Checks if specified table exists in catalog.
132	Check Table Enabled Status Option 32	is_enabled 'enterprise_users'	Verifies whether table is active.
133	Check Table Disabled Status Option 33	is_disabled 'enterprise_users'	Verifies whether table is disabled.
134	Scan Table Column Subset Option 34	scan 'enterprise_users', {COLUMNS => ['personal:name']}	Scans only specific column family or qualifier.
135	Scan Table Row Prefix Filter Option 35	scan 'enterprise_users', {ROWPREFIXFILTER => 'usr_'}	Scans rows matching rowkey prefix.
136	Scan Table Timerange Option 36	scan 'enterprise_users', {TIMERANGE => [1700000000000, 1710000000000]}	Scans cell versions within millisecond time window.
137	Scan Table Reversed Option 37	scan 'enterprise_users', {REVERSED => true, LIMIT => 10}	Scans table rows in reverse key order.
138	Get Record Specific Column Option 38	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1', {COLUMN => 'personal:name'}	Fetches value for single column qualifier.
139	Get Record Max Versions Option 39	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1', {VERSIONS => 5}	Fetches up to 5 historical versions of cell.
140	Get Record Timestamp Option 40	get 'enterprise_users', 'row1', {TIMESTAMP => 1715000000000}	Fetches cell value at exact millisecond timestamp.
141	Put Record with Timestamp Option 41	put 'enterprise_users', 'row1', 'personal:name', 'Alice', 1715000000000	Writes cell value with explicit timestamp.
142	Truncate Table Option 42	truncate 'enterprise_users'	Disables, drops, and recreates table to clear rows.
143	Alter Table Compression Option 43	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', COMPRESSION => 'SNAPPY'}	Applies Snappy compression to column family.
144	Alter Table Blocksize Option 44	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', BLOCKSIZE => '131072'}	Configures 128KB HFile block size for family.
145	Alter Table In Memory Option 45	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', IN_MEMORY => 'true'}	Hints regionservers to cache column family block in RAM.
146	Alter Table Bloom Filter Option 46	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW'}	Activates row-key Bloom filter for fast lookup.
147	Alter Table Data Block Encoding Option 47	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'FAST_DIFF'}	Enables FastDiff block encoding.
148	Minor Compact Table Option 48	compact 'enterprise_users'	Triggers minor compaction of memstores and HFiles.
149	Compact Specific Region Option 49	compact 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Triggers compaction on a single region.
150	Major Compact Specific Region Option 50	major_compact 'REGION_HASH_ID'	Triggers major compaction on a single region.
151	Split Region Manually Option 51	split 'REGION_HASH_ID', 'row500'	Splits region at specified rowkey boundary.
152	Merge Regions Manually Option 52	merge_region 'REGION_HASH_ID_1', 'REGION_HASH_ID_2'	Merges two adjacent regions.
153	List Snapshots Option 53	list_snapshots	Outputs all saved storage snapshots.
154	List Table Snapshots Option 54	list_snapshots 'enterprise_users.*'	Outputs snapshots matching regex pattern.
155	Check Catalog Namespace List Option 55	list_namespace	Lists all logical table namespaces.
156	Create Namespace Option 56	create_namespace 'staging_ns'	Provisions logical table namespace.
157	Drop Namespace Option 57	drop_namespace 'staging_ns'	Deletes empty table namespace.
158	Create Table in Namespace Option 58	create 'staging_ns:logs', 'f1'	Provisions table inside namespace.
159	List Tables in Namespace Option 59	list_namespace_tables 'staging_ns'	Lists tables belonging to namespace.
160	Describe Namespace Option 60	describe_namespace 'staging_ns'	Inspects properties of namespace.
161	Grant User Permissions Option 61	grant 'app_user', 'RW', 'enterprise_users'	Grants Read/Write rights on table.
162	Revoke User Permissions Option 62	revoke 'app_user', 'enterprise_users'	Revokes access rights on table.
163	List User Permissions Option 63	user_permission 'app_user'	Inspects permissions assigned to user.
164	Check Balancer Status Option 64	balancer_enabled	Inspects whether region balancer is running.
165	Enable Balancer Option 65	balance_switch true	Activates region balancer daemon.
166	Disable Balancer Option 66	balance_switch false	Deactivates region balancer daemon.
167	Check Catalog System Tables Option 67	list 'hbase:*'	Lists system catalog tables (hbase:meta).
168	Scan Meta Table Option 68	scan 'hbase:meta'	Queries system catalog table for region locations.
169	Check Quotas List Option 69	list_quotas	Lists active namespace and table quotas.
170	Set Table Quota Space Option 70	set_quota TYPE => SPACE, LIMIT => '100G', TABLE => 'enterprise_users'	Enforces 100GB storage quota on table.
171	Set Namespace Quota Space Option 71	set_quota TYPE => SPACE, LIMIT => '1T', NAMESPACE => 'staging_ns'	Enforces 1TB storage quota on namespace.
172	Remove Table Quota Option 72	set_quota TYPE => SPACE, LIMIT => NONE, TABLE => 'enterprise_users'	Removes storage quota from table.
173	Check hbck Status (CLI) Option 73	hbase hbck	Scans cluster for region inconsistency and overlaps.
174	Fix hbck Inconsistencies Option 74	hbase hbck -fix	Repairs broken region assignments in hbase:meta.
175	Check Master Health Option 75	hbase master	Boots/checks Master daemon health.
176	Check RegionServer Health Option 76	hbase regionserver	Boots/checks RegionServer daemon health.
177	Check ZooKeeper Nodes Option 77	hbase zkcli ls /hbase	Queries ZooKeeper z-node tree for HBase status.
178	Set Normalization Mode Option 78	normalizer_switch true	Activates region normalizer for size uniformity.
179	Check Normalization Status Option 79	normalizer_enabled	Inspects whether region normalizer is active.
180	Run Normalizer Option 80	normalize	Executes on-demand region normalization.
181	Check Active Compaction Queues Option 81	compaction_switch true	Activates background compaction executor.
182	Check WAL Log Archiving Option 82	hbase wal	Inspects write-ahead log files in HDFS.
183	Roll HLog Files Option 83	wal_roll	Forces RegionServer to roll WAL log file.
184	Check Region Split Status Option 84	splitormerge_switch 'SPLIT', true	Enables automatic region splitting.
185	Disable Region Split Option 85	splitormerge_switch 'SPLIT', false	Disables automatic region splitting.
186	Disable Region Merge Option 86	splitormerge_switch 'MERGE', false	Disables automatic region merging.
187	Trace Row Key Location Option 87	locate_region 'enterprise_users', 'row100'	Identifies RegionServer hosting rowkey.
188	Get Region Server Metrics HTTP Option 88	curl http://localhost:16030/jmx	Pulls JMX performance telemetry from RegionServer.
189	Get Master Metrics HTTP Option 89	curl http://localhost:16010/jmx	Pulls JMX performance telemetry from Master node.
190	Check HBase Shell Version Option 90	version	Outputs client shell build version string.
191	Quiet Exit HBase Shell Option 91	quit	Closes command-line interactive shell.
192	Check Region Server Log Option 92	hbase log	Pulls active RegionServer log output.
193	Check Master Status HTTP Option 93	curl http://localhost:16010/master-status	Fetches HTML master dashboard status.
194	Check Dump Command Option 94	hbase pe	Runs PerformanceEvaluation load testing tool.
195	Check L2 Block Cache Option 95	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', IN_MEMORY => 'true', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}	Enables block cache for family.
196	Check Column Family Data Block Option 96	alter 'enterprise_users', {NAME => 'personal', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'PREFIX'}	Enables Prefix encoding.
197	Check Table Max File Size Option 97	alter 'enterprise_users', {MAX_FILESIZE => '10737418240'}	Sets max HFile size before region split.
198	Check Table Memstore Flush Size Option 98	alter 'enterprise_users', {MEMSTORE_FLUSHSIZE => '134217728'}	Sets 128MB memstore flush threshold.
199	Check Table Read Only Option 99	alter 'enterprise_users', READONLY => true	Enforces read-only status on table.
200	Check Table Read Write Option 100	alter 'enterprise_users', READONLY => false	Restores write status on table.

CouchDB NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache CouchDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database featuring a RESTful HTTP/JSON API, ACID compliance at the document level, B-tree indexing, and CouchDB's multi-master master-master replication protocol with continuous change streams.

Primary Use Cases: Offline-first mobile and desktop applications, distributed edge database nodes, disconnected sync systems, and JSON document stores.

Core Components: Erlang OTP Engine, B-Tree Storage, REST HTTP API, _changes Feed, JavaScript MapReduce Views, and Couch Replication Protocol.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for CouchDB.

#	Operation / Action	cURL API Syntax	Description
1	Check Server Status	curl http://localhost:5984/	Verifies CouchDB node health.
2	List Databases	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_all_dbs	Outputs all database names.
3	Create Database	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Provisions new document database.
4	Delete Database	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Deletes database instance.
5	Get Database Info	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Inspects database document counts.
6	Create Document (Auto ID)	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"Alice"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Inserts document with generated ID.
7	Create Document (Custom ID)	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"Alice"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Inserts document with custom ID.
8	Get Document	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Retrieves JSON document by ID.
9	Update Document	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"Alicia","_rev":"1-abc"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Modifies document revision.
10	Delete Document	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?rev=1-abc	Removes document record.
11	List All Documents	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?include_docs=true	Outputs all database documents.
12	Create Design Document (View)	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"views":{"by_name":{"map":"function(doc){emit(doc.name,1)}"}}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users	Provisions map-reduce index view.
13	Query Design View	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users/_view/by_name	Queries map-reduce index.
14	Create Mango Index	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"index":{"fields":["name"]}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_index	Provisions Mango JSON query index.
15	Query Mango Index	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"selector":{"name":"Alice"}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_find	Executes Mango JSON query.
16	Compact Database	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_compact	Defragments database storage files.
17	View Active Tasks	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_active_tasks	Inspects background compaction tasks.
18	Get Server Membership	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_membership	Inspects cluster node membership.
19	Setup Cluster Node	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"action":"enable_cluster","nodes":1}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_cluster_setup	Configures clustering nodes.
20	Create Replication Job	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"source":"enterprise_db","target":"http://remote/enterprise_db","continuous":true}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicate	Provisions continuous data replication.
21	List Replication Jobs	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_scheduler/jobs	Inspects active replication tasks.
22	Get Node Config	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config	Inspects server configuration parameters.
23	Update Node Config	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '"10000"' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/httpd/max_http_request_size	Modifies server configuration.
24	Purge Documents	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"user1":["1-abc"]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_purge	Permanently purges document revisions.
25	Get Database Security Settings	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_security	Inspects database security roles.
26	Update Database Security Settings	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"admins":{"names":["admin"],"roles":[]},"readers":{"names":[],"roles":[]}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_security	Configures database access rights.
27	Get Server UUIDs	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_uuids?count=10	Generates unique document IDs.
28	View Cluster Stats	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_stats	Pulls server performance metrics.
29	Get Log File Segment	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_log?bytes=1000	Downloads server error logs.
30	Restart Node	curl -X POST http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_restart	Restarts CouchDB server node.
31	Get Document Head Meta	curl -I http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Fetches document headers and _rev without body.
32	Get Document Revisions List	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?revs_info=true	Lists historical revision IDs for document.
33	Get Specific Document Revision	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?rev=1-abc	Fetches specific historical revision of document.
34	Get Document Revisions Conflict Tree	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?open_revs=all	Retrieves branch revisions tree for conflict resolution.
35	Bulk Insert Documents	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"docs":[{"name":"Bob"},{"name":"Charlie"}]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_bulk_docs	Inserts multiple documents in single HTTP request.
36	Bulk Delete Documents	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"docs":[{"_id":"user1","_rev":"1-abc","_deleted":true}]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_bulk_docs	Batch deletes documents in single HTTP request.
37	Get Changes Feed	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_changes?since=now&feed=continuous	Streams real-time document mutation feed.
38	Get Longpoll Changes Feed	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_changes?feed=longpoll	Long-polls database for new document changes.
39	Get Filtered Changes Feed	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_changes?filter=users/by_type&type=admin	Filters changes feed using design document filter.
40	Attach File to Document	curl -X PUT -H 'image/png' --data-binary @logo.png http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1/logo.png?rev=1-abc	Uploads binary attachment to document.
41	Get File Attachment	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1/logo.png	Downloads binary attachment from document.
42	Delete File Attachment	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1/logo.png?rev=2-bcd	Removes binary attachment from document.
43	Get Design Document	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users	Retrieves design document definitions.
44	Delete Design Document	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users?rev=1-xyz	Deletes design document view.
45	Compact Views	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_compact/users	Defragments specific view index files.
46	Cleanup View Indexes	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_view_cleanup	Purges index files for deleted design views.
47	List Mango Indexes	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_index	Lists all active Mango JSON indexes.
48	Delete Mango Index	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_index/design_doc/json/index_name	Deletes Mango JSON index.
49	Explain Mango Query	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"selector":{"name":"Alice"},"execution_stats":true}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_explain	Outputs execution stats and chosen index for query.
50	Create Admin User	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/admins/jlawrence -d '"SecurePass123!"'	Provisions server admin login.
51	Delete Admin User	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/admins/jlawrence	Deletes server admin login.
52	Create System User Document	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"appuser","password":"Pass123!","roles":[],"type":"user"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users/org.couchdb.user:appuser	Provisions database user in _users collection.
53	Get System User Document	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users/org.couchdb.user:appuser	Fetches user security record.
54	Delete System User Document	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users/org.couchdb.user:appuser?rev=1-abc	Deletes user record.
55	Get Scheduler Docs	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_scheduler/docs	Lists active replication document tasks.
56	Get Scheduler Doc Details	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_scheduler/docs/_replicator/job_id	Inspects specific replication task state.
57	Create Replicator Doc	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"source":"enterprise_db","target":"http://remote:5984/db_replica","continuous":true}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator	Provisions persistent replication task.
58	Delete Replicator Doc	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator/doc_id?rev=1-abc	Cancels persistent replication task.
59	Get Node System Info	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost	Inspects Erlang process and memory info.
60	Get Node System Stats	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_stats	Inspects Erlang VM garbage collection stats.
61	Check Database Commit Limit	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_committed	Verifies disk sync state.
62	Ensure Full Commit	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_ensure_full_commit	Forces immediate disk sync for database.
63	Get Database Shard Map	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_shards	Inspects partition shard map across nodes.
64	Get Document Shard Info	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_shards/user1	Identifies cluster nodes hosting specific document.
65	Get Cluster Nodes List	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_nodes	Lists connected CouchDB cluster nodes.
66	Add Node to Cluster	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_nodes/node2@10.0.0.2 -d '{}'	Adds node to CouchDB cluster.
67	Delete Node from Cluster	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_nodes/node2@10.0.0.2?rev=1-abc	Removes node from CouchDB cluster.
68	Set Max Document Size	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/couchdb/max_document_size -d '"67108864"'	Caps max document payload to 64MB.
69	Set HTTP Port	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/chttpd/port -d '"5984"'	Updates HTTP listening port.
70	Set CORS Enable	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/httpd/enable_cors -d '"true"'	Enables Cross-Origin Resource Sharing.
71	Set CORS Origins	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/cors/origins -d '"*"'	Allows all origins in CORS header.
72	Set Compaction Threshold	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/database_compaction/db_fragmentation -d '"70"'	Triggers compaction at 70% fragmentation.
73	Get System DB List	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_sys_dbs	Lists internal system databases (_users, _replicator, _global_changes).
74	Check Prometheus Metrics	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_prometheus	Pulls Prometheus metrics endpoint.
75	Get Up Metric	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_up	Simple ping endpoint returning status ok.
76	Set WWW Authentication	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/chttpd/require_valid_user -d '"true"'	Enforces mandatory authentication.
77	Check Database Size Bytes	curl -s http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep sizes	Pulls active vs file disk sizes.
78	Flush Database Cache	curl -X POST http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_flush	Flushes buffer cache to disk.
79	Check Erlang VM Version	curl -s http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/ | grep erlang	Outputs Erlang OTP release version.
80	Check CouchDB Version String	curl http://localhost:5984/ | grep version	Outputs running CouchDB release version.
81	Check DB Doc Del Count	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep doc_del_count	Inspects deleted document tombstone count.
82	Check DB Disk Size	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep disk_size	Inspects total disk file size.
83	Check DB Data Size	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep data_size	Inspects active uncompressed payload size.
84	Check Node Memory System	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_system	Inspects system memory and swap.
85	Check Node Erlang Memory	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_system | grep memory	Inspects Erlang process memory.
86	Check Active Server UUID	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_uuids	Generates single UUID.
87	Set Log Level Debug	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/log/level -d '"debug"'	Sets system logging level to debug.
88	Set Log Level Info	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/log/level -d '"info"'	Sets system logging level to info.
89	Set Log Level Error	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/log/level -d '"error"'	Sets system logging level to error.
90	Check Security Roles	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_security	Inspects server-level security policy.
91	Check Replicator DB	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator	Inspects _replicator system database.
92	Check Global Changes DB	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_global_changes	Inspects _global_changes system database.
93	Check Users DB	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users	Inspects _users system database.
94	Get Replicator Doc State	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator/doc_id	Inspects status of replication document.
95	Check All Docs Limit	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?limit=10	Paginates first 10 documents.
96	Check All Docs Skip	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?skip=10&limit=10	Skips 10 documents and fetches next 10.
97	Check All Docs Startkey	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?startkey="user1"&limit=5	Queries documents starting from key.
98	Check All Docs Endkey	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?endkey="user9"&limit=5	Queries documents ending at key.
99	Check All Docs Keys Array	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"keys":["user1","user2"]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs	Fetches specific documents in bulk.
100	Check Version REST API	curl http://localhost:5984/ | grep version	Verifies REST API version.
101	Check Server Status Option 1	curl http://localhost:5984/	Verifies CouchDB node health.
102	List Databases Option 2	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_all_dbs	Outputs all database names.
103	Create Database Option 3	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Provisions new document database.
104	Delete Database Option 4	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Deletes database instance.
105	Get Database Info Option 5	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Inspects database document counts.
106	Create Document (Auto ID) Option 6	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"Alice"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db	Inserts document with generated ID.
107	Create Document (Custom ID) Option 7	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"Alice"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Inserts document with custom ID.
108	Get Document Option 8	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Retrieves JSON document by ID.
109	Update Document Option 9	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"Alicia","_rev":"1-abc"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Modifies document revision.
110	Delete Document Option 10	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?rev=1-abc	Removes document record.
111	List All Documents Option 11	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?include_docs=true	Outputs all database documents.
112	Create Design Document (View) Option 12	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"views":{"by_name":{"map":"function(doc){emit(doc.name,1)}"}}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users	Provisions map-reduce index view.
113	Query Design View Option 13	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users/_view/by_name	Queries map-reduce index.
114	Create Mango Index Option 14	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"index":{"fields":["name"]}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_index	Provisions Mango JSON query index.
115	Query Mango Index Option 15	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"selector":{"name":"Alice"}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_find	Executes Mango JSON query.
116	Compact Database Option 16	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_compact	Defragments database storage files.
117	View Active Tasks Option 17	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_active_tasks	Inspects background compaction tasks.
118	Get Server Membership Option 18	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_membership	Inspects cluster node membership.
119	Setup Cluster Node Option 19	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"action":"enable_cluster","nodes":1}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_cluster_setup	Configures clustering nodes.
120	Create Replication Job Option 20	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"source":"enterprise_db","target":"http://remote/enterprise_db","continuous":true}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicate	Provisions continuous data replication.
121	List Replication Jobs Option 21	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_scheduler/jobs	Inspects active replication tasks.
122	Get Node Config Option 22	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config	Inspects server configuration parameters.
123	Update Node Config Option 23	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '"10000"' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/httpd/max_http_request_size	Modifies server configuration.
124	Purge Documents Option 24	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"user1":["1-abc"]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_purge	Permanently purges document revisions.
125	Get Database Security Settings Option 25	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_security	Inspects database security roles.
126	Update Database Security Settings Option 26	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"admins":{"names":["admin"],"roles":[]},"readers":{"names":[],"roles":[]}}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_security	Configures database access rights.
127	Get Server UUIDs Option 27	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_uuids?count=10	Generates unique document IDs.
128	View Cluster Stats Option 28	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_stats	Pulls server performance metrics.
129	Get Log File Segment Option 29	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_log?bytes=1000	Downloads server error logs.
130	Restart Node Option 30	curl -X POST http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_restart	Restarts CouchDB server node.
131	Get Document Head Meta Option 31	curl -I http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1	Fetches document headers and _rev without body.
132	Get Document Revisions List Option 32	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?revs_info=true	Lists historical revision IDs for document.
133	Get Specific Document Revision Option 33	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?rev=1-abc	Fetches specific historical revision of document.
134	Get Document Revisions Conflict Tree Option 34	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1?open_revs=all	Retrieves branch revisions tree for conflict resolution.
135	Bulk Insert Documents Option 35	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"docs":[{"name":"Bob"},{"name":"Charlie"}]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_bulk_docs	Inserts multiple documents in single HTTP request.
136	Bulk Delete Documents Option 36	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"docs":[{"_id":"user1","_rev":"1-abc","_deleted":true}]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_bulk_docs	Batch deletes documents in single HTTP request.
137	Get Changes Feed Option 37	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_changes?since=now&feed=continuous	Streams real-time document mutation feed.
138	Get Longpoll Changes Feed Option 38	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_changes?feed=longpoll	Long-polls database for new document changes.
139	Get Filtered Changes Feed Option 39	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_changes?filter=users/by_type&type=admin	Filters changes feed using design document filter.
140	Attach File to Document Option 40	curl -X PUT -H 'image/png' --data-binary @logo.png http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1/logo.png?rev=1-abc	Uploads binary attachment to document.
141	Get File Attachment Option 41	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1/logo.png	Downloads binary attachment from document.
142	Delete File Attachment Option 42	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/user1/logo.png?rev=2-bcd	Removes binary attachment from document.
143	Get Design Document Option 43	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users	Retrieves design document definitions.
144	Delete Design Document Option 44	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_design/users?rev=1-xyz	Deletes design document view.
145	Compact Views Option 45	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_compact/users	Defragments specific view index files.
146	Cleanup View Indexes Option 46	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_view_cleanup	Purges index files for deleted design views.
147	List Mango Indexes Option 47	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_index	Lists all active Mango JSON indexes.
148	Delete Mango Index Option 48	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_index/design_doc/json/index_name	Deletes Mango JSON index.
149	Explain Mango Query Option 49	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"selector":{"name":"Alice"},"execution_stats":true}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_explain	Outputs execution stats and chosen index for query.
150	Create Admin User Option 50	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/admins/jlawrence -d '"SecurePass123!"'	Provisions server admin login.
151	Delete Admin User Option 51	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/admins/jlawrence	Deletes server admin login.
152	Create System User Document Option 52	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"appuser","password":"Pass123!","roles":[],"type":"user"}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users/org.couchdb.user:appuser	Provisions database user in _users collection.
153	Get System User Document Option 53	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users/org.couchdb.user:appuser	Fetches user security record.
154	Delete System User Document Option 54	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users/org.couchdb.user:appuser?rev=1-abc	Deletes user record.
155	Get Scheduler Docs Option 55	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_scheduler/docs	Lists active replication document tasks.
156	Get Scheduler Doc Details Option 56	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_scheduler/docs/_replicator/job_id	Inspects specific replication task state.
157	Create Replicator Doc Option 57	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"source":"enterprise_db","target":"http://remote:5984/db_replica","continuous":true}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator	Provisions persistent replication task.
158	Delete Replicator Doc Option 58	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator/doc_id?rev=1-abc	Cancels persistent replication task.
159	Get Node System Info Option 59	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost	Inspects Erlang process and memory info.
160	Get Node System Stats Option 60	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_stats	Inspects Erlang VM garbage collection stats.
161	Check Database Commit Limit Option 61	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_committed	Verifies disk sync state.
162	Ensure Full Commit Option 62	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_ensure_full_commit	Forces immediate disk sync for database.
163	Get Database Shard Map Option 63	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_shards	Inspects partition shard map across nodes.
164	Get Document Shard Info Option 64	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_shards/user1	Identifies cluster nodes hosting specific document.
165	Get Cluster Nodes List Option 65	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_nodes	Lists connected CouchDB cluster nodes.
166	Add Node to Cluster Option 66	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_nodes/node2@10.0.0.2 -d '{}'	Adds node to CouchDB cluster.
167	Delete Node from Cluster Option 67	curl -X DELETE http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_nodes/node2@10.0.0.2?rev=1-abc	Removes node from CouchDB cluster.
168	Set Max Document Size Option 68	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/couchdb/max_document_size -d '"67108864"'	Caps max document payload to 64MB.
169	Set HTTP Port Option 69	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/chttpd/port -d '"5984"'	Updates HTTP listening port.
170	Set CORS Enable Option 70	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/httpd/enable_cors -d '"true"'	Enables Cross-Origin Resource Sharing.
171	Set CORS Origins Option 71	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/cors/origins -d '"*"'	Allows all origins in CORS header.
172	Set Compaction Threshold Option 72	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/database_compaction/db_fragmentation -d '"70"'	Triggers compaction at 70% fragmentation.
173	Get System DB List Option 73	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_sys_dbs	Lists internal system databases (_users, _replicator, _global_changes).
174	Check Prometheus Metrics Option 74	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_prometheus	Pulls Prometheus metrics endpoint.
175	Get Up Metric Option 75	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_up	Simple ping endpoint returning status ok.
176	Set WWW Authentication Option 76	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/chttpd/require_valid_user -d '"true"'	Enforces mandatory authentication.
177	Check Database Size Bytes Option 77	curl -s http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep sizes	Pulls active vs file disk sizes.
178	Flush Database Cache Option 78	curl -X POST http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_flush	Flushes buffer cache to disk.
179	Check Erlang VM Version Option 79	curl -s http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/ | grep erlang	Outputs Erlang OTP release version.
180	Check CouchDB Version String Option 80	curl http://localhost:5984/ | grep version	Outputs running CouchDB release version.
181	Check DB Doc Del Count Option 81	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep doc_del_count	Inspects deleted document tombstone count.
182	Check DB Disk Size Option 82	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep disk_size	Inspects total disk file size.
183	Check DB Data Size Option 83	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db | grep data_size	Inspects active uncompressed payload size.
184	Check Node Memory System Option 84	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_system	Inspects system memory and swap.
185	Check Node Erlang Memory Option 85	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_system | grep memory	Inspects Erlang process memory.
186	Check Active Server UUID Option 86	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_uuids	Generates single UUID.
187	Set Log Level Debug Option 87	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/log/level -d '"debug"'	Sets system logging level to debug.
188	Set Log Level Info Option 88	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/log/level -d '"info"'	Sets system logging level to info.
189	Set Log Level Error Option 89	curl -X PUT http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_node/nonode@nohost/_config/log/level -d '"error"'	Sets system logging level to error.
190	Check Security Roles Option 90	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_security	Inspects server-level security policy.
191	Check Replicator DB Option 91	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator	Inspects _replicator system database.
192	Check Global Changes DB Option 92	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_global_changes	Inspects _global_changes system database.
193	Check Users DB Option 93	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_users	Inspects _users system database.
194	Get Replicator Doc State Option 94	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/_replicator/doc_id	Inspects status of replication document.
195	Check All Docs Limit Option 95	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?limit=10	Paginates first 10 documents.
196	Check All Docs Skip Option 96	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?skip=10&limit=10	Skips 10 documents and fetches next 10.
197	Check All Docs Startkey Option 97	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?startkey="user1"&limit=5	Queries documents starting from key.
198	Check All Docs Endkey Option 98	curl http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs?endkey="user9"&limit=5	Queries documents ending at key.
199	Check All Docs Keys Array Option 99	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"keys":["user1","user2"]}' http://admin:pass@localhost:5984/enterprise_db/_all_docs	Fetches specific documents in bulk.
200	Check Version REST API Option 100	curl http://localhost:5984/ | grep version	Verifies REST API version.

Amazon DynamoDB NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed, serverless key-value and document NoSQL database designed for single-digit millisecond performance at scale. It offers automatic partitioning, Global Tables for multi-region active-active replication, DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) for microsecond caching, and DynamoDB Streams for CDC event processing.

Primary Use Cases: Serverless web backends, high-concurrency gaming leaderboards, shopping carts, session state storage, and multi-region transactional applications.

Core Components: Partition Keys & Sort Keys, Request Routers, Storage Nodes (Paxos consensus), Global Tables, DAX In-Memory Cache, and DynamoDB Streams.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Amazon DynamoDB.

#	Operation / Action	AWS CLI Syntax	Description
1	Create Table	aws dynamodb create-table --table-name Users --attribute-definitions AttributeName=UserId,AttributeType=S --key-schema AttributeName=UserId,KeyType=HASH --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST	Provisions serverless NoSQL table.
2	Delete Table	aws dynamodb delete-table --table-name Users	Deletes DynamoDB table.
3	Describe Table	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users	Inspects table schema and metrics.
4	List Tables	aws dynamodb list-tables	Outputs all table names.
5	Put Item	aws dynamodb put-item --table-name Users --item '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}, "Name": {"S": "Alice"}}'	Writes item record into table.
6	Get Item	aws dynamodb get-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}'	Retrieves item by primary key.
7	Update Item	aws dynamodb update-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}' --update-expression "SET #n = :val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#n": "Name"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val": {"S": "Alicia"}}'	Modifies item record.
8	Delete Item	aws dynamodb delete-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}'	Removes item record.
9	Query Table	aws dynamodb query --table-name Users --key-condition-expression "UserId = :uid" --expression-attribute-values '{":uid": {"S": "u123"}}'	Queries table partition key.
10	Scan Table	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --limit 50	Scans table records.
11	Create Global Secondary Index	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --attribute-definitions AttributeName=Email,AttributeType=S --global-secondary-index-updates '[{"Create":{"IndexName":"EmailIndex","KeySchema":[{"AttributeName":"Email","KeyType":"HASH"}],"Projection":{"ProjectionType":"ALL"}}}]'	Provisions GSI index.
12	Create Backup	aws dynamodb create-backup --table-name Users --backup-name UsersBackup01	Takes storage point-in-time backup.
13	Restore Table from Backup	aws dynamodb restore-table-from-backup --target-table-name UsersRestored --backup-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Restores table from backup.
14	Enable Point-in-Time Recovery	aws dynamodb update-continuous-backups --table-name Users --point-in-time-recovery-specification PointInTimeRecoveryEnabled=true	Activates continuous backup protection.
15	Enable Time to Live (TTL)	aws dynamodb update-time-to-live --table-name Users --time-to-live-specification Enabled=true,AttributeName=ExpiryTime	Configures automatic record expiration.
16	Update Provisioned Throughput	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --provisioned-throughput ReadCapacityUnits=10,WriteCapacityUnits=10	Modifies read/write capacity limits.
17	Tag Resource	aws dynamodb tag-resource --resource-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --tags Key=Environment,Value=Production	Applies cloud asset tags.
18	List Tags	aws dynamodb list-tags-of-resource --resource-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects cloud asset tags.
19	Create Global Table Replica	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --replica-updates '[{"Create": {"Region": "us-west-2"}}]'	Provisions cross-region replica table.
20	Describe Continuous Backups	aws dynamodb describe-continuous-backups --table-name Users	Inspects backup protection state.
21	Batch Write Items	aws dynamodb batch-write-item --request-items '{"Users": [{"PutRequest": {"Item": {"UserId": {"S": "u1"}}}}]}'	Writes batch of items into table.
22	Batch Get Items	aws dynamodb batch-get-item --request-items '{"Users": {"Keys": [{"UserId": {"S": "u1"}}]}}'	Retrieves batch of items.
23	Export Table to S3	aws dynamodb export-table-to-point-in-time --table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --s3-bucket my-bucket --s3-prefix exports/	Exports table data to S3 in JSON/Parquet.
24	Describe Export Job	aws dynamodb describe-export --export-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects S3 export job progress.
25	Import Table from S3	aws dynamodb import-table --s3-bucket-source S3Bucket=my-bucket,S3KeyPrefix=imports/ --table-creation-parameters ...	Imports table data from S3 files.
26	Describe Import Job	aws dynamodb describe-import --import-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects S3 import job progress.
27	Create Contributor Insights	aws dynamodb update-contributor-insights --table-name Users --contributor-insights-action ENABLE	Activates hot-key traffic analytics.
28	Describe Contributor Insights	aws dynamodb describe-contributor-insights --table-name Users	Inspects hot-key traffic telemetry.
29	List Backups	aws dynamodb list-backups --table-name Users	Outputs all table storage backups.
30	Delete Backup	aws dynamodb delete-backup --backup-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Removes storage backup snapshot.
31	Delete Global Secondary Index	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --global-secondary-index-updates '[{"Delete":{"IndexName":"EmailIndex"}}]'	Deletes GSI index from table.
32	Update Global Secondary Index Throughput	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --global-secondary-index-updates '[{"Update":{"IndexName":"EmailIndex","ProvisionedThroughput":{"ReadCapacityUnits":20,"WriteCapacityUnits":20}}}]'	Modifies GSI capacity.
33	Disable Time to Live (TTL)	aws dynamodb update-time-to-live --table-name Users --time-to-live-specification Enabled=false,AttributeName=ExpiryTime	Disables automatic record expiration.
34	Describe Time to Live (TTL)	aws dynamodb describe-time-to-live --table-name Users	Inspects TTL configuration and status.
35	Untag Resource	aws dynamodb untag-resource --resource-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --tag-keys Environment	Removes cloud asset tags.
36	Delete Global Table Replica	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --replica-updates '[{"Delete": {"Region": "us-west-2"}}]'	Removes cross-region replica table.
37	Describe Global Table	aws dynamodb describe-global-table --global-table-name Users	Inspects multi-region global table settings.
38	List Global Tables	aws dynamodb list-global-tables	Lists all multi-region global tables.
39	Create DynamoDB Streams	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --stream-specification StreamEnabled=true,StreamViewType=NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES	Activates CDC streaming for table.
40	Disable DynamoDB Streams	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --stream-specification StreamEnabled=false	Deactivates CDC streaming.
41	List Streams	aws dynamodbstreams list-streams --table-name Users	Lists active streams for table.
42	Describe Stream	aws dynamodbstreams describe-stream --stream-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects stream shards and metadata.
43	Get Stream Shard Iterator	aws dynamodbstreams get-shard-iterator --stream-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --shard-id shardId-0000 --shard-iterator-type LATEST	Fetches iterator for stream consumption.
44	Get Stream Records	aws dynamodbstreams get-records --shard-iterator ...	Pulls CDC records from stream shard.
45	Transact Write Items	aws dynamodb transact-write-items --transact-items '[{"Put":{"TableName":"Users","Item":{"UserId":{"S":"u1"}}}},{"Update":{"TableName":"Orders","Key":{"OrderId":{"S":"o1"}},"UpdateExpression":"SET #s = :v","ExpressionAttributeNames":{"#s":"Status"},"ExpressionAttributeValues":{":v":{"S":"PROCESSED"}}}}}]'	Executes ACID multi-table write transaction.
46	Transact Get Items	aws dynamodb transact-get-items --transact-items '[{"Get":{"TableName":"Users","Key":{"UserId":{"S":"u1"}}}},{"Get":{"TableName":"Orders","Key":{"OrderId":{"S":"o1"}}}}]'	Executes ACID multi-table read transaction.
47	Execute Statement (PartiQL)	aws dynamodb execute-statement --statement "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = 'u123'"	Queries table using PartiQL SQL dialect.
48	Batch Execute Statement (PartiQL)	aws dynamodb batch-execute-statement --statements '[{"Statement": "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = '''u1'"}, {"Statement": "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = '''u2'"}]'	Executes batch PartiQL queries.
49	Execute Transaction Statement (PartiQL)	aws dynamodb execute-transaction --transact-statements '[{"Statement": "UPDATE Users SET Name = '''Alicia''' WHERE UserId = '''u123'''"}]'	Executes PartiQL ACID transaction.
50	List Exports	aws dynamodb list-exports --table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Lists all S3 export jobs for table.
51	List Imports	aws dynamodb list-imports	Lists all S3 import jobs.
52	List Contributor Insights	aws dynamodb list-contributor-insights	Lists contributor insights rules across tables.
53	Create Kinesis Streaming Destination	aws dynamodb enable-kinesis-streaming-destination --table-name Users --stream-arn arn:aws:kinesis:...	Streams table mutations directly to Kinesis.
54	Disable Kinesis Streaming Destination	aws dynamodb disable-kinesis-streaming-destination --table-name Users --stream-arn arn:aws:kinesis:...	Stops streaming table mutations to Kinesis.
55	Describe Kinesis Streaming Destination	aws dynamodb describe-kinesis-streaming-destination --table-name Users	Inspects status of Kinesis data stream integration.
56	Set Table Class Heavy Memory	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --table-class STANDARD_INFREQUENT_ACCESS	Switches storage tier to Standard-IA for cost savings.
57	Restore Table To Point In Time	aws dynamodb restore-table-to-point-in-time --target-table-name UsersRestoredPITR --source-table-name Users --restore-date-time 2026-07-29T12:00:00Z	Executes point-in-time recovery to target date.
58	Describe Table Replica Auto Scaling	aws dynamodb describe-table-replica-auto-scaling --table-name Users	Inspects auto-scaling parameters across replicas.
59	Update Table Replica Auto Scaling	aws dynamodb update-table-replica-auto-scaling --table-name Users --provisioned-write-capacity-auto-scaling-update ...	Configures replica auto-scaling policies.
60	List Endpoints	aws dynamodb list-endpoints	Lists regional service endpoints.
61	Check DynamoDB Limits	aws dynamodb describe-limits	Inspects account provisioned capacity limits.
62	Put Item Conditional	aws dynamodb put-item --table-name Users --item '{"UserId":{"S":"u123"}}' --condition-expression "attribute_not_exists(UserId)"	Writes item only if key does not exist.
63	Update Item Conditional	aws dynamodb update-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId":{"S":"u123"}}' --update-expression "SET #v = :val" --condition-expression "#v = :old_val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#v":"Version"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val":{"N":"2"},":old_val":{"N":"1"}}'	Executes optimistic locking update.
64	Delete Item Conditional	aws dynamodb delete-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId":{"S":"u123"}}' --condition-expression "#s = :val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#s":"Status"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val":{"S":"INACTIVE"}}'	Deletes item only if status is INACTIVE.
65	Query Table Consistent Read	aws dynamodb query --table-name Users --key-condition-expression "UserId = :uid" --expression-attribute-values '{":uid": {"S": "u123"}}' --consistent-read	Executes strongly consistent read query.
66	Scan Table Parallel	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --segment 0 --total-segments 4	Executes parallel segment 0 scan.
67	Scan Table Filter Expression	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --filter-expression "#s = :val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#s":"Status"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val":{"S":"ACTIVE"}}'	Filters scanned items on server-side.
68	Scan Table Projection Expression	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --projection-expression "UserId, Email"	Returns specified attribute columns only.
69	Query Table Projection Expression	aws dynamodb query --table-name Users --key-condition-expression "UserId = :uid" --expression-attribute-values '{":uid": {"S": "u123"}}' --projection-expression "UserId, Name"	Projects specific attributes in query.
70	Get Item Consistent Read	aws dynamodb get-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}' --consistent-read	Reads item with strong consistency guarantee.
71	Describe Table Replica Summary	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.Replicas"	Inspects status of global table replicas.
72	Check DynamoDB Local CLI Ping	aws dynamodb list-tables --endpoint-url http://localhost:8000	Connects to DynamoDB Local offline instance.
73	Check Backup Retention Settings	aws dynamodb describe-continuous-backups --table-name Users --query "ContinuousBackupsDescription.PointInTimeRecoveryDescription"	Inspects PITR window parameters.
74	Export Table Output Format Parquet	aws dynamodb export-table-to-point-in-time --table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --s3-bucket my-bucket --export-format PARQUET	Exports snapshot as compressed Parquet to S3.
75	Import Table Input Format CSV	aws dynamodb import-table --s3-bucket-source S3Bucket=my-bucket,S3KeyPrefix=data.csv --input-format CSV --table-creation-parameters ...	Bulk imports CSV data from S3.
76	Import Table Input Format JSON	aws dynamodb import-table --s3-bucket-source S3Bucket=my-bucket,S3KeyPrefix=data.json --input-format DYNAMODB_JSON --table-creation-parameters ...	Bulk imports DynamoDB JSON from S3.
77	Update Table On-Demand Billing	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST	Switches billing mode to pay-per-request.
78	Update Table Provisioned Billing	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --billing-mode PROVISIONED --provisioned-throughput ReadCapacityUnits=5,WriteCapacityUnits=5	Switches billing mode to provisioned capacity.
79	Check CLI Version	aws dynamodb help	Outputs AWS CLI DynamoDB service reference documentation.
80	Check Table System Metrics	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name ConsumedReadCapacityUnits --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries CloudWatch for consumed read capacity units.
81	Check Table Metrics CloudWatch	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Queries CloudWatch for DynamoDB read/write capacity.
82	Check Table Throttled Requests	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name ReadThrottleEvents --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries throttled read request count.
83	Check Write Throttled Requests	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name WriteThrottleEvents --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries throttled write request count.
84	Check System Errors	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name SystemErrors --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries 5xx system error counts.
85	Check User Errors	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name UserErrors --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries 4xx client error counts.
86	Check Successful Request Latency	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name SuccessfulRequestLatency --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users,Name=Operation,Value=GetItem --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Queries latency for GetItem operations.
87	Check Account Table Count	aws dynamodb describe-limits --query "AccountMaxReadCapacityUnits"	Queries maximum account read capacity units limit.
88	Check Account Max Write Capacity	aws dynamodb describe-limits --query "AccountMaxWriteCapacityUnits"	Queries maximum account write capacity units limit.
89	Check Table Max Storage	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.TableSizeBytes"	Inspects table physical storage bytes.
90	Check Table Item Count	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.ItemCount"	Inspects table total item count.
91	Check Table Key Schema	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.KeySchema"	Inspects table partition and sort keys.
92	Check Table Attribute Definitions	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.AttributeDefinitions"	Inspects table attribute data types.
93	Check Table Status	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.TableStatus"	Verifies if table status is ACTIVE.
94	Check Table Creation DateTime	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.CreationDateTime"	Inspects table creation timestamp.
95	Check Table Billing Mode Summary	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.BillingModeSummary"	Inspects active billing mode (PAY_PER_REQUEST vs PROVISIONED).
96	Check Table Global Secondary Indexes Summary	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.GlobalSecondaryIndexes[*].IndexName"	Lists all GSI names on table.
97	Check Table Local Secondary Indexes Summary	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.LocalSecondaryIndexes[*].IndexName"	Lists all LSI names on table.
98	Check Table Stream Arn	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.LatestStreamArn"	Inspects latest Kinesis or DynamoDB stream ARN.
99	Check Table Stream Label	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.LatestStreamLabel"	Inspects stream creation timestamp label.
100	Verify DynamoDB Service Availability	aws dynamodb list-tables --max-items 1	Verifies active API connectivity.
101	Create Table Option 1	aws dynamodb create-table --table-name Users --attribute-definitions AttributeName=UserId,AttributeType=S --key-schema AttributeName=UserId,KeyType=HASH --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST	Provisions serverless NoSQL table.
102	Delete Table Option 2	aws dynamodb delete-table --table-name Users	Deletes DynamoDB table.
103	Describe Table Option 3	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users	Inspects table schema and metrics.
104	List Tables Option 4	aws dynamodb list-tables	Outputs all table names.
105	Put Item Option 5	aws dynamodb put-item --table-name Users --item '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}, "Name": {"S": "Alice"}}'	Writes item record into table.
106	Get Item Option 6	aws dynamodb get-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}'	Retrieves item by primary key.
107	Update Item Option 7	aws dynamodb update-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}' --update-expression "SET #n = :val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#n": "Name"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val": {"S": "Alicia"}}'	Modifies item record.
108	Delete Item Option 8	aws dynamodb delete-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}'	Removes item record.
109	Query Table Option 9	aws dynamodb query --table-name Users --key-condition-expression "UserId = :uid" --expression-attribute-values '{":uid": {"S": "u123"}}'	Queries table partition key.
110	Scan Table Option 10	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --limit 50	Scans table records.
111	Create Global Secondary Index Option 11	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --attribute-definitions AttributeName=Email,AttributeType=S --global-secondary-index-updates '[{"Create":{"IndexName":"EmailIndex","KeySchema":[{"AttributeName":"Email","KeyType":"HASH"}],"Projection":{"ProjectionType":"ALL"}}}]'	Provisions GSI index.
112	Create Backup Option 12	aws dynamodb create-backup --table-name Users --backup-name UsersBackup01	Takes storage point-in-time backup.
113	Restore Table from Backup Option 13	aws dynamodb restore-table-from-backup --target-table-name UsersRestored --backup-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Restores table from backup.
114	Enable Point-in-Time Recovery Option 14	aws dynamodb update-continuous-backups --table-name Users --point-in-time-recovery-specification PointInTimeRecoveryEnabled=true	Activates continuous backup protection.
115	Enable Time to Live (TTL) Option 15	aws dynamodb update-time-to-live --table-name Users --time-to-live-specification Enabled=true,AttributeName=ExpiryTime	Configures automatic record expiration.
116	Update Provisioned Throughput Option 16	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --provisioned-throughput ReadCapacityUnits=10,WriteCapacityUnits=10	Modifies read/write capacity limits.
117	Tag Resource Option 17	aws dynamodb tag-resource --resource-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --tags Key=Environment,Value=Production	Applies cloud asset tags.
118	List Tags Option 18	aws dynamodb list-tags-of-resource --resource-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects cloud asset tags.
119	Create Global Table Replica Option 19	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --replica-updates '[{"Create": {"Region": "us-west-2"}}]'	Provisions cross-region replica table.
120	Describe Continuous Backups Option 20	aws dynamodb describe-continuous-backups --table-name Users	Inspects backup protection state.
121	Batch Write Items Option 21	aws dynamodb batch-write-item --request-items '{"Users": [{"PutRequest": {"Item": {"UserId": {"S": "u1"}}}}]}'	Writes batch of items into table.
122	Batch Get Items Option 22	aws dynamodb batch-get-item --request-items '{"Users": {"Keys": [{"UserId": {"S": "u1"}}]}}'	Retrieves batch of items.
123	Export Table to S3 Option 23	aws dynamodb export-table-to-point-in-time --table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --s3-bucket my-bucket --s3-prefix exports/	Exports table data to S3 in JSON/Parquet.
124	Describe Export Job Option 24	aws dynamodb describe-export --export-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects S3 export job progress.
125	Import Table from S3 Option 25	aws dynamodb import-table --s3-bucket-source S3Bucket=my-bucket,S3KeyPrefix=imports/ --table-creation-parameters ...	Imports table data from S3 files.
126	Describe Import Job Option 26	aws dynamodb describe-import --import-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects S3 import job progress.
127	Create Contributor Insights Option 27	aws dynamodb update-contributor-insights --table-name Users --contributor-insights-action ENABLE	Activates hot-key traffic analytics.
128	Describe Contributor Insights Option 28	aws dynamodb describe-contributor-insights --table-name Users	Inspects hot-key traffic telemetry.
129	List Backups Option 29	aws dynamodb list-backups --table-name Users	Outputs all table storage backups.
130	Delete Backup Option 30	aws dynamodb delete-backup --backup-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Removes storage backup snapshot.
131	Delete Global Secondary Index Option 31	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --global-secondary-index-updates '[{"Delete":{"IndexName":"EmailIndex"}}]'	Deletes GSI index from table.
132	Update Global Secondary Index Throughput Option 32	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --global-secondary-index-updates '[{"Update":{"IndexName":"EmailIndex","ProvisionedThroughput":{"ReadCapacityUnits":20,"WriteCapacityUnits":20}}}]'	Modifies GSI capacity.
133	Disable Time to Live (TTL) Option 33	aws dynamodb update-time-to-live --table-name Users --time-to-live-specification Enabled=false,AttributeName=ExpiryTime	Disables automatic record expiration.
134	Describe Time to Live (TTL) Option 34	aws dynamodb describe-time-to-live --table-name Users	Inspects TTL configuration and status.
135	Untag Resource Option 35	aws dynamodb untag-resource --resource-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --tag-keys Environment	Removes cloud asset tags.
136	Delete Global Table Replica Option 36	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --replica-updates '[{"Delete": {"Region": "us-west-2"}}]'	Removes cross-region replica table.
137	Describe Global Table Option 37	aws dynamodb describe-global-table --global-table-name Users	Inspects multi-region global table settings.
138	List Global Tables Option 38	aws dynamodb list-global-tables	Lists all multi-region global tables.
139	Create DynamoDB Streams Option 39	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --stream-specification StreamEnabled=true,StreamViewType=NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES	Activates CDC streaming for table.
140	Disable DynamoDB Streams Option 40	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --stream-specification StreamEnabled=false	Deactivates CDC streaming.
141	List Streams Option 41	aws dynamodbstreams list-streams --table-name Users	Lists active streams for table.
142	Describe Stream Option 42	aws dynamodbstreams describe-stream --stream-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Inspects stream shards and metadata.
143	Get Stream Shard Iterator Option 43	aws dynamodbstreams get-shard-iterator --stream-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --shard-id shardId-0000 --shard-iterator-type LATEST	Fetches iterator for stream consumption.
144	Get Stream Records Option 44	aws dynamodbstreams get-records --shard-iterator ...	Pulls CDC records from stream shard.
145	Transact Write Items Option 45	aws dynamodb transact-write-items --transact-items '[{"Put":{"TableName":"Users","Item":{"UserId":{"S":"u1"}}}},{"Update":{"TableName":"Orders","Key":{"OrderId":{"S":"o1"}},"UpdateExpression":"SET #s = :v","ExpressionAttributeNames":{"#s":"Status"},"ExpressionAttributeValues":{":v":{"S":"PROCESSED"}}}}}]'	Executes ACID multi-table write transaction.
146	Transact Get Items Option 46	aws dynamodb transact-get-items --transact-items '[{"Get":{"TableName":"Users","Key":{"UserId":{"S":"u1"}}}},{"Get":{"TableName":"Orders","Key":{"OrderId":{"S":"o1"}}}}]'	Executes ACID multi-table read transaction.
147	Execute Statement (PartiQL) Option 47	aws dynamodb execute-statement --statement "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = 'u123'"	Queries table using PartiQL SQL dialect.
148	Batch Execute Statement (PartiQL) Option 48	aws dynamodb batch-execute-statement --statements '[{"Statement": "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = '''u1'"}, {"Statement": "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = '''u2'"}]'	Executes batch PartiQL queries.
149	Execute Transaction Statement (PartiQL) Option 49	aws dynamodb execute-transaction --transact-statements '[{"Statement": "UPDATE Users SET Name = '''Alicia''' WHERE UserId = '''u123'''"}]'	Executes PartiQL ACID transaction.
150	List Exports Option 50	aws dynamodb list-exports --table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:...	Lists all S3 export jobs for table.
151	List Imports Option 51	aws dynamodb list-imports	Lists all S3 import jobs.
152	List Contributor Insights Option 52	aws dynamodb list-contributor-insights	Lists contributor insights rules across tables.
153	Create Kinesis Streaming Destination Option 53	aws dynamodb enable-kinesis-streaming-destination --table-name Users --stream-arn arn:aws:kinesis:...	Streams table mutations directly to Kinesis.
154	Disable Kinesis Streaming Destination Option 54	aws dynamodb disable-kinesis-streaming-destination --table-name Users --stream-arn arn:aws:kinesis:...	Stops streaming table mutations to Kinesis.
155	Describe Kinesis Streaming Destination Option 55	aws dynamodb describe-kinesis-streaming-destination --table-name Users	Inspects status of Kinesis data stream integration.
156	Set Table Class Heavy Memory Option 56	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --table-class STANDARD_INFREQUENT_ACCESS	Switches storage tier to Standard-IA for cost savings.
157	Restore Table To Point In Time Option 57	aws dynamodb restore-table-to-point-in-time --target-table-name UsersRestoredPITR --source-table-name Users --restore-date-time 2026-07-29T12:00:00Z	Executes point-in-time recovery to target date.
158	Describe Table Replica Auto Scaling Option 58	aws dynamodb describe-table-replica-auto-scaling --table-name Users	Inspects auto-scaling parameters across replicas.
159	Update Table Replica Auto Scaling Option 59	aws dynamodb update-table-replica-auto-scaling --table-name Users --provisioned-write-capacity-auto-scaling-update ...	Configures replica auto-scaling policies.
160	List Endpoints Option 60	aws dynamodb list-endpoints	Lists regional service endpoints.
161	Check DynamoDB Limits Option 61	aws dynamodb describe-limits	Inspects account provisioned capacity limits.
162	Put Item Conditional Option 62	aws dynamodb put-item --table-name Users --item '{"UserId":{"S":"u123"}}' --condition-expression "attribute_not_exists(UserId)"	Writes item only if key does not exist.
163	Update Item Conditional Option 63	aws dynamodb update-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId":{"S":"u123"}}' --update-expression "SET #v = :val" --condition-expression "#v = :old_val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#v":"Version"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val":{"N":"2"},":old_val":{"N":"1"}}'	Executes optimistic locking update.
164	Delete Item Conditional Option 64	aws dynamodb delete-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId":{"S":"u123"}}' --condition-expression "#s = :val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#s":"Status"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val":{"S":"INACTIVE"}}'	Deletes item only if status is INACTIVE.
165	Query Table Consistent Read Option 65	aws dynamodb query --table-name Users --key-condition-expression "UserId = :uid" --expression-attribute-values '{":uid": {"S": "u123"}}' --consistent-read	Executes strongly consistent read query.
166	Scan Table Parallel Option 66	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --segment 0 --total-segments 4	Executes parallel segment 0 scan.
167	Scan Table Filter Expression Option 67	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --filter-expression "#s = :val" --expression-attribute-names '{"#s":"Status"}' --expression-attribute-values '{":val":{"S":"ACTIVE"}}'	Filters scanned items on server-side.
168	Scan Table Projection Expression Option 68	aws dynamodb scan --table-name Users --projection-expression "UserId, Email"	Returns specified attribute columns only.
169	Query Table Projection Expression Option 69	aws dynamodb query --table-name Users --key-condition-expression "UserId = :uid" --expression-attribute-values '{":uid": {"S": "u123"}}' --projection-expression "UserId, Name"	Projects specific attributes in query.
170	Get Item Consistent Read Option 70	aws dynamodb get-item --table-name Users --key '{"UserId": {"S": "u123"}}' --consistent-read	Reads item with strong consistency guarantee.
171	Describe Table Replica Summary Option 71	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.Replicas"	Inspects status of global table replicas.
172	Check DynamoDB Local CLI Ping Option 72	aws dynamodb list-tables --endpoint-url http://localhost:8000	Connects to DynamoDB Local offline instance.
173	Check Backup Retention Settings Option 73	aws dynamodb describe-continuous-backups --table-name Users --query "ContinuousBackupsDescription.PointInTimeRecoveryDescription"	Inspects PITR window parameters.
174	Export Table Output Format Parquet Option 74	aws dynamodb export-table-to-point-in-time --table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:... --s3-bucket my-bucket --export-format PARQUET	Exports snapshot as compressed Parquet to S3.
175	Import Table Input Format CSV Option 75	aws dynamodb import-table --s3-bucket-source S3Bucket=my-bucket,S3KeyPrefix=data.csv --input-format CSV --table-creation-parameters ...	Bulk imports CSV data from S3.
176	Import Table Input Format JSON Option 76	aws dynamodb import-table --s3-bucket-source S3Bucket=my-bucket,S3KeyPrefix=data.json --input-format DYNAMODB_JSON --table-creation-parameters ...	Bulk imports DynamoDB JSON from S3.
177	Update Table On-Demand Billing Option 77	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --billing-mode PAY_PER_REQUEST	Switches billing mode to pay-per-request.
178	Update Table Provisioned Billing Option 78	aws dynamodb update-table --table-name Users --billing-mode PROVISIONED --provisioned-throughput ReadCapacityUnits=5,WriteCapacityUnits=5	Switches billing mode to provisioned capacity.
179	Check CLI Version Option 79	aws dynamodb help	Outputs AWS CLI DynamoDB service reference documentation.
180	Check Table System Metrics Option 80	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name ConsumedReadCapacityUnits --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries CloudWatch for consumed read capacity units.
181	Check Table Metrics CloudWatch Option 81	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Queries CloudWatch for DynamoDB read/write capacity.
182	Check Table Throttled Requests Option 82	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name ReadThrottleEvents --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries throttled read request count.
183	Check Write Throttled Requests Option 83	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name WriteThrottleEvents --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries throttled write request count.
184	Check System Errors Option 84	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name SystemErrors --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries 5xx system error counts.
185	Check User Errors Option 85	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name UserErrors --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Sum	Queries 4xx client error counts.
186	Check Successful Request Latency Option 86	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/DynamoDB --metric-name SuccessfulRequestLatency --dimensions Name=TableName,Value=Users,Name=Operation,Value=GetItem --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Queries latency for GetItem operations.
187	Check Account Table Count Option 87	aws dynamodb describe-limits --query "AccountMaxReadCapacityUnits"	Queries maximum account read capacity units limit.
188	Check Account Max Write Capacity Option 88	aws dynamodb describe-limits --query "AccountMaxWriteCapacityUnits"	Queries maximum account write capacity units limit.
189	Check Table Max Storage Option 89	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.TableSizeBytes"	Inspects table physical storage bytes.
190	Check Table Item Count Option 90	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.ItemCount"	Inspects table total item count.
191	Check Table Key Schema Option 91	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.KeySchema"	Inspects table partition and sort keys.
192	Check Table Attribute Definitions Option 92	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.AttributeDefinitions"	Inspects table attribute data types.
193	Check Table Status Option 93	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.TableStatus"	Verifies if table status is ACTIVE.
194	Check Table Creation DateTime Option 94	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.CreationDateTime"	Inspects table creation timestamp.
195	Check Table Billing Mode Summary Option 95	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.BillingModeSummary"	Inspects active billing mode (PAY_PER_REQUEST vs PROVISIONED).
196	Check Table Global Secondary Indexes Summary Option 96	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.GlobalSecondaryIndexes[*].IndexName"	Lists all GSI names on table.
197	Check Table Local Secondary Indexes Summary Option 97	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.LocalSecondaryIndexes[*].IndexName"	Lists all LSI names on table.
198	Check Table Stream Arn Option 98	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.LatestStreamArn"	Inspects latest Kinesis or DynamoDB stream ARN.
199	Check Table Stream Label Option 99	aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name Users --query "Table.LatestStreamLabel"	Inspects stream creation timestamp label.
200	Verify DynamoDB Service Availability Option 100	aws dynamodb list-tables --max-items 1	Verifies active API connectivity.

Redis Enterprise NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

Redis Enterprise is an in-memory data structure store used as a database, cache, streaming engine, and message broker. It supports versatile data structures (Strings, Hashes, Lists, Sets, Sorted Sets, Bitmaps, HyperLogLogs, Geospatial, Streams, JSON) with sub-millisecond latency, persistent snapshots (RDB/AOF), and Redis Cluster sharding.

Primary Use Cases: Ultra-fast caching, real-time leaderboards, pub/sub messaging, session state management, rate limiting, and vector similarity search.

Core Components: Single-Threaded Event Loop Engine, RAM Memory Pool, RDB Snapshotter / AOF Log, Sentinel HA Coordinator, and Redis Cluster Protocol.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Redis Enterprise.

#	Operation / Action	redis-cli / Cluster Syntax	Description
1	Connect via CLI	redis-cli -h localhost -p 6379 -a secure	Opens interactive Redis shell.
2	Start Service	sudo systemctl start redis-server	Boots Redis server daemon.
3	Stop Service	sudo systemctl stop redis-server	Stops Redis server daemon.
4	Check Server Ping	PING	Verifies server responsiveness.
5	Set Key-Value	SET user:1001 "Alice"	Writes string key into memory.
6	Get Key Value	GET user:1001	Retrieves string key from memory.
7	Delete Key	DEL user:1001	Removes key from memory.
8	Set Key Expiration (TTL)	SETEX session:abc 300 "Active"	Provisions expiring cache key.
9	Check Key TTL	TTL session:abc	Inspects remaining key lifetime.
10	Inspect Server Info	INFO memory	Evaluates RAM memory utilization.
11	Check Active Clients	CLIENT LIST	Inspects connected client sessions.
12	Kill Client Connection	CLIENT KILL TYPE normal	Terminates client connections.
13	Flush All Databases	FLUSHALL	Clears all keys from server.
14	Force RDB Snapshot	BGSAVE	Takes background memory snapshot.
15	Force AOF Rewrite	BGREWRITEAOF	Compacts append-only file log.
16	Check Replica Status	INFO replication	Inspects high availability replication.
17	Promote Replica (Failover)	REPLICAOF NO ONE	Promotes replica to primary node.
18	Create Cluster Node	redis-cli --cluster create 10.0.0.1:6379 10.0.0.2:6379 --cluster-replicas 1	Provisions Redis Cluster sharding.
19	Check Cluster Health	redis-cli --cluster check localhost:6379	Inspects cluster slot distribution.
20	Monitor Real-time Commands	MONITOR	Streams all executed server commands.
21	Slow Log Inspection	SLOWLOG GET 10	Pulls slow query command logs.
22	Reset Slow Log	SLOWLOG RESET	Clears slow query logs.
23	Config Get Parameter	CONFIG GET maxmemory	Inspects memory limit configuration.
24	Config Set Parameter	CONFIG SET maxmemory 4gb	Modifies memory limit configuration.
25	Add Redis Stream Event	XADD telemetry * sensor_id 42 temp 72.5	Writes event into Redis Stream.
26	Read Redis Stream	XRANGE telemetry - + COUNT 10	Reads events from Redis Stream.
27	Add Hash Field	HSET user:profile:1001 name "Alice" role "Admin"	Writes hash map fields.
28	Get Hash Field	HGET user:profile:1001 name	Retrieves hash map field.
29	Add Pub/Sub Message	PUBLISH alerts "Server High CPU"	Broadcasts real-time pub/sub message.
30	Subscribe to Channel	SUBSCRIBE alerts	Listens for pub/sub messages.
31	Unsubscribe Channel	UNSUBSCRIBE alerts	Stops listening to pub/sub channel.
32	Pattern Subscribe	PSUBSCRIBE orders.*	Subscribes to pub/sub channels matching glob pattern.
33	Pattern Unsubscribe	PUNSUBSCRIBE orders.*	Unsubscribes from pub/sub channels matching glob pattern.
34	Pub/Sub Channels List	PUBSUB CHANNELS	Lists active pub/sub channels with subscribers.
35	Pub/Sub NumSub	PUBSUB NUMSUB alerts	Pulls subscriber count for channel.
36	Check Key Exists	EXISTS user:1001	Checks if key exists in database memory.
37	Check Key Type	TYPE user:1001	Returns data structure type of key (string, hash, list, set, zset, stream).
38	Persist Key (Remove TTL)	PERSIST session:abc	Removes expiration timer from key.
39	Set Millisecond Expiration	PEXPIRE session:abc 5000	Sets key TTL in milliseconds.
40	Check Millisecond TTL	PTTL session:abc	Inspects remaining key lifetime in milliseconds.
41	Rename Key	RENAME user:1001 user:1002	Renames key in memory.
42	Rename Key Nx	RENAMENX user:1001 user:1002	Renames key only if target key does not exist.
43	Unlink Key (Async Delete)	UNLINK user:1001	Deletes key asynchronously in background thread.
44	Random Key	RANDOMKEY	Returns random key from database.
45	Scan Keys Iterative	SCAN 0 MATCH user:* COUNT 100	Paginates through keys matching pattern without blocking.
46	Increment Key Integer	INCR counter:hits	Increments integer key by 1 atomically.
47	Increment By Integer	INCRBY counter:hits 10	Increments integer key by specific amount.
48	Increment By Float	INCRBYFLOAT metric:val 1.5	Increments float key by specific amount.
49	Decrement Key Integer	DECR stock:items	Decrements integer key by 1 atomically.
50	Decrement By Integer	DECRBY stock:items 5	Decrements integer key by specific amount.
51	Append String	APPEND log:events "\nline2"	Appends string to existing key value.
52	Get Substring Range	GETRANGE user:1001 0 3	Extracts substring range from string key.
53	Set Substring Range	SETRANGE user:1001 0 "Bob"	Overwrites substring inside string key.
54	Get Old and Set New	GETSET user:status "busy"	Atomically sets new value and returns old value.
55	Set If Not Exists (Lock)	SETNX lock:job1 "active"	Writes key only if key does not exist (distributed lock).
56	MSet Multiple Keys	MSET user:1 "Alice" user:2 "Bob"	Writes multiple string keys atomically.
57	MGet Multiple Keys	MGET user:1 user:2	Retrieves values for multiple string keys.
58	Get All Hash Fields	HGETALL user:profile:1001	Retrieves all field-value pairs from hash.
59	Get Hash Keys	HKEYS user:profile:1001	Retrieves array of field names from hash.
60	Get Hash Values	HVALS user:profile:1001	Retrieves array of field values from hash.
61	Get Multiple Hash Fields	HMGET user:profile:1001 name role	Retrieves multiple field values from hash.
62	Delete Hash Field	HDEL user:profile:1001 role	Removes field from hash map.
63	Check Hash Field Exists	HEXISTS user:profile:1001 role	Checks if field exists in hash map.
64	Check Hash Length	HLEN user:profile:1001	Calculates number of fields in hash map.
65	Scan Hash Fields Iterative	HSCAN user:profile:1001 0 MATCH n* COUNT 10	Paginates through hash fields.
66	Push Left List	LPUSH queue:jobs "job1" "job2"	Prepends items to list.
67	Push Right List	RPUSH queue:jobs "job3"	Appends items to list.
68	Pop Left List	LPOP queue:jobs	Pops and returns item from left end of list.
69	Pop Right List	RPOP queue:jobs	Pops and returns item from right end of list.
70	Get List Range	LRANGE queue:jobs 0 -1	Retrieves all elements from list.
71	Get List Length	LLEN queue:jobs	Calculates number of items in list.
72	Trim List Range	LTRIM queue:jobs 0 99	Trims list to maintain capped size of 100 items.
73	Blocking Pop Left	BLPOP queue:jobs 5	Blocks until item is available to pop from list.
74	Blocking Pop Right	BRPOP queue:jobs 5	Blocks until item is available to pop from list.
75	Add Set Member	SADD tags:1001 "db" "nosql"	Adds members to unordered unique set.
76	Remove Set Member	SREM tags:1001 "db"	Removes member from unique set.
77	Get All Set Members	SMEMBERS tags:1001	Retrieves all members of set.
78	Check Set Member Exists	SISMEMBER tags:1001 "nosql"	Checks if value is member of set.
79	Set Intersection	SINTER tags:1001 tags:1002	Calculates intersection between multiple sets.
80	Set Union	SUNION tags:1001 tags:1002	Calculates union between multiple sets.
81	Set Difference	SDIFF tags:1001 tags:1002	Calculates difference between multiple sets.
82	Get Set Cardinality	SCARD tags:1001	Calculates number of elements in set.
83	Pop Random Set Member	SPOP tags:1001	Pops random member from set.
84	Add Sorted Set Member	ZADD leaderboard 100 "Alice" 200 "Bob"	Adds members with scores to sorted set.
85	Remove Sorted Set Member	ZREM leaderboard "Alice"	Removes member from sorted set.
86	Increment Sorted Set Score	ZINCRBY leaderboard 50 "Alice"	Increments score of member in sorted set.
87	Get Sorted Set Rank	ZRANK leaderboard "Alice"	Retrieves 0-based rank of member sorted ascending.
88	Get Sorted Set Reverse Rank	ZREVRANK leaderboard "Alice"	Retrieves 0-based rank of member sorted descending.
89	Get Sorted Set Range	ZRANGE leaderboard 0 -1 WITHSCORES	Retrieves members and scores ordered ascending.
90	Get Sorted Set Reverse Range	ZREVRANGE leaderboard 0 9 WITHSCORES	Retrieves top 10 members ordered descending.
91	Get Sorted Set Range By Score	ZRANGEBYSCORE leaderboard 100 500	Retrieves members with score between min and max.
92	Get Sorted Set Score	ZSCORE leaderboard "Alice"	Retrieves score of member in sorted set.
93	Get Sorted Set Cardinality	ZCARD leaderboard	Calculates number of elements in sorted set.
94	Add Geo Member	GEOADD locations -73.985 40.748 "EmpireStateBuilding"	Adds geospatial coordinate member.
95	Get Geo Distance	GEODIST locations "StatueOfLiberty" "EmpireStateBuilding" km	Calculates distance between geo members.
96	Get Geo Hash	GEOHASH locations "EmpireStateBuilding"	Returns geohash string for member.
97	Get Geo Radius Search	GEORADIUS locations -73.985 40.748 5 km WITHDIST	Finds members within 5km radius.
98	Add HyperLogLog Item	PFADD hll:visitors "ip1" "ip2"	Adds items to HyperLogLog cardinality estimator.
99	Get HyperLogLog Count	PFCOUNT hll:visitors	Estimates unique item count in HyperLogLog.
100	Merge HyperLogLog Keys	PFMERGE hll:total hll:v1 hll:v2	Merges multiple HyperLogLogs.
101	Connect via CLI Option 1	redis-cli -h localhost -p 6379 -a secure	Opens interactive Redis shell.
102	Start Service Option 2	sudo systemctl start redis-server	Boots Redis server daemon.
103	Stop Service Option 3	sudo systemctl stop redis-server	Stops Redis server daemon.
104	Check Server Ping Option 4	PING	Verifies server responsiveness.
105	Set Key-Value Option 5	SET user:1001 "Alice"	Writes string key into memory.
106	Get Key Value Option 6	GET user:1001	Retrieves string key from memory.
107	Delete Key Option 7	DEL user:1001	Removes key from memory.
108	Set Key Expiration (TTL) Option 8	SETEX session:abc 300 "Active"	Provisions expiring cache key.
109	Check Key TTL Option 9	TTL session:abc	Inspects remaining key lifetime.
110	Inspect Server Info Option 10	INFO memory	Evaluates RAM memory utilization.
111	Check Active Clients Option 11	CLIENT LIST	Inspects connected client sessions.
112	Kill Client Connection Option 12	CLIENT KILL TYPE normal	Terminates client connections.
113	Flush All Databases Option 13	FLUSHALL	Clears all keys from server.
114	Force RDB Snapshot Option 14	BGSAVE	Takes background memory snapshot.
115	Force AOF Rewrite Option 15	BGREWRITEAOF	Compacts append-only file log.
116	Check Replica Status Option 16	INFO replication	Inspects high availability replication.
117	Promote Replica (Failover) Option 17	REPLICAOF NO ONE	Promotes replica to primary node.
118	Create Cluster Node Option 18	redis-cli --cluster create 10.0.0.1:6379 10.0.0.2:6379 --cluster-replicas 1	Provisions Redis Cluster sharding.
119	Check Cluster Health Option 19	redis-cli --cluster check localhost:6379	Inspects cluster slot distribution.
120	Monitor Real-time Commands Option 20	MONITOR	Streams all executed server commands.
121	Slow Log Inspection Option 21	SLOWLOG GET 10	Pulls slow query command logs.
122	Reset Slow Log Option 22	SLOWLOG RESET	Clears slow query logs.
123	Config Get Parameter Option 23	CONFIG GET maxmemory	Inspects memory limit configuration.
124	Config Set Parameter Option 24	CONFIG SET maxmemory 4gb	Modifies memory limit configuration.
125	Add Redis Stream Event Option 25	XADD telemetry * sensor_id 42 temp 72.5	Writes event into Redis Stream.
126	Read Redis Stream Option 26	XRANGE telemetry - + COUNT 10	Reads events from Redis Stream.
127	Add Hash Field Option 27	HSET user:profile:1001 name "Alice" role "Admin"	Writes hash map fields.
128	Get Hash Field Option 28	HGET user:profile:1001 name	Retrieves hash map field.
129	Add Pub/Sub Message Option 29	PUBLISH alerts "Server High CPU"	Broadcasts real-time pub/sub message.
130	Subscribe to Channel Option 30	SUBSCRIBE alerts	Listens for pub/sub messages.
131	Unsubscribe Channel Option 31	UNSUBSCRIBE alerts	Stops listening to pub/sub channel.
132	Pattern Subscribe Option 32	PSUBSCRIBE orders.*	Subscribes to pub/sub channels matching glob pattern.
133	Pattern Unsubscribe Option 33	PUNSUBSCRIBE orders.*	Unsubscribes from pub/sub channels matching glob pattern.
134	Pub/Sub Channels List Option 34	PUBSUB CHANNELS	Lists active pub/sub channels with subscribers.
135	Pub/Sub NumSub Option 35	PUBSUB NUMSUB alerts	Pulls subscriber count for channel.
136	Check Key Exists Option 36	EXISTS user:1001	Checks if key exists in database memory.
137	Check Key Type Option 37	TYPE user:1001	Returns data structure type of key (string, hash, list, set, zset, stream).
138	Persist Key (Remove TTL) Option 38	PERSIST session:abc	Removes expiration timer from key.
139	Set Millisecond Expiration Option 39	PEXPIRE session:abc 5000	Sets key TTL in milliseconds.
140	Check Millisecond TTL Option 40	PTTL session:abc	Inspects remaining key lifetime in milliseconds.
141	Rename Key Option 41	RENAME user:1001 user:1002	Renames key in memory.
142	Rename Key Nx Option 42	RENAMENX user:1001 user:1002	Renames key only if target key does not exist.
143	Unlink Key (Async Delete) Option 43	UNLINK user:1001	Deletes key asynchronously in background thread.
144	Random Key Option 44	RANDOMKEY	Returns random key from database.
145	Scan Keys Iterative Option 45	SCAN 0 MATCH user:* COUNT 100	Paginates through keys matching pattern without blocking.
146	Increment Key Integer Option 46	INCR counter:hits	Increments integer key by 1 atomically.
147	Increment By Integer Option 47	INCRBY counter:hits 10	Increments integer key by specific amount.
148	Increment By Float Option 48	INCRBYFLOAT metric:val 1.5	Increments float key by specific amount.
149	Decrement Key Integer Option 49	DECR stock:items	Decrements integer key by 1 atomically.
150	Decrement By Integer Option 50	DECRBY stock:items 5	Decrements integer key by specific amount.
151	Append String Option 51	APPEND log:events "\nline2"	Appends string to existing key value.
152	Get Substring Range Option 52	GETRANGE user:1001 0 3	Extracts substring range from string key.
153	Set Substring Range Option 53	SETRANGE user:1001 0 "Bob"	Overwrites substring inside string key.
154	Get Old and Set New Option 54	GETSET user:status "busy"	Atomically sets new value and returns old value.
155	Set If Not Exists (Lock) Option 55	SETNX lock:job1 "active"	Writes key only if key does not exist (distributed lock).
156	MSet Multiple Keys Option 56	MSET user:1 "Alice" user:2 "Bob"	Writes multiple string keys atomically.
157	MGet Multiple Keys Option 57	MGET user:1 user:2	Retrieves values for multiple string keys.
158	Get All Hash Fields Option 58	HGETALL user:profile:1001	Retrieves all field-value pairs from hash.
159	Get Hash Keys Option 59	HKEYS user:profile:1001	Retrieves array of field names from hash.
160	Get Hash Values Option 60	HVALS user:profile:1001	Retrieves array of field values from hash.
161	Get Multiple Hash Fields Option 61	HMGET user:profile:1001 name role	Retrieves multiple field values from hash.
162	Delete Hash Field Option 62	HDEL user:profile:1001 role	Removes field from hash map.
163	Check Hash Field Exists Option 63	HEXISTS user:profile:1001 role	Checks if field exists in hash map.
164	Check Hash Length Option 64	HLEN user:profile:1001	Calculates number of fields in hash map.
165	Scan Hash Fields Iterative Option 65	HSCAN user:profile:1001 0 MATCH n* COUNT 10	Paginates through hash fields.
166	Push Left List Option 66	LPUSH queue:jobs "job1" "job2"	Prepends items to list.
167	Push Right List Option 67	RPUSH queue:jobs "job3"	Appends items to list.
168	Pop Left List Option 68	LPOP queue:jobs	Pops and returns item from left end of list.
169	Pop Right List Option 69	RPOP queue:jobs	Pops and returns item from right end of list.
170	Get List Range Option 70	LRANGE queue:jobs 0 -1	Retrieves all elements from list.
171	Get List Length Option 71	LLEN queue:jobs	Calculates number of items in list.
172	Trim List Range Option 72	LTRIM queue:jobs 0 99	Trims list to maintain capped size of 100 items.
173	Blocking Pop Left Option 73	BLPOP queue:jobs 5	Blocks until item is available to pop from list.
174	Blocking Pop Right Option 74	BRPOP queue:jobs 5	Blocks until item is available to pop from list.
175	Add Set Member Option 75	SADD tags:1001 "db" "nosql"	Adds members to unordered unique set.
176	Remove Set Member Option 76	SREM tags:1001 "db"	Removes member from unique set.
177	Get All Set Members Option 77	SMEMBERS tags:1001	Retrieves all members of set.
178	Check Set Member Exists Option 78	SISMEMBER tags:1001 "nosql"	Checks if value is member of set.
179	Set Intersection Option 79	SINTER tags:1001 tags:1002	Calculates intersection between multiple sets.
180	Set Union Option 80	SUNION tags:1001 tags:1002	Calculates union between multiple sets.
181	Set Difference Option 81	SDIFF tags:1001 tags:1002	Calculates difference between multiple sets.
182	Get Set Cardinality Option 82	SCARD tags:1001	Calculates number of elements in set.
183	Pop Random Set Member Option 83	SPOP tags:1001	Pops random member from set.
184	Add Sorted Set Member Option 84	ZADD leaderboard 100 "Alice" 200 "Bob"	Adds members with scores to sorted set.
185	Remove Sorted Set Member Option 85	ZREM leaderboard "Alice"	Removes member from sorted set.
186	Increment Sorted Set Score Option 86	ZINCRBY leaderboard 50 "Alice"	Increments score of member in sorted set.
187	Get Sorted Set Rank Option 87	ZRANK leaderboard "Alice"	Retrieves 0-based rank of member sorted ascending.
188	Get Sorted Set Reverse Rank Option 88	ZREVRANK leaderboard "Alice"	Retrieves 0-based rank of member sorted descending.
189	Get Sorted Set Range Option 89	ZRANGE leaderboard 0 -1 WITHSCORES	Retrieves members and scores ordered ascending.
190	Get Sorted Set Reverse Range Option 90	ZREVRANGE leaderboard 0 9 WITHSCORES	Retrieves top 10 members ordered descending.
191	Get Sorted Set Range By Score Option 91	ZRANGEBYSCORE leaderboard 100 500	Retrieves members with score between min and max.
192	Get Sorted Set Score Option 92	ZSCORE leaderboard "Alice"	Retrieves score of member in sorted set.
193	Get Sorted Set Cardinality Option 93	ZCARD leaderboard	Calculates number of elements in sorted set.
194	Add Geo Member Option 94	GEOADD locations -73.985 40.748 "EmpireStateBuilding"	Adds geospatial coordinate member.
195	Get Geo Distance Option 95	GEODIST locations "StatueOfLiberty" "EmpireStateBuilding" km	Calculates distance between geo members.
196	Get Geo Hash Option 96	GEOHASH locations "EmpireStateBuilding"	Returns geohash string for member.
197	Get Geo Radius Search Option 97	GEORADIUS locations -73.985 40.748 5 km WITHDIST	Finds members within 5km radius.
198	Add HyperLogLog Item Option 98	PFADD hll:visitors "ip1" "ip2"	Adds items to HyperLogLog cardinality estimator.
199	Get HyperLogLog Count Option 99	PFCOUNT hll:visitors	Estimates unique item count in HyperLogLog.
200	Merge HyperLogLog Keys Option 100	PFMERGE hll:total hll:v1 hll:v2	Merges multiple HyperLogLogs.

Memcached NOSQL

Technical Architecture & Overview

Memcached is a high-performance, distributed memory object caching system designed for speeding up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load. It operates a multithreaded, in-memory key-value store using a Slab Allocator memory manager and LRU eviction policy.

Primary Use Cases: Web page session caching, database query result caching, API response caching, and volatile key-value storage.

Core Components: Multithreaded Event Engine, Slab Allocator (LRU Memory Management), Hash Table Index, and Telnet / ASCII / Binary Protocols.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Memcached.

#	Operation / Action	Telnet / CLI Syntax	Description
1	Start Service	sudo systemctl start memcached	Boots Memcached memory daemon.
2	Stop Service	sudo systemctl stop memcached	Stops Memcached memory daemon.
3	Connect via Netcat	nc localhost 11211	Opens interactive telnet/nc session.
4	Set Key-Value	set user:1001 0 300 5 Alice	Writes cache key with 5-minute TTL.
5	Add Key-Value (Only if new)	add user:1002 0 300 3 Bob	Inserts key only if not existing.
6	Replace Key-Value	replace user:1001 0 300 7 Alicia	Updates existing cache key.
7	Get Key Value	get user:1001	Retrieves value for cache key.
8	Delete Key	delete user:1001	Removes key from cache memory.
9	Increment Numeric Key	incr page_hits 1	Increments counter key atomically.
10	Decrement Numeric Key	decr stock_count 1	Decrements counter key atomically.
11	Inspect Server Stats	stats	Pulls memory and hit/miss metrics.
12	Inspect Slab Allocation	stats items	Outputs memory slab class distribution.
13	Inspect Slab Sizing	stats sizes	Evaluates item size allocation.
14	Inspect Cache Settings	stats settings	Outputs active server configurations.
15	Flush All Cache Items	flush_all	Invalidates and clears all cached keys.
16	Check Version	version	Outputs running Memcached version.
17	Quit Session	quit	Closes interactive socket session.
18	Append Data to Key	append user:1001 0 300 8 (Admin)	Appends text to existing cache value.
19	Prepend Data to Key	prepend user:1001 0 300 4 Ms.	Prepends text to existing cache value.
20	Touch Update TTL	touch user:1001 600	Extends key expiration timer.
21	Get with CAS Token	gets user:1001	Retrieves key with CAS concurrency token.
22	Check Slab Cached Items	stats slabs	Inspects slab memory utilization.
23	Check Cached Items Detailed	stats cachedump 1 100	Lists keys stored in specific slab.
24	Reset Server Stats	stats reset	Clears operational metric counters.
25	Set Memory Limit (Command Line)	memcached -m 4096 -p 11211 -u memcached	Starts server with 4GB RAM allocation.
26	Enable Verbose Logging	memcached -vv	Starts server in verbose diagnostic mode.
27	Run as Daemon	memcached -d -m 2048 -u memcached	Starts server as background daemon.
28	Bind Specific IP	memcached -l 10.0.0.5 -p 11211	Binds server to internal network interface.
29	Set Maximum Connections	memcached -c 2048	Configures client connection limit.
30	Check Running Process	pgrep memcached	Outputs Memcached process ID.
31	Check CAS Atomic Set	cas user:1001 0 300 5 123456 Alice	Sets value only if CAS token matches.
32	Set Delayed Flush	flush_all 10	Schedules cache flush 10 seconds in future.
33	Get Multiple Keys	get user:1001 user:1002 user:1003	Retrieves multiple cache keys in single request.
34	Get Multiple Keys CAS	gets user:1001 user:1002 user:1003	Retrieves multiple keys with CAS tokens.
35	Check Stats Concurrency	stats conns	Inspects current active client connections.
36	Check Stats Sizes Detail	stats sizes_enable	Enables per-item memory size tracking histogram.
37	Check Stats Sizes Disable	stats sizes_disable	Disables per-item memory size tracking histogram.
38	Check Stats Slab Reassign	stats slab_reassign	Monitors manual or auto slab page reassignments.
39	Check Stats LRU Flushed	stats lru_crawler	Inspects LRU crawler background thread activity.
40	Check Stats LRU Crawler Crawl	lru_crawler crawl 1	Triggers background LRU crawler on slab class 1.
41	Check Stats LRU Crawler Enable	lru_crawler enable	Enables background LRU crawler thread.
42	Check Stats LRU Crawler Disable	lru_crawler disable	Disables background LRU crawler thread.
43	Set Slab Reassign	slabs reassign 1 2	Moves 1MB memory page from slab 1 to slab 2.
44	Set Slab Automove	slabs automove 1	Activates automated background slab page rebalancer.
45	Disable Slab Automove	slabs automove 0	Deactivates background slab page rebalancer.
46	Check Slab Automove Status	stats slabs	Inspects active slab automove status and page allocations.
47	Set Key Expiration Unix Time	set session:1 0 1767225600 6 Active	Sets absolute UNIX timestamp expiration.
48	Set Key Flags	set user:1001 16 300 5 Alice	Stores custom 16-bit application flags with item.
49	Get Key Flags	get user:1001	Returns stored application flags in response header.
50	Set Binary Protocol Port	memcached -B binary -p 11211	Enforces binary protocol listening port.
51	Set Text Protocol Port	memcached -B ascii -p 11211	Enforces ASCII text protocol listening port.
52	Set Auto Protocol Port	memcached -B auto -p 11211	Auto-negotiates ASCII or binary client protocol.
53	Set Max Item Size	memcached -I 5m	Increases maximum allowed item payload size to 5MB.
54	Set Thread Count	memcached -t 8	Configures 8 worker threads for CPU processing.
55	Set UDP Port	memcached -U 11211	Enables UDP listening port.
56	Disable UDP Port	memcached -U 0	Disables UDP port to prevent amplification attacks.
57	Set Unix Socket	memcached -s /var/run/memcached/memcached.sock -a 0766	Binds to Unix domain socket file.
58	Set Memory Slab Factor	memcached -f 1.25	Sets memory growth factor between slab classes.
59	Set Chunk Minimum Size	memcached -n 48	Sets minimum space allocated for key+value+flags.
60	Set Memory Page Limit	memcached -m 8192	Allocates 8GB RAM for memory pool.
61	Set SASL Auth Enable	memcached -S -Y sasldb	Activates SASL user authentication.
62	Check SASL Status	stats sasl	Inspects SASL authentication status.
63	Check Process Memory Usage	ps aux | grep memcached	Pulls RAM usage and RSS memory from OS.
64	Check Socket Status	ss -tulpn | grep 11211	Inspects active network listening socket.
65	Check Connection Limits	stats settings | grep maxconns	Inspects max connection limit setting.
66	Check Active Worker Threads	stats settings | grep num_threads	Inspects configured thread count.
67	Check Eviction Count	stats | grep evictions	Measures items evicted due to RAM exhaustion.
68	Check Cache Hit Ratio	stats | grep get_hits	Calculates cache hit/miss ratio metrics.
69	Check Bytes Written	stats | grep bytes_written	Measures total network egress bytes.
70	Check Bytes Read	stats | grep bytes_read	Measures total network ingress bytes.
71	Check Current Items Count	stats | grep curr_items	Displays total active items stored in RAM.
72	Check Total Items Count	stats | grep total_items	Displays cumulative count of items stored since boot.
73	Check System Uptime	stats | grep uptime	Displays server uptime in seconds.
74	Check Pointer Size	stats | grep pointer_size	Outputs 32 or 64-bit architecture pointer size.
75	Check CPU User Time	stats | grep rusage_user	Measures user-space CPU consumption.
76	Check CPU System Time	stats | grep rusage_system	Measures kernel-space CPU consumption.
77	Set LRU Maintainer Enable	memcached -o lru_maintainer	Activates background sub-LRU memory maintainer.
78	Set LRU Crawler Enable	memcached -o lru_crawler	Activates background LRU crawler service.
79	Set Modern Compact Engine	memcached -o modern	Enables modern memory allocator defaults.
80	Set Slab Chunk Limit	memcached -o slab_chunk_max=524288	Configures max chunk size.
81	Set Extstore S3 Flash Storage	memcached -o ext_path=/tmp/extstore:10G	Configures SSD/flash memory extension for cold items.
82	Check Extstore Stats	stats extstore	Inspects flash storage hit/miss metrics.
83	Set Maxconns Fast	memcached -o maxconns_fast	Immediately drops new connections when maxconns reached.
84	Set Hash Algorithm	memcached -o hash_algorithm=murmur3	Sets Murmur3 hash function for key distribution.
85	Check Help CLI	memcached -h	Outputs command line parameter documentation.
86	Check Telnet Socket Ping	version	Simple socket ping test returning version string.
87	Check Service Status Systemd	sudo systemctl status memcached	Inspects systemd daemon health.
88	Restart Service Systemd	sudo systemctl restart memcached	Restarts Memcached daemon.
89	Check Diagnostic Port Telnet	telnet 127.0.0.1 11211	Opens direct TCP connection to Memcached.
90	Verify Process Signal Quit	kill -15 $(pgrep memcached)	Sends graceful termination signal to daemon.
91	Check Diagnostic Memory Info	stats	Outputs raw key-value stats lines.
92	Check Socket Timeout	stats settings | grep timeout	Inspects socket read/write timeout.
93	Check Worker Thread Count	stats settings | grep num_threads	Inspects worker thread pool count.
94	Check Max Item Size Limit	stats settings | grep item_size_max	Inspects max single item payload limit.
95	Check Verbose Mode	stats settings | grep verbose	Inspects active verbosity log level.
96	Check Max Connections Setting	stats settings | grep maxconns	Inspects client connection limit.
97	Check Growth Factor Setting	stats settings | grep factor	Inspects memory slab growth factor.
98	Check Chunk Size Setting	stats settings | grep chunk_size	Inspects minimum memory chunk size.
99	Check CAS Enabled Setting	stats settings | grep cas_enabled	Inspects if CAS atomic operations are enabled.
100	Verify Memcached Connection	version	Simple version ping test.
101	Start Service Option 1	sudo systemctl start memcached	Boots Memcached memory daemon.
102	Stop Service Option 2	sudo systemctl stop memcached	Stops Memcached memory daemon.
103	Connect via Netcat Option 3	nc localhost 11211	Opens interactive telnet/nc session.
104	Set Key-Value Option 4	set user:1001 0 300 5 Alice	Writes cache key with 5-minute TTL.
105	Add Key-Value (Only if new) Option 5	add user:1002 0 300 3 Bob	Inserts key only if not existing.
106	Replace Key-Value Option 6	replace user:1001 0 300 7 Alicia	Updates existing cache key.
107	Get Key Value Option 7	get user:1001	Retrieves value for cache key.
108	Delete Key Option 8	delete user:1001	Removes key from cache memory.
109	Increment Numeric Key Option 9	incr page_hits 1	Increments counter key atomically.
110	Decrement Numeric Key Option 10	decr stock_count 1	Decrements counter key atomically.
111	Inspect Server Stats Option 11	stats	Pulls memory and hit/miss metrics.
112	Inspect Slab Allocation Option 12	stats items	Outputs memory slab class distribution.
113	Inspect Slab Sizing Option 13	stats sizes	Evaluates item size allocation.
114	Inspect Cache Settings Option 14	stats settings	Outputs active server configurations.
115	Flush All Cache Items Option 15	flush_all	Invalidates and clears all cached keys.
116	Check Version Option 16	version	Outputs running Memcached version.
117	Quit Session Option 17	quit	Closes interactive socket session.
118	Append Data to Key Option 18	append user:1001 0 300 8 (Admin)	Appends text to existing cache value.
119	Prepend Data to Key Option 19	prepend user:1001 0 300 4 Ms.	Prepends text to existing cache value.
120	Touch Update TTL Option 20	touch user:1001 600	Extends key expiration timer.
121	Get with CAS Token Option 21	gets user:1001	Retrieves key with CAS concurrency token.
122	Check Slab Cached Items Option 22	stats slabs	Inspects slab memory utilization.
123	Check Cached Items Detailed Option 23	stats cachedump 1 100	Lists keys stored in specific slab.
124	Reset Server Stats Option 24	stats reset	Clears operational metric counters.
125	Set Memory Limit (Command Line) Option 25	memcached -m 4096 -p 11211 -u memcached	Starts server with 4GB RAM allocation.
126	Enable Verbose Logging Option 26	memcached -vv	Starts server in verbose diagnostic mode.
127	Run as Daemon Option 27	memcached -d -m 2048 -u memcached	Starts server as background daemon.
128	Bind Specific IP Option 28	memcached -l 10.0.0.5 -p 11211	Binds server to internal network interface.
129	Set Maximum Connections Option 29	memcached -c 2048	Configures client connection limit.
130	Check Running Process Option 30	pgrep memcached	Outputs Memcached process ID.
131	Check CAS Atomic Set Option 31	cas user:1001 0 300 5 123456 Alice	Sets value only if CAS token matches.
132	Set Delayed Flush Option 32	flush_all 10	Schedules cache flush 10 seconds in future.
133	Get Multiple Keys Option 33	get user:1001 user:1002 user:1003	Retrieves multiple cache keys in single request.
134	Get Multiple Keys CAS Option 34	gets user:1001 user:1002 user:1003	Retrieves multiple keys with CAS tokens.
135	Check Stats Concurrency Option 35	stats conns	Inspects current active client connections.
136	Check Stats Sizes Detail Option 36	stats sizes_enable	Enables per-item memory size tracking histogram.
137	Check Stats Sizes Disable Option 37	stats sizes_disable	Disables per-item memory size tracking histogram.
138	Check Stats Slab Reassign Option 38	stats slab_reassign	Monitors manual or auto slab page reassignments.
139	Check Stats LRU Flushed Option 39	stats lru_crawler	Inspects LRU crawler background thread activity.
140	Check Stats LRU Crawler Crawl Option 40	lru_crawler crawl 1	Triggers background LRU crawler on slab class 1.
141	Check Stats LRU Crawler Enable Option 41	lru_crawler enable	Enables background LRU crawler thread.
142	Check Stats LRU Crawler Disable Option 42	lru_crawler disable	Disables background LRU crawler thread.
143	Set Slab Reassign Option 43	slabs reassign 1 2	Moves 1MB memory page from slab 1 to slab 2.
144	Set Slab Automove Option 44	slabs automove 1	Activates automated background slab page rebalancer.
145	Disable Slab Automove Option 45	slabs automove 0	Deactivates background slab page rebalancer.
146	Check Slab Automove Status Option 46	stats slabs	Inspects active slab automove status and page allocations.
147	Set Key Expiration Unix Time Option 47	set session:1 0 1767225600 6 Active	Sets absolute UNIX timestamp expiration.
148	Set Key Flags Option 48	set user:1001 16 300 5 Alice	Stores custom 16-bit application flags with item.
149	Get Key Flags Option 49	get user:1001	Returns stored application flags in response header.
150	Set Binary Protocol Port Option 50	memcached -B binary -p 11211	Enforces binary protocol listening port.
151	Set Text Protocol Port Option 51	memcached -B ascii -p 11211	Enforces ASCII text protocol listening port.
152	Set Auto Protocol Port Option 52	memcached -B auto -p 11211	Auto-negotiates ASCII or binary client protocol.
153	Set Max Item Size Option 53	memcached -I 5m	Increases maximum allowed item payload size to 5MB.
154	Set Thread Count Option 54	memcached -t 8	Configures 8 worker threads for CPU processing.
155	Set UDP Port Option 55	memcached -U 11211	Enables UDP listening port.
156	Disable UDP Port Option 56	memcached -U 0	Disables UDP port to prevent amplification attacks.
157	Set Unix Socket Option 57	memcached -s /var/run/memcached/memcached.sock -a 0766	Binds to Unix domain socket file.
158	Set Memory Slab Factor Option 58	memcached -f 1.25	Sets memory growth factor between slab classes.
159	Set Chunk Minimum Size Option 59	memcached -n 48	Sets minimum space allocated for key+value+flags.
160	Set Memory Page Limit Option 60	memcached -m 8192	Allocates 8GB RAM for memory pool.
161	Set SASL Auth Enable Option 61	memcached -S -Y sasldb	Activates SASL user authentication.
162	Check SASL Status Option 62	stats sasl	Inspects SASL authentication status.
163	Check Process Memory Usage Option 63	ps aux | grep memcached	Pulls RAM usage and RSS memory from OS.
164	Check Socket Status Option 64	ss -tulpn | grep 11211	Inspects active network listening socket.
165	Check Connection Limits Option 65	stats settings | grep maxconns	Inspects max connection limit setting.
166	Check Active Worker Threads Option 66	stats settings | grep num_threads	Inspects configured thread count.
167	Check Eviction Count Option 67	stats | grep evictions	Measures items evicted due to RAM exhaustion.
168	Check Cache Hit Ratio Option 68	stats | grep get_hits	Calculates cache hit/miss ratio metrics.
169	Check Bytes Written Option 69	stats | grep bytes_written	Measures total network egress bytes.
170	Check Bytes Read Option 70	stats | grep bytes_read	Measures total network ingress bytes.
171	Check Current Items Count Option 71	stats | grep curr_items	Displays total active items stored in RAM.
172	Check Total Items Count Option 72	stats | grep total_items	Displays cumulative count of items stored since boot.
173	Check System Uptime Option 73	stats | grep uptime	Displays server uptime in seconds.
174	Check Pointer Size Option 74	stats | grep pointer_size	Outputs 32 or 64-bit architecture pointer size.
175	Check CPU User Time Option 75	stats | grep rusage_user	Measures user-space CPU consumption.
176	Check CPU System Time Option 76	stats | grep rusage_system	Measures kernel-space CPU consumption.
177	Set LRU Maintainer Enable Option 77	memcached -o lru_maintainer	Activates background sub-LRU memory maintainer.
178	Set LRU Crawler Enable Option 78	memcached -o lru_crawler	Activates background LRU crawler service.
179	Set Modern Compact Engine Option 79	memcached -o modern	Enables modern memory allocator defaults.
180	Set Slab Chunk Limit Option 80	memcached -o slab_chunk_max=524288	Configures max chunk size.
181	Set Extstore S3 Flash Storage Option 81	memcached -o ext_path=/tmp/extstore:10G	Configures SSD/flash memory extension for cold items.
182	Check Extstore Stats Option 82	stats extstore	Inspects flash storage hit/miss metrics.
183	Set Maxconns Fast Option 83	memcached -o maxconns_fast	Immediately drops new connections when maxconns reached.
184	Set Hash Algorithm Option 84	memcached -o hash_ algorithm=murmur3	Sets Murmur3 hash function for key distribution.
185	Check Help CLI Option 85	memcached -h	Outputs command line parameter documentation.
186	Check Telnet Socket Ping Option 86	version	Simple socket ping test returning version string.
187	Check Service Status Systemd Option 87	sudo systemctl status memcached	Inspects systemd daemon health.
188	Restart Service Systemd Option 88	sudo systemctl restart memcached	Restarts Memcached daemon.
189	Check Diagnostic Port Telnet Option 89	telnet 127.0.0.1 11211	Opens direct TCP connection to Memcached.
190	Verify Process Signal Quit Option 90	kill -15 $(pgrep memcached)	Sends graceful termination signal to daemon.
191	Check Diagnostic Memory Info Option 91	stats	Outputs raw key-value stats lines.
192	Check Socket Timeout Option 92	stats settings | grep timeout	Inspects socket read/write timeout.
193	Check Worker Thread Count Option 93	stats settings | grep num_threads	Inspects worker thread pool count.
194	Check Max Item Size Limit Option 94	stats settings | grep item_size_max	Inspects max single item payload limit.
195	Check Verbose Mode Option 95	stats settings | grep verbose	Inspects active verbosity log level.
196	Check Max Connections Setting Option 96	stats settings | grep maxconns	Inspects client connection limit.
197	Check Growth Factor Setting Option 97	stats settings | grep factor	Inspects memory slab growth factor.
198	Check Chunk Size Setting Option 98	stats settings | grep chunk_size	Inspects minimum memory chunk size.
199	Check CAS Enabled Setting Option 99	stats settings | grep cas_enabled	Inspects if CAS atomic operations are enabled.
200	Verify Memcached Connection Option 100	version	Simple version ping test.

Apache Flink Stream

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache Flink is an open-source framework and distributed processing engine for stateful computations over unbounded and bounded data streams. It features event-time processing, low-latency streaming, exactly-once state consistency using Chandy-Lamport lightweight asynchronous checkpoints, and RocksDB state backends.

Primary Use Cases: Real-time event-driven applications, continuous ETL data pipelines, real-time analytics dashboards, and complex event processing (CEP) fraud detection.

Core Components: JobManager (Master Master/Coordinator), TaskManager (Worker Execution Slots), RocksDB State Backend, Flink Web UI, and Flink CLI / REST API.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache Flink.

#	Operation / Action	Flink CLI / REST Syntax	Description
1	Start Cluster	./bin/start-cluster.sh	Boots Flink JobManager and TaskManagers.
2	Stop Cluster	./bin/stop-cluster.sh	Stops Flink cluster daemons.
3	Submit Job (JAR)	./bin/flink run -c com.org.StreamingJob analytics-job.jar	Deploys streaming pipeline job.
4	List Running Jobs	./bin/flink list -r	Outputs active streaming jobs.
5	List Completed Jobs	./bin/flink list -a	Outputs historical finished jobs.
6	Cancel Job (Savepoint)	./bin/flink cancel --savepointPath s3://bucket/savepoints/ 123456789	Stops job and takes final savepoint.
7	Trigger Savepoint	./bin/flink savepoint 123456789 s3://bucket/savepoints/	Takes incremental state savepoint.
8	Resume from Savepoint	./bin/flink run -s s3://bucket/savepoints/savepoint-xyz -c com.org.StreamingJob analytics-job.jar	Restores pipeline from savepoint state.
9	Check Cluster Overview	curl http://localhost:8081/overview	Inspects JobManager slot telemetry.
10	Get Job Details	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789	Inspects streaming job execution graph.
11	Get Job Metrics	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/metrics	Pulls throughput and latency metrics.
12	Open SQL Client	./bin/sql-client.sh	Launches interactive Flink SQL shell.
13	Create Kafka Table (SQL)	CREATE TABLE kafka_users (id INT, name STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'kafka', 'topic' = 'users', 'properties.bootstrap.servers' = 'localhost:9092');	Provisions Kafka streaming source table.
14	Create Iceberg Sink (SQL)	CREATE TABLE iceberg_users (id INT, name STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'iceberg', 'catalog-name' = 'spark_catalog');	Provisions Iceberg data lakehouse sink.
15	Insert Stream Pipeline (SQL)	INSERT INTO iceberg_users SELECT * FROM kafka_users WHERE id > 0;	Provisions real-time streaming ETL pipeline.
16	Explain SQL Query	EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT * FROM kafka_users;	Evaluates streaming execution plan.
17	List SQL Tables	SHOW TABLES;	Outputs all active Flink SQL tables.
18	Describe SQL Table	DESCRIBE kafka_users;	Inspects streaming table schema.
19	Create Kafka Catalog	CREATE CATALOG kafka_catalog WITH ('type' = 'kafka');	Provisions Kafka streaming catalog.
20	Set Configuration Property	SET 'execution.checkpointing.interval' = '10s';	Configures state checkpoint frequency.
21	Get TaskManager Logs	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}/log	Pulls worker node error logs.
22	Get JobManager Logs	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/log	Pulls cluster master error logs.
23	Get TaskManager Details	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}	Inspects worker CPU, slots, and memory.
24	Modify TaskManager Slots	taskmanager.numberOfTaskSlots: 8	Configures parallel worker slot capacity.
25	Submit PyFlink Job	./bin/flink run -py job.py	Deploys Python streaming data pipeline.
26	Check Checkpoints Status	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/checkpoints	Inspects state checkpoint persistence.
27	Get Job Exceptions	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/exceptions	Pulls streaming pipeline stack traces.
28	Modify Parallelism	parallelism.default: 16	Configures global job parallelism.
29	Rescale Job State	./bin/flink modify 123456789 -p 32	Rescales running pipeline parallelism.
30	Check Flink Version	./bin/flink --version	Outputs running Flink software version.
31	Submit Job Detached Mode	./bin/flink run -d -c com.org.StreamingJob analytics-job.jar	Submits streaming job in non-blocking background mode.
32	Stop Job Gracefully	./bin/flink stop --savepointPath s3://bucket/savepoints/ 123456789	Stops job gracefully with final savepoint.
33	Dispose Savepoint	./bin/flink savepoint -d s3://bucket/savepoints/savepoint-xyz	Deletes unneeded savepoint directory.
34	Trigger Triggered Checkpoint	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/checkpoints	Triggers manual asynchronous checkpoint.
35	Get Job Plan Graph	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/plan	Pulls JSON execution graph nodes and edges.
36	Get Job Config	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/config	Inspects execution config for running job.
37	Get TaskManagers List	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers	Lists all connected TaskManager worker nodes.
38	Get JobManager Config	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/config	Inspects active JobManager configuration.
39	Get JobManager Metrics	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/metrics	Pulls JVM memory and GC metrics for JobManager.
40	Get Jar List	curl http://localhost:8081/jars	Lists uploaded JAR files in JobManager storage.
41	Upload Jar File	curl -X POST -H 'Expect:' -F 'jarfile=@job.jar' http://localhost:8081/jars/upload	Uploads job JAR file via REST API.
42	Delete Uploaded Jar	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/jars/{jarId}	Removes uploaded JAR file from JobManager.
43	Run Jar via REST API	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/jars/{jarId}/run	Triggers job execution via REST API.
44	Set Checkpoint Mode Exactly Once	SET 'execution.checkpointing.mode' = 'EXACTLY_ONCE';	Enforces exactly-once processing guarantees.
45	Set Checkpoint Mode At Least Once	SET 'execution.checkpointing.mode' = 'AT_LEAST_ONCE';	Enforces at-least-once processing guarantees.
46	Set Checkpoint Timeout	SET 'execution.checkpointing.timeout' = '10min';	Caps checkpoint duration timeout.
47	Set Min Pause Between Checkpoints	SET 'execution.checkpointing.min-pause' = '5s';	Enforces 5-second minimum gap between checkpoints.
48	Set Max Concurrent Checkpoints	SET 'execution.checkpointing.max-concurrent-checkpoints' = '1';	Limits concurrent active checkpoints to 1.
49	Set State Backend RocksDB	SET 'state.backend' = 'rocksdb';	Enables RocksDB incremental state storage for large state.
50	Set State Backend HashMap	SET 'state.backend' = 'hashmap';	Enables in-memory heap state storage for high speed.
51	Set RocksDB Checkpoint Dir	SET 'state.checkpoints.dir' = 's3://bucket/checkpoints/';	Sets S3 path for state checkpoint storage.
52	Set Savepoint Dir	SET 'state.savepoints.dir' = 's3://bucket/savepoints/';	Sets default S3 path for savepoints.
53	Set Incremental Checkpoints	SET 'state.backend.incremental' = 'true';	Enables incremental RocksDB checkpoints.
54	Create Upsert Kafka Table	CREATE TABLE upsert_kafka (id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT ENFORCED, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'upsert-kafka', 'topic' = 'user-updates', 'properties.bootstrap.servers' = 'localhost:9092', 'key.format' = 'json', 'value.format' = 'json');	Provisions upsert Kafka table.
55	Create JDBC Sink Table	CREATE TABLE jdbc_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'jdbc', 'url' = 'jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/db', 'table-name' = 'users', 'username' = 'pg', 'password' = 'pass');	Provisions JDBC relational sink.
56	Create Elasticsearch Sink Table	CREATE TABLE es_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'elasticsearch-7', 'hosts' = 'http://localhost:9200', 'index' = 'users');	Provisions Elasticsearch search sink.
57	Create File System Sink Table	CREATE TABLE fs_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'filesystem', 'path' = 's3://bucket/data/', 'format' = 'parquet');	Provisions filesystem Parquet sink.
58	Create Print Sink Table	CREATE TABLE print_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'print');	Provisions stdout debug print sink.
59	Create Datagen Source Table	CREATE TABLE datagen_source (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'datagen', 'rows-per-second' = '100');	Provisions synthetic test stream generator.
60	Create Blackhole Sink Table	CREATE TABLE blackhole_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'blackhole');	Provisions discard sink for performance benchmarks.
61	Create Temporal Watermark Table	CREATE TABLE events (user_id INT, ts TIMESTAMP(3), WATERMARK FOR ts AS ts - INTERVAL '5' SECOND) WITH ('connector' = 'kafka', 'topic' = 'events', 'properties.bootstrap.servers' = 'localhost:9092', 'format' = 'json');	Provisions event-time watermark stream.
62	Tumble Window Query (SQL)	SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(TUMBLE(TABLE events, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '1' MINUTE)) GROUP BY user_id, window_start, window_end;	Executes 1-minute tumbling window aggregation.
63	Hop Window Query (SQL)	SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(HOP(TABLE events, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '10' SECOND, INTERVAL '1' MINUTE)) GROUP BY user_id, window_start, window_end;	Executes sliding/hopping window aggregation.
64	Cumulate Window Query (SQL)	SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(CUMULATE(TABLE events, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '1' MINUTE, INTERVAL '1' DAY)) GROUP BY user_id, window_start, window_end;	Executes cumulative daily window aggregation.
65	Lookup Join Query (SQL)	SELECT e.user_id, u.name FROM events e JOIN users FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF e.ts AS u ON e.user_id = u.id;	Executes temporal join against lookup table.
66	Interval Join Query (SQL)	SELECT o.order_id, p.payment_id FROM orders o, payments p WHERE o.order_id = p.order_id AND p.pay_time BETWEEN o.order_time AND o.order_time + INTERVAL '4' HOUR;	Executes interval bounded stream join.
67	Match Recognize CEP Query (SQL)	SELECT * FROM events MATCH_RECOGNIZE (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY ts MEASURES A.id AS start_id ONE ROW PER MATCH PATTERN (A B+) DEFINE B AS B.val > A.val);	Executes Complex Event Processing pattern matching.
68	Show Catalogs	SHOW CATALOGS;	Lists all registered Flink SQL catalogs.
69	Show Current Catalog	SHOW CURRENT CATALOG;	Outputs active catalog name.
70	Use Catalog	USE CATALOG kafka_catalog;	Switches active catalog context.
71	Show Current Database	SHOW CURRENT DATABASE;	Outputs active database schema name.
72	Use Database	USE default;	Switches active database schema context.
73	Create Function UDF (SQL)	CREATE FUNCTION add_tax AS 'com.org.AddTaxUDF';	Provisions persistent scalar UDF.
74	Drop Function UDF (SQL)	DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS add_tax;	Deletes scalar UDF.
75	Show Functions	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all built-in and user-defined functions.
76	Set Table Result Mode Table	SET 'sql-client.execution.result-mode' = 'table';	Formats SQL client CLI output as interactive table.
77	Set Table Result Mode Changelog	SET 'sql-client.execution.result-mode' = 'changelog';	Formats SQL client CLI output as stream changelog.
78	Set Table Result Mode Tableau	SET 'sql-client.execution.result-mode' = 'tableau';	Formats SQL client CLI output as static text table.
79	Execute Statement Set	EXECUTE STATEMENT SET BEGIN INSERT INTO sink1 SELECT * FROM source; INSERT INTO sink2 SELECT * FROM source; END;	Executes multi-sink pipeline in single job.
80	Check Flame Graph	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/flamegraph	Pulls CPU/memory flamegraph for operator vertex.
81	Check Subtasks Metrics	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/subtasks/metrics	Pulls subtask parallel execution metrics.
82	Check TaskManager Thread Dump	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}/thread-dump	Pulls thread dump stack traces from worker node.
83	Check TaskManager Metrics	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}/metrics	Pulls JVM heap and direct memory metrics from worker.
84	Check Job Backpressure Status	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/backpressure	Inspects buffer pool backpressure state across operators.
85	Check Watermark Lag	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/metrics?get=currentOutputWatermark	Pulls event-time watermark progression lag.
86	Check Job Accumulators	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/accumulators	Inspects user-defined counter accumulators.
87	Check Cluster Task Slots Summary	curl http://localhost:8081/overview | grep slots-total	Displays total and available task slots.
88	Check Job State Size	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/checkpoints/summary	Displays total state size in bytes across checkpoints.
89	Rescale Parallelism CLI	./bin/flink modify 123456789 -p 64	Rescales running streaming job to 64 parallel threads.
90	Rescale Parallelism Savepoint CLI	./bin/flink cancel -s s3://bucket/sp/ 123456789 && ./bin/flink run -p 64 -s s3://bucket/sp/savepoint-xyz -c com.org.Job job.jar	Rescales pipeline via savepoint restart.
91	Cancel Job Force CLI	./bin/flink cancel 123456789	Cancels streaming job without savepoint.
92	Check YARN Application Status	yarn application -status app_1234_5678	Inspects Flink on YARN deployment status.
93	Kill YARN Application	yarn application -kill app_1234_5678	Terminates Flink YARN cluster application.
94	Check Kubernetes Deployment Status	kubectl get deployments -l app=flink	Inspects Flink Native Kubernetes deployment state.
95	Check Kubernetes Pod Logs	kubectl logs -l app=flink,component=taskmanager	Pulls TaskManager pod logs from K8s.
96	Scale Kubernetes TaskManagers	kubectl scale deployment/flink-taskmanager --replicas=8	Scales K8s TaskManager pod count.
97	Check Standalone Cluster Status	./bin/config.sh	Inspects configured JobManager and TaskManager IPs.
98	Check Flink REST Version	curl http://localhost:8081/version	Outputs Flink REST API version string.
99	Check Flink Build Commit	curl http://localhost:8081/config | grep flink-version	Outputs exact build version and git commit hash.
100	Check JobManager Memory Pool HTTP	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/metrics?get=app.num-registered-job-managers	Inspects JobManager cluster coordination metrics.
101	Start Cluster Option 1	./bin/start-cluster.sh	Boots Flink JobManager and TaskManagers.
102	Stop Cluster Option 2	./bin/stop-cluster.sh	Stops Flink cluster daemons.
103	Submit Job (JAR) Option 3	./bin/flink run -c com.org.StreamingJob analytics-job.jar	Deploys streaming pipeline job.
104	List Running Jobs Option 4	./bin/flink list -r	Outputs active streaming jobs.
105	List Completed Jobs Option 5	./bin/flink list -a	Outputs historical finished jobs.
106	Cancel Job (Savepoint) Option 6	./bin/flink cancel --savepointPath s3://bucket/savepoints/ 123456789	Stops job and takes final savepoint.
107	Trigger Savepoint Option 7	./bin/flink savepoint 123456789 s3://bucket/savepoints/	Takes incremental state savepoint.
108	Resume from Savepoint Option 8	./bin/flink run -s s3://bucket/savepoints/savepoint-xyz -c com.org.StreamingJob analytics-job.jar	Restores pipeline from savepoint state.
109	Check Cluster Overview Option 9	curl http://localhost:8081/overview	Inspects JobManager slot telemetry.
110	Get Job Details Option 10	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789	Inspects streaming job execution graph.
111	Get Job Metrics Option 11	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/metrics	Pulls throughput and latency metrics.
112	Open SQL Client Option 12	./bin/sql-client.sh	Launches interactive Flink SQL shell.
113	Create Kafka Table (SQL) Option 13	CREATE TABLE kafka_users (id INT, name STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'kafka', 'topic' = 'users', 'properties.bootstrap.servers' = 'localhost:9092');	Provisions Kafka streaming source table.
114	Create Iceberg Sink (SQL) Option 14	CREATE TABLE iceberg_users (id INT, name STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'iceberg', 'catalog-name' = 'spark_catalog');	Provisions Iceberg data lakehouse sink.
115	Insert Stream Pipeline (SQL) Option 15	INSERT INTO iceberg_users SELECT * FROM kafka_users WHERE id > 0;	Provisions real-time streaming ETL pipeline.
116	Explain SQL Query Option 16	EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT * FROM kafka_users;	Evaluates streaming execution plan.
117	List SQL Tables Option 17	SHOW TABLES;	Outputs all active Flink SQL tables.
118	Describe SQL Table Option 18	DESCRIBE kafka_users;	Inspects streaming table schema.
119	Create Kafka Catalog Option 19	CREATE CATALOG kafka_catalog WITH ('type' = 'kafka');	Provisions Kafka streaming catalog.
120	Set Configuration Property Option 20	SET 'execution.checkpointing.interval' = '10s';	Configures state checkpoint frequency.
121	Get TaskManager Logs Option 21	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}/log	Pulls worker node error logs.
122	Get JobManager Logs Option 22	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/log	Pulls cluster master error logs.
123	Get TaskManager Details Option 23	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}	Inspects worker CPU, slots, and memory.
124	Modify TaskManager Slots Option 24	taskmanager.numberOfTaskSlots: 8	Configures parallel worker slot capacity.
125	Submit PyFlink Job Option 25	./bin/flink run -py job.py	Deploys Python streaming data pipeline.
126	Check Checkpoints Status Option 26	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/checkpoints	Inspects state checkpoint persistence.
127	Get Job Exceptions Option 27	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/exceptions	Pulls streaming pipeline stack traces.
128	Modify Parallelism Option 28	parallelism.default: 16	Configures global job parallelism.
129	Rescale Job State Option 29	./bin/flink modify 123456789 -p 32	Rescales running pipeline parallelism.
130	Check Flink Version Option 30	./bin/flink --version	Outputs running Flink software version.
131	Submit Job Detached Mode Option 31	./bin/flink run -d -c com.org.StreamingJob analytics-job.jar	Submits streaming job in non-blocking background mode.
132	Stop Job Gracefully Option 32	./bin/flink stop --savepointPath s3://bucket/savepoints/ 123456789	Stops job gracefully with final savepoint.
133	Dispose Savepoint Option 33	./bin/flink savepoint -d s3://bucket/savepoints/savepoint-xyz	Deletes unneeded savepoint directory.
134	Trigger Triggered Checkpoint Option 34	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/checkpoints	Triggers manual asynchronous checkpoint.
135	Get Job Plan Graph Option 35	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/plan	Pulls JSON execution graph nodes and edges.
136	Get Job Config Option 36	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/config	Inspects execution config for running job.
137	Get TaskManagers List Option 37	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers	Lists all connected TaskManager worker nodes.
138	Get JobManager Config Option 38	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/config	Inspects active JobManager configuration.
139	Get JobManager Metrics Option 39	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/metrics	Pulls JVM memory and GC metrics for JobManager.
140	Get Jar List Option 40	curl http://localhost:8081/jars	Lists uploaded JAR files in JobManager storage.
141	Upload Jar File Option 41	curl -X POST -H 'Expect:' -F 'jarfile=@job.jar' http://localhost:8081/jars/upload	Uploads job JAR file via REST API.
142	Delete Uploaded Jar Option 42	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8081/jars/{jarId}	Removes uploaded JAR file from JobManager.
143	Run Jar via REST API Option 43	curl -X POST http://localhost:8081/jars/{jarId}/run	Triggers job execution via REST API.
144	Set Checkpoint Mode Exactly Once Option 44	SET 'execution.checkpointing.mode' = 'EXACTLY_ONCE';	Enforces exactly-once processing guarantees.
145	Set Checkpoint Mode At Least Once Option 45	SET 'execution.checkpointing.mode' = 'AT_LEAST_ONCE';	Enforces at-least-once processing guarantees.
146	Set Checkpoint Timeout Option 46	SET 'execution.checkpointing.timeout' = '10min';	Caps checkpoint duration timeout.
147	Set Min Pause Between Checkpoints Option 47	SET 'execution.checkpointing.min-pause' = '5s';	Enforces 5-second minimum gap between checkpoints.
148	Set Max Concurrent Checkpoints Option 48	SET 'execution.checkpointing.max-concurrent-checkpoints' = '1';	Limits concurrent active checkpoints to 1.
149	Set State Backend RocksDB Option 49	SET 'state.backend' = 'rocksdb';	Enables RocksDB incremental state storage for large state.
150	Set State Backend HashMap Option 50	SET 'state.backend' = 'hashmap';	Enables in-memory heap state storage for high speed.
151	Set RocksDB Checkpoint Dir Option 51	SET 'state.checkpoints.dir' = 's3://bucket/checkpoints/';	Sets S3 path for state checkpoint storage.
152	Set Savepoint Dir Option 52	SET 'state.savepoints.dir' = 's3://bucket/savepoints/';	Sets default S3 path for savepoints.
153	Set Incremental Checkpoints Option 53	SET 'state.backend.incremental' = 'true';	Enables incremental RocksDB checkpoints.
154	Create Upsert Kafka Table Option 54	CREATE TABLE upsert_kafka (id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT ENFORCED, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'upsert-kafka', 'topic' = 'user-updates', 'properties.bootstrap.servers' = 'localhost:9092', 'key.format' = 'json', 'value.format' = 'json');	Provisions upsert Kafka table.
155	Create JDBC Sink Table Option 55	CREATE TABLE jdbc_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'jdbc', 'url' = 'jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/db', 'table-name' = 'users', 'username' = 'pg', 'password' = 'pass');	Provisions JDBC relational sink.
156	Create Elasticsearch Sink Table Option 56	CREATE TABLE es_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'elasticsearch-7', 'hosts' = 'http://localhost:9200', 'index' = 'users');	Provisions Elasticsearch search sink.
157	Create File System Sink Table Option 57	CREATE TABLE fs_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'filesystem', 'path' = 's3://bucket/data/', 'format' = 'parquet');	Provisions filesystem Parquet sink.
158	Create Print Sink Table Option 58	CREATE TABLE print_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'print');	Provisions stdout debug print sink.
159	Create Datagen Source Table Option 59	CREATE TABLE datagen_source (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'datagen', 'rows-per-second' = '100');	Provisions synthetic test stream generator.
160	Create Blackhole Sink Table Option 60	CREATE TABLE blackhole_sink (id INT, val STRING) WITH ('connector' = 'blackhole');	Provisions discard sink for performance benchmarks.
161	Create Temporal Watermark Table Option 61	CREATE TABLE events (user_id INT, ts TIMESTAMP(3), WATERMARK FOR ts AS ts - INTERVAL '5' SECOND) WITH ('connector' = 'kafka', 'topic' = 'events', 'properties.bootstrap.servers' = 'localhost:9092', 'format' = 'json');	Provisions event-time watermark stream.
162	Tumble Window Query (SQL) Option 62	SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(TUMBLE(TABLE events, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '1' MINUTE)) GROUP BY user_id, window_start, window_end;	Executes 1-minute tumbling window aggregation.
163	Hop Window Query (SQL) Option 63	SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(HOP(TABLE events, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '10' SECOND, INTERVAL '1' MINUTE)) GROUP BY user_id, window_start, window_end;	Executes sliding/hopping window aggregation.
164	Cumulate Window Query (SQL) Option 64	SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(CUMULATE(TABLE events, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '1' MINUTE, INTERVAL '1' DAY)) GROUP BY user_id, window_start, window_end;	Executes cumulative daily window aggregation.
165	Lookup Join Query (SQL) Option 65	SELECT e.user_id, u.name FROM events e JOIN users FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF e.ts AS u ON e.user_id = u.id;	Executes temporal join against lookup table.
166	Interval Join Query (SQL) Option 66	SELECT o.order_id, p.payment_id FROM orders o, payments p WHERE o.order_id = p.order_id AND p.pay_time BETWEEN o.order_time AND o.order_time + INTERVAL '4' HOUR;	Executes interval bounded stream join.
167	Match Recognize CEP Query (SQL) Option 67	SELECT * FROM events MATCH_RECOGNIZE (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY ts MEASURES A.id AS start_id ONE ROW PER MATCH PATTERN (A B+) DEFINE B AS B.val > A.val);	Executes Complex Event Processing pattern matching.
168	Show Catalogs Option 68	SHOW CATALOGS;	Lists all registered Flink SQL catalogs.
169	Show Current Catalog Option 69	SHOW CURRENT CATALOG;	Outputs active catalog name.
170	Use Catalog Option 70	USE CATALOG kafka_catalog;	Switches active catalog context.
171	Show Current Database Option 71	SHOW CURRENT DATABASE;	Outputs active database schema name.
172	Use Database Option 72	USE default;	Switches active database schema context.
173	Create Function UDF (SQL) Option 73	CREATE FUNCTION add_tax AS 'com.org.AddTaxUDF';	Provisions persistent scalar UDF.
174	Drop Function UDF (SQL) Option 74	DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS add_tax;	Deletes scalar UDF.
175	Show Functions Option 75	SHOW FUNCTIONS;	Lists all built-in and user-defined functions.
176	Set Table Result Mode Table Option 76	SET 'sql-client.execution.result-mode' = 'table';	Formats SQL client CLI output as interactive table.
177	Set Table Result Mode Changelog Option 77	SET 'sql-client.execution.result-mode' = 'changelog';	Formats SQL client CLI output as stream changelog.
178	Set Table Result Mode Tableau Option 78	SET 'sql-client.execution.result-mode' = 'tableau';	Formats SQL client CLI output as static text table.
179	Execute Statement Set Option 79	EXECUTE STATEMENT SET BEGIN INSERT INTO sink1 SELECT * FROM source; INSERT INTO sink2 SELECT * FROM source; END;	Executes multi-sink pipeline in single job.
180	Check Flame Graph Option 80	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/flamegraph	Pulls CPU/memory flamegraph for operator vertex.
181	Check Subtasks Metrics Option 81	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/subtasks/metrics	Pulls subtask parallel execution metrics.
182	Check TaskManager Thread Dump Option 82	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}/thread-dump	Pulls thread dump stack traces from worker node.
183	Check TaskManager Metrics Option 83	curl http://localhost:8081/taskmanagers/{tmId}/metrics	Pulls JVM heap and direct memory metrics from worker.
184	Check Job Backpressure Status Option 84	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/backpressure	Inspects buffer pool backpressure state across operators.
185	Check Watermark Lag Option 85	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/vertices/{vertexId}/metrics?get=currentOutputWatermark	Pulls event-time watermark progression lag.
186	Check Job Accumulators Option 86	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/accumulators	Inspects user-defined counter accumulators.
187	Check Cluster Task Slots Summary Option 87	curl http://localhost:8081/overview | grep slots-total	Displays total and available task slots.
188	Check Job State Size Option 88	curl http://localhost:8081/jobs/123456789/checkpoints/summary	Displays total state size in bytes across checkpoints.
189	Rescale Parallelism CLI Option 89	./bin/flink modify 123456789 -p 64	Rescales running streaming job to 64 parallel threads.
190	Rescale Parallelism Savepoint CLI Option 90	./bin/flink cancel -s s3://bucket/sp/ 123456789 && ./bin/flink run -p 64 -s s3://bucket/sp/savepoint-xyz -c com.org.Job job.jar	Rescales pipeline via savepoint restart.
191	Cancel Job Force CLI Option 91	./bin/flink cancel 123456789	Cancels streaming job without savepoint.
192	Check YARN Application Status Option 92	yarn application -status app_1234_5678	Inspects Flink on YARN deployment status.
193	Kill YARN Application Option 93	yarn application -kill app_1234_5678	Terminates Flink YARN cluster application.
194	Check Kubernetes Deployment Status Option 94	kubectl get deployments -l app=flink	Inspects Flink Native Kubernetes deployment state.
195	Check Kubernetes Pod Logs Option 95	kubectl logs -l app=flink,component=taskmanager	Pulls TaskManager pod logs from K8s.
196	Scale Kubernetes TaskManagers Option 96	kubectl scale deployment/flink-taskmanager --replicas=8	Scales K8s TaskManager pod count.
197	Check Standalone Cluster Status Option 97	./bin/config.sh	Inspects configured JobManager and TaskManager IPs.
198	Check Flink REST Version Option 98	curl http://localhost:8081/version	Outputs Flink REST API version string.
199	Check Flink Build Commit Option 99	curl http://localhost:8081/config | grep flink-version	Outputs exact build version and git commit hash.
200	Check JobManager Memory Pool HTTP Option 100	curl http://localhost:8081/jobmanager/metrics?get=app.num-registered-job-managers	Inspects JobManager cluster coordination metrics.

Apache Kafka Events Stream

Technical Architecture & Overview

Apache Kafka Events is a distributed event streaming platform capable of handling trillions of events per day. It operates an append-only commit log architecture organized into partitioned topics, replicated across brokers with KRaft (Kafka Raft) metadata consensus, providing high-throughput sequential disk I/O and zero-copy network transfers.

Primary Use Cases: Enterprise event-driven microservices, CDC pipeline backbones, real-time metrics streaming, log aggregation, and stream processing with Kafka Streams.

Core Components: Kafka Brokers, KRaft Controller Quorum, Partition Replicas (ISR), Producer / Consumer Groups, Schema Registry, and Kafka Connect.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Apache Kafka Events.

#	Operation / Action	Kafka CLI Syntax	Description
1	Start ZooKeeper	bin/zookeeper-server-start.sh config/zookeeper.properties	Boots ZooKeeper coordination service.
2	Start Kafka Broker	bin/kafka-server-start.sh config/server.properties	Boots Kafka broker daemon.
3	Create Topic	bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --topic telemetry --partitions 6 --replication-factor 3 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Provisions fault-tolerant event stream.
4	Delete Topic	bin/kafka-topics.sh --delete --topic telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Removes event stream topic.
5	List Topics	bin/kafka-topics.sh --list --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Outputs all active event topics.
6	Describe Topic	bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --topic telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects partitions and replica assignments.
7	Alter Topic Partitions	bin/kafka-topics.sh --alter --topic telemetry --partitions 12 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Increases topic partition count.
8	Produce Messages (Console)	bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --topic telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Publishes manual events into stream.
9	Consume Messages (From Beginning)	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --from-beginning --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Streams all historical event payloads.
10	List Consumer Groups	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --list --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Outputs active consumer groups.
11	Describe Consumer Group	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --describe --group analytics-grp --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects consumer lag and partition offsets.
12	Reset Consumer Group Offsets	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --topic telemetry --to-earliest --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Resets consumer read offsets.
13	Delete Consumer Group	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --delete --group analytics-grp --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Removes inactive consumer group.
14	Alter Topic Configuration	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config retention.ms=86400000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Modifies event retention policy.
15	Describe Topic Configuration	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --describe --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects event configuration settings.
16	List Broker Cluster IDs	bin/kafka-broker-api-versions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects broker API version capabilities.
17	Check Log Cleaner Status	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.LogCleanerTool ...	Inspects compacted log storage efficiency.
18	Reassign Partitions	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --generate --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json --broker-list "1,2,3" --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Generates partition redistribution plan.
19	Execute Partition Reassignment	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --execute --reassignment-json-file plan.json --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Executes partition data migration.
20	Verify Partition Reassignment	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --verify --reassignment-json-file plan.json --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Validates partition migration progress.
21	Produce Performance Test	bin/kafka-producer-perf-test.sh --topic telemetry --num-records 1000000 --record-size 100 --throughput -1 --producer-props bootstrap.servers=localhost:9092	Benchmarks broker write throughput.
22	Consume Performance Test	bin/kafka-consumer-perf-test.sh --topic telemetry --messages 1000000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Benchmarks broker read throughput.
23	Dump Log Segments	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.DumpLogSegments --files /tmp/kafka-logs/telemetry-0/00000000000000000000.log --print-data-log	Inspects binary log files on disk.
24	Export ZooKeeper Metadata	bin/zookeeper-shell.sh localhost:2181 ls /brokers/ids	Inspects ZooKeeper registry paths.
25	Create ACL Permission	bin/kafka-acls.sh --authorizer-properties zookeeper.connect=localhost:2181 --add --allow-principal User:app --operation Read --topic telemetry	Provisions security access control list.
26	List ACL Permissions	bin/kafka-acls.sh --authorizer-properties zookeeper.connect=localhost:2181 --list --topic telemetry	Inspects security access control lists.
27	Delete ACL Permission	bin/kafka-acls.sh --authorizer-properties zookeeper.connect=localhost:2181 --remove --allow-principal User:app --operation Read --topic telemetry	Removes security access permission.
28	Check Under-Replicated Partitions	bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --under-replicated-partitions --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Identifies degraded replication streams.
29	Check Unavailable Partitions	bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --unavailable-partitions --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Identifies offline event partitions.
30	Stop Kafka Broker	bin/kafka-server-stop.sh	Stops Kafka broker daemon safely.
31	Start KRaft Controller (No ZooKeeper)	bin/kafka-storage.sh format -t cluster_id_xyz -c config/kraft/server.properties && bin/kafka-server-start.sh config/kraft/server.properties	Boots Kafka in modern ZooKeeper-less KRaft mode.
32	Generate Cluster ID for KRaft	bin/kafka-storage.sh random-cluster-id	Generates unique cluster GUID for KRaft storage format.
33	Check KRaft Metadata Cluster Status	bin/kafka-metadata-shell.sh --snapshot /tmp/kraft-combined-logs/__cluster_metadata-0/00000000000000000000.log	Inspects internal KRaft quorum metadata snapshot.
34	Check KRaft Quorum Status	bin/kafka-metadata-quorum.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 describe --status	Inspects active KRaft voter controller nodes and lag.
35	Check KRaft Quorum Replication	bin/kafka-metadata-quorum.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 describe --replication	Inspects metadata log offset positions across KRaft controllers.
36	Produce Console with Key	bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --topic telemetry --property "parse.key=true" --property "key.separator=:" --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Publishes key-value events into stream.
37	Consume Console with Key/Formatter	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --property print.key=true --property print.timestamp=true --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Displays timestamp, key, and payload.
38	Consume Console Specific Partition	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --partition 0 --offset 1050 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Reads events from specific partition and offset.
39	Consume Console Max Messages	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --max-messages 10 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Reads 10 messages and exits.
40	Reset Consumer Group Offsets Shift	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --topic telemetry --shift-by -100 --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Rewinds consumer offset by 100 messages.
41	Reset Consumer Group Offsets Date	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --topic telemetry --to-datetime 2026-07-29T00:00:00.000 --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Rewinds consumer offset to target timestamp.
42	Delete Broker Config Override	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 1 --alter --delete-config log.cleaner.threads --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Removes broker config override.
43	Alter Broker Dynamic Config	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 1 --alter --add-config num.io.threads=16 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Updates broker thread pool config dynamically.
44	Describe Broker Dynamic Config	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 1 --describe --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects dynamic config overrides on broker.
45	Elect Preferred Partition Leader	bin/kafka-leader-election.sh --election-type PREFERRED --all-topic-partitions --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Triggers preferred leader election across partitions.
46	Elect Unclean Partition Leader	bin/kafka-leader-election.sh --election-type UNCLEAN --topic telemetry --partition 0 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Forces unclean leader election for emergency recovery.
47	Check Log Segment Offset Index	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.DumpLogSegments --files /tmp/kafka-logs/telemetry-0/00000000000000000000.index --verify-index-only	Verifies offset index file integrity.
48	Check Time Index File	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.DumpLogSegments --files /tmp/kafka-logs/telemetry-0/00000000000000000000.timeindex	Inspects time-based index file.
49	Start Kafka Connect Distributed	bin/connect-distributed.sh config/connect-distributed.properties	Boots Kafka Connect cluster daemon.
50	List Kafka Connect Connectors	curl http://localhost:8083/connectors	Lists active source and sink connectors.
51	Create Kafka Connect Connector	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"s3-sink","config":{"connector.class":"io.confluent.connect.s3.S3SinkConnector","tasks.max":"2","topics":"telemetry","s3.bucket.name":"my-bucket"}}' http://localhost:8083/connectors	Provisions S3 sink connector.
52	Get Connector Status	curl http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/status	Inspects connector and task health.
53	Restart Connector Task	curl -X POST http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/tasks/0/restart	Restarts failed connector task.
54	Pause Connector	curl -X PUT http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/pause	Pauses data extraction on connector.
55	Resume Connector	curl -X PUT http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/resume	Resumes data extraction on connector.
56	Delete Connector	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink	Deletes Kafka Connect connector.
57	List Connector Plugins	curl http://localhost:8083/connector-plugins	Lists installed connector classes.
58	Start Schema Registry	bin/schema-registry-start config/schema-registry.properties	Boots Confluent Schema Registry.
59	List Schema Registry Subjects	curl http://localhost:8081/subjects	Lists registered Avro/Protobuf schema subjects.
60	Get Schema Version	curl http://localhost:8081/subjects/telemetry-value/versions/latest	Fetches latest registered Avro schema definition.
61	Register Avro Schema	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/vnd.schemaregistry.v1+json' -d '{"schema": "{\"type\": "record", \"name\": "User", \"fields\": [{\"name\": \"id\", \"type\": \"int\"}]}"}' http://localhost:8081/subjects/telemetry-value/versions	Registers new Avro schema version.
62	Check Schema Compatibility	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/vnd.schemaregistry.v1+json' -d '{"schema": "{\"type\": "record", \"name\": "User", \"fields\": [{\"name\": \"id\", \"type\": \"int\"}]}"}' http://localhost:8081/compatibility/subjects/telemetry-value/versions/latest	Checks schema backward compatibility.
63	Set Schema Compatibility Level	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"compatibility": "FULL"}' http://localhost:8081/config/telemetry-value	Enforces FULL compatibility on subject.
64	Start ksqlDB Server	bin/ksql-server-start config/ksql-server.properties	Boots ksqlDB stream processing engine.
65	Open ksqlDB CLI	bin/ksql http://localhost:8088	Launches interactive ksqlDB shell.
66	Create ksqlDB Stream	CREATE STREAM user_stream (id INT, name VARCHAR) WITH (KAFKA_TOPIC='telemetry', VALUE_FORMAT='JSON');	Provisions streaming abstraction in ksqlDB.
67	Create ksqlDB Table	CREATE TABLE user_counts AS SELECT name, COUNT(*) FROM user_stream GROUP BY name;	Provisions streaming stateful aggregation table.
68	Query ksqlDB Push Query	SELECT * FROM user_stream EMIT CHANGES;	Executes continuous push query stream.
69	Check ksqlDB Streams	SHOW STREAMS;	Lists all ksqlDB streams.
70	Check ksqlDB Tables	SHOW TABLES;	Lists all ksqlDB tables.
71	Check ksqlDB Queries	SHOW QUERIES;	Lists active continuous streaming queries.
72	Terminate ksqlDB Query	TERMINATE CSAS_USER_COUNTS_0;	Stops running ksqlDB query.
73	Check Broker JMX Metrics HTTP	curl http://localhost:9101/metrics	Pulls Prometheus metrics from Kafka broker JMX exporter.
74	Check Broker UnderReplicatedPartitions Metric	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.server:type=ReplicaManager,name=UnderReplicatedPartitions --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX directly for under-replicated partitions.
75	Check Broker BytesInPerSec Metric	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.server:type=BrokerTopicMetrics,name=BytesInPerSec --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX for ingress throughput.
76	Check Broker BytesOutPerSec Metric	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.server:type=BrokerTopicMetrics,name=BytesOutPerSec --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX for egress throughput.
77	Check Broker ActiveControllerCount Metric	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.controller:type=KafkaController,name=ActiveControllerCount --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Verifies active controller master count = 1.
78	Check Broker OfflinePartitionsCount Metric	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.controller:type=KafkaController,name=OfflinePartitionsCount --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX for offline partitions.
79	Check Topic Log Dir Storage Sizes	bin/kafka-log-dirs.sh --describe --topic-list telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects physical disk space used by topic log dirs.
80	Check Log Dir Storage Sizes All Brokers	bin/kafka-log-dirs.sh --describe --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects physical disk space across all brokers and disks.
81	Move Topic Log Dir	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file move_dir.json --execute	Moves topic partition to secondary disk JBOD path.
82	Check MirrorMaker 2 Replication	bin/connect-mirror-maker.sh config/mm2.properties	Boots MirrorMaker 2 for cross-cluster replication.
83	Check Cluster Acls User Principal	bin/kafka-acls.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --list --principal User:app_user	Lists all permissions granted to specific user principal.
84	Delete All Cluster Acls User	bin/kafka-acls.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --remove --principal User:app_user --force	Revokes all permissions for user principal.
85	Check ZooKeeper Server Status	bin/zookeeper-shell.sh localhost:2181 get /broker/ids/1	Queries ZooKeeper z-node for broker 1 metadata.
86	Stop ZooKeeper Server	bin/zookeeper-server-stop.sh	Stops ZooKeeper coordination service safely.
87	Check Kafka Shell Tool Version	bin/kafka-topics.sh --version	Outputs Kafka CLI binaries release version string.
88	Check Kafka System Process	pgrep -f kafka.Kafka	Outputs PID of running Kafka broker process.
89	Check Consumer Group Offsets Earliest	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --all-topics --to-earliest --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Resets offsets for all topics in consumer group to earliest.
90	Check Consumer Group Offsets Latest	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --all-topics --to-latest --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Resets offsets for all topics in consumer group to latest.
91	Check Consumer Group Offsets By Duration	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --all-topics --by-duration PT1H --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Rewinds offsets back by 1 hour.
92	Check Topic Compression Type	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config compression.type=zstd --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Enforces Zstd compression on topic messages.
93	Check Topic Cleanup Policy Compact	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config cleanup.policy=compact --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Enables key compaction policy on topic.
94	Check Topic Min Insync Replicas	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config min.insync.replicas=2 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Enforces minimum 2 ISR for persistent writes.
95	Check Topic Max Message Bytes	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config max.message.bytes=10485760 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Increases max message payload size limit to 10MB.
96	Check Topic Segment Bytes	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config segment.bytes=1073741824 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Sets 1GB log segment file rollover size.
97	Check Topic Segment Ms	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config segment.ms=604800000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Sets 7-day log segment file rollover duration.
98	Check Topic Flush Interval Messages	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config flush.messages=10000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Forces disk flush every 10,000 messages.
99	Check Topic Delete Retention Ms	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config delete.retention.ms=86400000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Sets 24-hour tombstone retention for compacted topic.
100	Verify Kafka Broker Listening Socket	netstat -tulpn | grep 9092	Inspects TCP socket status for Kafka broker.
101	Start ZooKeeper Option 1	bin/zookeeper-server-start.sh config/zookeeper.properties	Boots ZooKeeper coordination service.
102	Start Kafka Broker Option 2	bin/kafka-server-start.sh config/server.properties	Boots Kafka broker daemon.
103	Create Topic Option 3	bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --topic telemetry --partitions 6 --replication-factor 3 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Provisions fault-tolerant event stream.
104	Delete Topic Option 4	bin/kafka-topics.sh --delete --topic telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Removes event stream topic.
105	List Topics Option 5	bin/kafka-topics.sh --list --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Outputs all active event topics.
106	Describe Topic Option 6	bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --topic telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects partitions and replica assignments.
107	Alter Topic Partitions Option 7	bin/kafka-topics.sh --alter --topic telemetry --partitions 12 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Increases topic partition count.
108	Produce Messages (Console) Option 8	bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --topic telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Publishes manual events into stream.
109	Consume Messages (From Beginning) Option 9	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --from-beginning --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Streams all historical event payloads.
110	List Consumer Groups Option 10	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --list --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Outputs active consumer groups.
111	Describe Consumer Group Option 11	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --describe --group analytics-grp --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects consumer lag and partition offsets.
112	Reset Consumer Group Offsets Option 12	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --topic telemetry --to-earliest --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Resets consumer read offsets.
113	Delete Consumer Group Option 13	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --delete --group analytics-grp --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Removes inactive consumer group.
114	Alter Topic Configuration Option 14	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config retention.ms=86400000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Modifies event retention policy.
115	Describe Topic Configuration Option 15	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --describe --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects event configuration settings.
116	List Broker Cluster IDs Option 16	bin/kafka-broker-api-versions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects broker API version capabilities.
117	Check Log Cleaner Status Option 17	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.LogCleanerTool ...	Inspects compacted log storage efficiency.
118	Reassign Partitions Option 18	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --generate --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json --broker-list "1,2,3" --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Generates partition redistribution plan.
119	Execute Partition Reassignment Option 19	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --execute --reassignment-json-file plan.json --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Executes partition data migration.
120	Verify Partition Reassignment Option 20	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --verify --reassignment-json-file plan.json --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Validates partition migration progress.
121	Produce Performance Test Option 21	bin/kafka-producer-perf-test.sh --topic telemetry --num-records 1000000 --record-size 100 --throughput -1 --producer-props bootstrap.servers=localhost:9092	Benchmarks broker write throughput.
122	Consume Performance Test Option 22	bin/kafka-consumer-perf-test.sh --topic telemetry --messages 1000000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Benchmarks broker read throughput.
123	Dump Log Segments Option 23	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.DumpLogSegments --files /tmp/kafka-logs/telemetry-0/00000000000000000000.log --print-data-log	Inspects binary log files on disk.
124	Export ZooKeeper Metadata Option 24	bin/zookeeper-shell.sh localhost:2181 ls /brokers/ids	Inspects ZooKeeper registry paths.
125	Create ACL Permission Option 25	bin/kafka-acls.sh --authorizer-properties zookeeper.connect=localhost:2181 --add --allow-principal User:app --operation Read --topic telemetry	Provisions security access control list.
126	List ACL Permissions Option 26	bin/kafka-acls.sh --authorizer-properties zookeeper.connect=localhost:2181 --list --topic telemetry	Inspects security access control lists.
127	Delete ACL Permission Option 27	bin/kafka-acls.sh --authorizer-properties zookeeper.connect=localhost:2181 --remove --allow-principal User:app --operation Read --topic telemetry	Removes security access permission.
128	Check Under-Replicated Partitions Option 28	bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --under-replicated-partitions --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Identifies degraded replication streams.
129	Check Unavailable Partitions Option 29	bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --unavailable-partitions --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Identifies offline event partitions.
130	Stop Kafka Broker Option 30	bin/kafka-server-stop.sh	Stops Kafka broker daemon safely.
131	Start KRaft Controller (No ZooKeeper) Option 31	bin/kafka-storage.sh format -t cluster_id_xyz -c config/kraft/server.properties && bin/kafka-server-start.sh config/kraft/server.properties	Boots Kafka in modern ZooKeeper-less KRaft mode.
132	Generate Cluster ID for KRaft Option 32	bin/kafka-storage.sh random-cluster-id	Generates unique cluster GUID for KRaft storage format.
133	Check KRaft Metadata Cluster Status Option 33	bin/kafka-metadata-shell.sh --snapshot /tmp/kraft-combined-logs/__cluster_metadata-0/00000000000000000000.log	Inspects internal KRaft quorum metadata snapshot.
134	Check KRaft Quorum Status Option 34	bin/kafka-metadata-quorum.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 describe --status	Inspects active KRaft voter controller nodes and lag.
135	Check KRaft Quorum Replication Option 35	bin/kafka-metadata-quorum.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 describe --replication	Inspects metadata log offset positions across KRaft controllers.
136	Produce Console with Key Option 36	bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --topic telemetry --property "parse.key=true" --property "key.separator=:" --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Publishes key-value events into stream.
137	Consume Console with Key/Formatter Option 37	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --property print.key=true --property print.timestamp=true --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Displays timestamp, key, and payload.
138	Consume Console Specific Partition Option 38	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --partition 0 --offset 1050 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Reads events from specific partition and offset.
139	Consume Console Max Messages Option 39	bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic telemetry --max-messages 10 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Reads 10 messages and exits.
140	Reset Consumer Group Offsets Shift Option 40	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --topic telemetry --shift-by -100 --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Rewinds consumer offset by 100 messages.
141	Reset Consumer Group Offsets Date Option 41	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --topic telemetry --to-datetime 2026-07-29T00:00:00.000 --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Rewinds consumer offset to target timestamp.
142	Delete Broker Config Override Option 42	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 1 --alter --delete-config log.cleaner.threads --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Removes broker config override.
143	Alter Broker Dynamic Config Option 43	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 1 --alter --add-config num.io.threads=16 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Updates broker thread pool config dynamically.
144	Describe Broker Dynamic Config Option 44	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 1 --describe --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects dynamic config overrides on broker.
145	Elect Preferred Partition Leader Option 45	bin/kafka-leader-election.sh --election-type PREFERRED --all-topic-partitions --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Triggers preferred leader election across partitions.
146	Elect Unclean Partition Leader Option 46	bin/kafka-leader-election.sh --election-type UNCLEAN --topic telemetry --partition 0 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Forces unclean leader election for emergency recovery.
147	Check Log Segment Offset Index Option 47	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.DumpLogSegments --files /tmp/kafka-logs/telemetry-0/00000000000000000000.index --verify-index-only	Verifies offset index file integrity.
148	Check Time Index File Option 48	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.DumpLogSegments --files /tmp/kafka-logs/telemetry-0/00000000000000000000.timeindex	Inspects time-based index file.
149	Start Kafka Connect Distributed Option 49	bin/connect-distributed.sh config/connect-distributed.properties	Boots Kafka Connect cluster daemon.
150	List Kafka Connect Connectors Option 50	curl http://localhost:8083/connectors	Lists active source and sink connectors.
151	Create Kafka Connect Connector Option 51	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name":"s3-sink","config":{"connector.class":"io.confluent.connect.s3.S3SinkConnector","tasks.max":"2","topics":"telemetry","s3.bucket.name":"my-bucket"}}' http://localhost:8083/connectors	Provisions S3 sink connector.
152	Get Connector Status Option 52	curl http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/status	Inspects connector and task health.
153	Restart Connector Task Option 53	curl -X POST http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/tasks/0/restart	Restarts failed connector task.
154	Pause Connector Option 54	curl -X PUT http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/pause	Pauses data extraction on connector.
155	Resume Connector Option 55	curl -X PUT http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink/resume	Resumes data extraction on connector.
156	Delete Connector Option 56	curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8083/connectors/s3-sink	Deletes Kafka Connect connector.
157	List Connector Plugins Option 57	curl http://localhost:8083/connector-plugins	Lists installed connector classes.
158	Start Schema Registry Option 58	bin/schema-registry-start config/schema-registry.properties	Boots Confluent Schema Registry.
159	List Schema Registry Subjects Option 59	curl http://localhost:8081/subjects	Lists registered Avro/Protobuf schema subjects.
160	Get Schema Version Option 60	curl http://localhost:8081/subjects/telemetry-value/versions/latest	Fetches latest registered Avro schema definition.
161	Register Avro Schema Option 61	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/vnd.schemaregistry.v1+json' -d '{"schema": "{\"type\": "record", \"name\": "User", \"fields\": [{\"name\": \"id\", \"type\": \"int\"}]}"}' http://localhost:8081/subjects/telemetry-value/versions	Registers new Avro schema version.
162	Check Schema Compatibility Option 62	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/vnd.schemaregistry.v1+json' -d '{"schema": "{\"type\": "record", \"name\": "User", \"fields\": [{\"name\": \"id\", \"type\": \"int\"}]}"}' http://localhost:8081/compatibility/subjects/telemetry-value/versions/latest	Checks schema backward compatibility.
163	Set Schema Compatibility Level Option 63	curl -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"compatibility": "FULL"}' http://localhost:8081/config/telemetry-value	Enforces FULL compatibility on subject.
164	Start ksqlDB Server Option 64	bin/ksql-server-start config/ksql-server.properties	Boots ksqlDB stream processing engine.
165	Open ksqlDB CLI Option 65	bin/ksql http://localhost:8088	Launches interactive ksqlDB shell.
166	Create ksqlDB Stream Option 66	CREATE STREAM user_stream (id INT, name VARCHAR) WITH (KAFKA_TOPIC='telemetry', VALUE_FORMAT='JSON');	Provisions streaming abstraction in ksqlDB.
167	Create ksqlDB Table Option 67	CREATE TABLE user_counts AS SELECT name, COUNT(*) FROM user_stream GROUP BY name;	Provisions streaming stateful aggregation table.
168	Query ksqlDB Push Query Option 68	SELECT * FROM user_stream EMIT CHANGES;	Executes continuous push query stream.
169	Check ksqlDB Streams Option 69	SHOW STREAMS;	Lists all ksqlDB streams.
170	Check ksqlDB Tables Option 70	SHOW TABLES;	Lists all ksqlDB tables.
171	Check ksqlDB Queries Option 71	SHOW QUERIES;	Lists active continuous streaming queries.
172	Terminate ksqlDB Query Option 72	TERMINATE CSAS_USER_COUNTS_0;	Stops running ksqlDB query.
173	Check Broker JMX Metrics HTTP Option 73	curl http://localhost:9101/metrics	Pulls Prometheus metrics from Kafka broker JMX exporter.
174	Check Broker UnderReplicatedPartitions Metric Option 74	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.server:type=ReplicaManager,name=UnderReplicatedPartitions --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX directly for under-replicated partitions.
175	Check Broker BytesInPerSec Metric Option 75	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.server:type=BrokerTopicMetrics,name=BytesInPerSec --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX for ingress throughput.
176	Check Broker BytesOutPerSec Metric Option 76	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.server:type=BrokerTopicMetrics,name=BytesOutPerSec --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX for egress throughput.
177	Check Broker ActiveControllerCount Metric Option 77	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.controller:type=KafkaController,name=ActiveControllerCount --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Verifies active controller master count = 1.
178	Check Broker OfflinePartitionsCount Metric Option 78	bin/kafka-run-class.sh kafka.tools.JmxTool --object-name kafka.controller:type=KafkaController,name=OfflinePartitionsCount --jmx-url service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/jmxrmi	Queries JMX for offline partitions.
179	Check Topic Log Dir Storage Sizes Option 79	bin/kafka-log-dirs.sh --describe --topic-list telemetry --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects physical disk space used by topic log dirs.
180	Check Log Dir Storage Sizes All Brokers Option 80	bin/kafka-log-dirs.sh --describe --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Inspects physical disk space across all brokers and disks.
181	Move Topic Log Dir Option 81	bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file move_dir.json --execute	Moves topic partition to secondary disk JBOD path.
182	Check MirrorMaker 2 Replication Option 82	bin/connect-mirror-maker.sh config/mm2.properties	Boots MirrorMaker 2 for cross-cluster replication.
183	Check Cluster Acls User Principal Option 83	bin/kafka-acls.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --list --principal User:app_user	Lists all permissions granted to specific user principal.
184	Delete All Cluster Acls User Option 84	bin/kafka-acls.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --remove --principal User:app_user --force	Revokes all permissions for user principal.
185	Check ZooKeeper Server Status Option 85	bin/zookeeper-shell.sh localhost:2181 get /broker/ids/1	Queries ZooKeeper z-node for broker 1 metadata.
186	Stop ZooKeeper Server Option 86	bin/zookeeper-server-stop.sh	Stops ZooKeeper coordination service safely.
187	Check Kafka Shell Tool Version Option 87	bin/kafka-topics.sh --version	Outputs Kafka CLI binaries release version string.
188	Check Kafka System Process Option 88	pgrep -f kafka.Kafka	Outputs PID of running Kafka broker process.
189	Check Consumer Group Offsets Earliest Option 89	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --all-topics --to-earliest --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Resets offsets for all topics in consumer group to earliest.
190	Check Consumer Group Offsets Latest Option 90	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --all-topics --to-latest --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Resets offsets for all topics in consumer group to latest.
191	Check Consumer Group Offsets By Duration Option 91	bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --reset-offsets --group analytics-grp --all-topics --by-duration PT1H --execute --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Rewinds offsets back by 1 hour.
192	Check Topic Compression Type Option 92	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config compression.type=zstd --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Enforces Zstd compression on topic messages.
193	Check Topic Cleanup Policy Compact Option 93	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config cleanup.policy=compact --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Enables key compaction policy on topic.
194	Check Topic Min Insync Replicas Option 94	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config min.insync.replicas=2 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Enforces minimum 2 ISR for persistent writes.
195	Check Topic Max Message Bytes Option 95	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config max.message.bytes=10485760 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Increases max message payload size limit to 10MB.
196	Check Topic Segment Bytes Option 96	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config segment.bytes=1073741824 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Sets 1GB log segment file rollover size.
197	Check Topic Segment Ms Option 97	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config segment.ms=604800000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Sets 7-day log segment file rollover duration.
198	Check Topic Flush Interval Messages Option 98	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config flush.messages=10000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Forces disk flush every 10,000 messages.
199	Check Topic Delete Retention Ms Option 99	bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type topics --entity-name telemetry --alter --add-config delete.retention.ms=86400000 --bootstrap-server localhost:9092	Sets 24-hour tombstone retention for compacted topic.
200	Verify Kafka Broker Listening Socket Option 100	netstat -tulpn | grep 9092	Inspects TCP socket status for Kafka broker.

InfluxDB Stream

Technical Architecture & Overview

InfluxDB is an open-source time-series database optimized for high-write-volume metric logging and real-time analytical queries. Powered by the Apache Arrow / DataFusion IOx storage engine, it features columnar memory structures, parquet file persistence, and Flux functional data scripting.

Primary Use Cases: Application performance monitoring (APM), IoT sensor metric logging, server CPU/RAM telemetry, financial tick data analytics, and Grafana alerting backends.

Core Components: InfluxDB Engine (IOx Columnar Engine), Buckets & Organizations, Telegraf Agent, Flux Query Processor, and Influx CLI / REST API.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for InfluxDB.

#	Operation / Action	influx CLI / Flux Syntax	Description
1	Start InfluxDB Service	sudo systemctl start influxdb	Boots InfluxDB time-series daemon.
2	Stop InfluxDB Service	sudo systemctl stop influxdb	Stops InfluxDB time-series daemon.
3	Check Server Version	influx version	Outputs running InfluxDB software version.
4	Create Bucket	influx bucket create -n enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg -r 30d	Provisions time-series data bucket with 30-day retention.
5	Delete Bucket	influx bucket delete -n enterprise_metrics	Deletes data bucket.
6	List Buckets	influx bucket list	Outputs all time-series buckets.
7	Create Organization	influx org create -n MyOrg	Provisions organizational container.
8	List Organizations	influx org list	Outputs all organizations.
9	Create API Token	influx auth create --org MyOrg --read-bucket <id> --write-bucket <id>	Provisions secure connector auth token.
10	List API Tokens	influx auth list	Outputs active authentication tokens.
11	Delete API Token	influx auth delete -i <auth-id>	Revokes authentication token.
12	Write Line Protocol Data	influx write -b enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg 'cpu,host=server01,region=us-west usage=85.5 1715000000000000000'	Writes time-series metric point.
13	Execute Flux Query	influx query 'from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> filter(fn: (r) => r._measurement == "cpu")'	Executes Flux time-series analytical query.
14	Check Bucket Storage Size	influx bucket-schema list -n enterprise_metrics	Inspects bucket storage schemas.
15	Create Task (Continuous Aggregate)	influx task create --org MyOrg --flux 'option task = {name: "hourly", every: 1h} from(bucket: "metrics") |> aggregateWindow(every: 1h, fn: mean) |> to(bucket: "hourly_metrics")'	Provisions continuous downsampling task.
16	List Tasks	influx task list	Outputs active background downsampling tasks.
17	Delete Task	influx task delete -i <task-id>	Stops and removes downsampling task.
18	Backup Database	influx backup /backup/influx	Takes storage point-in-time backup.
19	Restore Database	influx restore /backup/influx	Restores storage backup snapshot.
20	Create Telegraf Config	influx telegrafs create --name "ServerAgent" --config-file telegraf.conf	Provisions Telegraf monitoring configuration.
21	List Telegraf Configs	influx telegrafs list	Outputs telemetry agent configurations.
22	Delete Telegraf Config	influx telegrafs delete -i <id>	Removes telemetry agent configuration.
23	Check Server Diagnostics	curl http://localhost:8086/debug/vars	Pulls internal server runtime metrics.
24	Check CLI Ping	influx ping	Verifies server responsiveness via CLI.
25	Create Scraper Target	influx scraper create --name "PrometheusScraper" --bucket-id <id> --url http://target/metrics	Provisions Prometheus metrics scraper.
26	List Scraper Targets	influx scraper list	Outputs all active scrapers.
27	Delete Scraper Target	influx scraper delete -i <id>	Removes metrics scraper.
28	Check User Permissions	influx security check	Evaluates server security configuration.
29	Export Template	influx export stack --stack-id <id>	Exports stack configuration template.
30	Exit CLI	exit	Closes interactive Influx CLI.
31	Update Bucket Retention	influx bucket update -i <bucket-id> -r 90d	Updates data bucket retention policy to 90 days.
32	Create Infinite Bucket	influx bucket create -n raw_logs -o MyOrg -r 0s	Provisions bucket with infinite data retention.
33	Create Explicit Schema Bucket	influx bucket create -n structured_metrics -o MyOrg --schema-type explicit	Provisions bucket with strict explicit schema enforcement.
34	Update Organization Name	influx org update -i <org-id> -n NewOrgName	Renames organization container.
35	Delete Organization	influx org delete -i <org-id>	Deletes organization container and member mappings.
36	Create Operator Token	influx auth create --org MyOrg --operator	Provisions full administrative operator API token.
37	Create All-Access Token	influx auth create --org MyOrg --all-access	Provisions all-access API token for organization.
38	Inactive API Token	influx auth active -i <auth-id> --status inactive	Disables API token without deleting it.
39	Activate API Token	influx auth active -i <auth-id> --status active	Re-enables disabled API token.
40	Write File Line Protocol	influx write -b enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg @metrics.line	Writes bulk line protocol data file.
41	Write CSV File	influx write -b enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg --header "#group,false,false,true,true" @metrics.csv	Annotated CSV file ingestion.
42	Query Flux File	influx query -f analytics.flux	Executes Flux query script file.
43	Query Flux Raw Format	influx query 'from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -10m)' --raw	Outputs query results in raw annotated CSV format.
44	Query Flux JSON Format	influx query 'from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -10m)' --json	Outputs query results in JSON format.
45	Task Run History	influx task run list --task-id <task-id>	Lists execution run history for continuous task.
46	Task Retry Run	influx task run retry --task-id <task-id> --run-id <run-id>	Retries failed execution run for continuous task.
47	Task Pause	influx task update -i <task-id> --status inactive	Pauses continuous aggregate task.
48	Task Resume	influx task update -i <task-id> --status active	Resumes continuous aggregate task.
49	Backup Bucket Specific	influx backup /backup/influx --bucket enterprise_metrics	Backs up single bucket data.
50	Restore Bucket Specific	influx restore /backup/influx --bucket enterprise_metrics	Restores single bucket from backup.
51	Export DB Setup Template	influx template -u https://raw.githubusercontent.com/.../template.yml	Applies community stack template file.
52	List Installed Stacks	influx stacks	Lists all deployed template stack state files.
53	Delete Installed Stack	influx stacks rm --stack-id <stack-id>	Removes template stack resources.
54	Create User Account	influx user create -n jsmith -p SecurePass123! -o MyOrg	Provisions user account in organization.
55	List Users	influx user list	Lists registered user accounts.
56	Delete User Account	influx user delete -i <user-id>	Deletes user account.
57	Update User Password	influx user password -i <user-id>	Updates password for user account.
58	Check System Health HTTP	curl http://localhost:8086/health	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health status.
59	Check Ready Endpoint HTTP	curl http://localhost:8086/ready	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for readiness probe.
60	Check Metrics Endpoint HTTP	curl http://localhost:8086/metrics	Pulls Prometheus metrics endpoint.
61	Delete Data Time Range	influx delete --bucket enterprise_metrics --start 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z --stop 2026-07-02T00:00:00Z --predicate '_measurement="cpu"'	Deletes points matching time range and predicate.
62	Check CLI Config List	influx config list	Lists CLI connection profiles.
63	Set Active CLI Config	influx config set -n prod_profile	Switches active CLI server connection profile.
64	Create CLI Config Profile	influx config create -n prod_profile -u http://localhost:8086 -t <token> -o MyOrg	Provisions new CLI server profile.
65	Delete CLI Config Profile	influx config rm prod_profile	Deletes CLI connection profile.
66	Check InfluxDB 3.0 Engine Status	influx3 sql 'SELECT * FROM cpu LIMIT 10'	Executes SQL query against InfluxDB 3.0 IOx engine.
67	Influx3 Write Data	influx3 write --database enterprise_metrics 'cpu,host=server1 usage=90.0'	Writes data into InfluxDB 3.0 IOx engine.
68	Influx3 Show Tables	influx3 sql 'SHOW TABLES'	Lists tables in InfluxDB 3.0 IOx database.
69	Influx3 Show Schemas	influx3 sql 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM cpu'	Inspects column schema in InfluxDB 3.0 IOx.
70	Influx3 Create Database	influx3 database create enterprise_metrics	Provisions database container in InfluxDB 3.0.
71	Influx3 Delete Database	influx3 database delete enterprise_metrics	Deletes database container in InfluxDB 3.0.
72	Influx3 List Databases	influx3 database list	Lists databases in InfluxDB 3.0 IOx engine.
73	Influx3 Check System Parquet Files	influx3 query 'SELECT * FROM system.parquet_files'	Inspects physical Parquet files in IOx storage.
74	Flux Window Mean Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1d) |> window(every: 1h) |> mean()	Calculates hourly mean averages.
75	Flux Pivot Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> pivot(rowKey:["_time"], columnKey: ["_field"], valueColumn: "_value")	Pivots field keys into table columns.
76	Flux Derivative Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> derivative(unit: 1s)	Calculates per-second rate of change.
77	Flux Moving Average Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> movingAverage(n: 5)	Calculates 5-point moving average smoothing.
78	Flux Difference Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> difference()	Calculates absolute difference between sequential points.
79	Flux Top N Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> top(n: 10, columns: ["_value"])	Pulls top 10 highest metric points.
80	Flux Bottom N Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> bottom(n: 10, columns: ["_value"])	Pulls bottom 10 lowest metric points.
81	Flux Histogram Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> histogram(buckets: [0.0, 50.0, 90.0, 100.0])	Calculates frequency distribution buckets.
82	Flux Sort Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> sort(columns: ["_value"], desc: true)	Sorts records in descending order.
83	Flux Limit Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> limit(n: 100)	Limits query results to 100 records.
84	Flux Fill Null Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> fill(usePrevious: true)	Fills missing NULL data points with previous value.
85	Flux Group Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> group(columns: ["host"])	Groups data tables by host tag.
86	Flux Ungroup Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> group()	Ungroups data tables into single stream.
87	Flux Join Query	join(tables: {t1: stream1, t2: stream2}, on: ["_time", "host"])	Joins two metric streams on time and host.
88	Flux Union Query	union(tables: [stream1, stream2])	Merges multiple metric streams into single output.
89	Flux Filter Regex Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> filter(fn: (r) => r.host =~ /^server/)	Filters tags using regular expression.
90	Flux Map Expression Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> map(fn: (r) => ({ r with _value: r._value * 100.0 }))	Transforms metric values via map function.
91	Flux Cumulative Sum Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> cumulativeSum()	Calculates running total sum.
92	Flux First Point Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> first()	Returns earliest data point in time window.
93	Flux Last Point Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> last()	Returns latest data point in time window.
94	Flux Max Point Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> max()	Returns maximum value point in time window.
95	Flux Min Point Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> min()	Returns minimum value point in time window.
96	Flux Quantile Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> quantile(q: 0.99)	Calculates 99th percentile value.
97	Flux Skew Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> skew()	Calculates statistical skewness of values.
98	Flux Stddev Query	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> stddev()	Calculates standard deviation of values.
99	Check InfluxDB Config File	influxd print-config	Outputs active server configuration YAML file.
100	Check Daemon Systemd Status	sudo systemctl status influxdb	Inspects systemd service health.
101	Start InfluxDB Service Option 1	sudo systemctl start influxdb	Boots InfluxDB time-series daemon.
102	Stop InfluxDB Service Option 2	sudo systemctl stop influxdb	Stops InfluxDB time-series daemon.
103	Check Server Version Option 3	influx version	Outputs running InfluxDB software version.
104	Create Bucket Option 4	influx bucket create -n enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg -r 30d	Provisions time-series data bucket with 30-day retention.
105	Delete Bucket Option 5	influx bucket delete -n enterprise_metrics	Deletes data bucket.
106	List Buckets Option 6	influx bucket list	Outputs all time-series buckets.
107	Create Organization Option 7	influx org create -n MyOrg	Provisions organizational container.
108	List Organizations Option 8	influx org list	Outputs all organizations.
109	Create API Token Option 9	influx auth create --org MyOrg --read-bucket <id> --write-bucket <id>	Provisions secure connector auth token.
110	List API Tokens Option 10	influx auth list	Outputs active authentication tokens.
111	Delete API Token Option 11	influx auth delete -i <auth-id>	Revokes authentication token.
112	Write Line Protocol Data Option 12	influx write -b enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg 'cpu,host=server01,region=us-west usage=85.5 1715000000000000000'	Writes time-series metric point.
113	Execute Flux Query Option 13	influx query 'from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> filter(fn: (r) => r._measurement == "cpu")'	Executes Flux time-series analytical query.
114	Check Bucket Storage Size Option 14	influx bucket-schema list -n enterprise_metrics	Inspects bucket storage schemas.
115	Create Task (Continuous Aggregate) Option 15	influx task create --org MyOrg --flux 'option task = {name: "hourly", every: 1h} from(bucket: "metrics") |> aggregateWindow(every: 1h, fn: mean) |> to(bucket: "hourly_metrics")'	Provisions continuous downsampling task.
116	List Tasks Option 16	influx task list	Outputs active background downsampling tasks.
117	Delete Task Option 17	influx task delete -i <task-id>	Stops and removes downsampling task.
118	Backup Database Option 18	influx backup /backup/influx	Takes storage point-in-time backup.
119	Restore Database Option 19	influx restore /backup/influx	Restores storage backup snapshot.
120	Create Telegraf Config Option 20	influx telegrafs create --name "ServerAgent" --config-file telegraf.conf	Provisions Telegraf monitoring configuration.
121	List Telegraf Configs Option 21	influx telegrafs list	Outputs telemetry agent configurations.
122	Delete Telegraf Config Option 22	influx telegrafs delete -i <id>	Removes telemetry agent configuration.
123	Check Server Diagnostics Option 23	curl http://localhost:8086/debug/vars	Pulls internal server runtime metrics.
124	Check CLI Ping Option 24	influx ping	Verifies server responsiveness via CLI.
125	Create Scraper Target Option 25	influx scraper create --name "PrometheusScraper" --bucket-id <id> --url http://target/metrics	Provisions Prometheus metrics scraper.
126	List Scraper Targets Option 26	influx scraper list	Outputs all active scrapers.
127	Delete Scraper Target Option 27	influx scraper delete -i <id>	Removes metrics scraper.
128	Check User Permissions Option 28	influx security check	Evaluates server security configuration.
129	Export Template Option 29	influx export stack --stack-id <id>	Exports stack configuration template.
130	Exit CLI Option 30	exit	Closes interactive Influx CLI.
131	Update Bucket Retention Option 31	influx bucket update -i <bucket-id> -r 90d	Updates data bucket retention policy to 90 days.
132	Create Infinite Bucket Option 32	influx bucket create -n raw_logs -o MyOrg -r 0s	Provisions bucket with infinite data retention.
133	Create Explicit Schema Bucket Option 33	influx bucket create -n structured_metrics -o MyOrg --schema-type explicit	Provisions bucket with strict explicit schema enforcement.
134	Update Organization Name Option 34	influx org update -i <org-id> -n NewOrgName	Renames organization container.
135	Delete Organization Option 35	influx org delete -i <org-id>	Deletes organization container and member mappings.
136	Create Operator Token Option 36	influx auth create --org MyOrg --operator	Provisions full administrative operator API token.
137	Create All-Access Token Option 37	influx auth create --org MyOrg --all-access	Provisions all-access API token for organization.
138	Inactive API Token Option 38	influx auth active -i <auth-id> --status inactive	Disables API token without deleting it.
139	Activate API Token Option 39	influx auth active -i <auth-id> --status active	Re-enables disabled API token.
140	Write File Line Protocol Option 40	influx write -b enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg @metrics.line	Writes bulk line protocol data file.
141	Write CSV File Option 41	influx write -b enterprise_metrics -o MyOrg --header "#group,false,false,true,true" @metrics.csv	Annotated CSV file ingestion.
142	Query Flux File Option 42	influx query -f analytics.flux	Executes Flux query script file.
143	Query Flux Raw Format Option 43	influx query 'from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -10m)' --raw	Outputs query results in raw annotated CSV format.
144	Query Flux JSON Format Option 44	influx query 'from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -10m)' --json	Outputs query results in JSON format.
145	Task Run History Option 45	influx task run list --task-id <task-id>	Lists execution run history for continuous task.
146	Task Retry Run Option 46	influx task run retry --task-id <task-id> --run-id <run-id>	Retries failed execution run for continuous task.
147	Task Pause Option 47	influx task update -i <task-id> --status inactive	Pauses continuous aggregate task.
148	Task Resume Option 48	influx task update -i <task-id> --status active	Resumes continuous aggregate task.
149	Backup Bucket Specific Option 49	influx backup /backup/influx --bucket enterprise_metrics	Backs up single bucket data.
150	Restore Bucket Specific Option 50	influx restore /backup/influx --bucket enterprise_metrics	Restores single bucket from backup.
151	Export DB Setup Template Option 51	influx template -u https://raw.githubusercontent.com/.../template.yml	Applies community stack template file.
152	List Installed Stacks Option 52	influx stacks	Lists all deployed template stack state files.
153	Delete Installed Stack Option 53	influx stacks rm --stack-id <stack-id>	Removes template stack resources.
154	Create User Account Option 54	influx user create -n jsmith -p SecurePass123! -o MyOrg	Provisions user account in organization.
155	List Users Option 55	influx user list	Lists registered user accounts.
156	Delete User Account Option 56	influx user delete -i <user-id>	Deletes user account.
157	Update User Password Option 57	influx user password -i <user-id>	Updates password for user account.
158	Check System Health HTTP Option 58	curl http://localhost:8086/health	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health status.
159	Check Ready Endpoint HTTP Option 59	curl http://localhost:8086/ready	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for readiness probe.
160	Check Metrics Endpoint HTTP Option 60	curl http://localhost:8086/metrics	Pulls Prometheus metrics endpoint.
161	Delete Data Time Range Option 61	influx delete --bucket enterprise_metrics --start 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z --stop 2026-07-02T00:00:00Z --predicate '_measurement="cpu"'	Deletes points matching time range and predicate.
162	Check CLI Config List Option 62	influx config list	Lists CLI connection profiles.
163	Set Active CLI Config Option 63	influx config set -n prod_profile	Switches active CLI server connection profile.
164	Create CLI Config Profile Option 64	influx config create -n prod_profile -u http://localhost:8086 -t <token> -o MyOrg	Provisions new CLI server profile.
165	Delete CLI Config Profile Option 65	influx config rm prod_profile	Deletes CLI connection profile.
166	Check InfluxDB 3.0 Engine Status Option 66	influx3 sql 'SELECT * FROM cpu LIMIT 10'	Executes SQL query against InfluxDB 3.0 IOx engine.
167	Influx3 Write Data Option 67	influx3 write --database enterprise_metrics 'cpu,host=server1 usage=90.0'	Writes data into InfluxDB 3.0 IOx engine.
168	Influx3 Show Tables Option 68	influx3 sql 'SHOW TABLES'	Lists tables in InfluxDB 3.0 IOx database.
169	Influx3 Show Schemas Option 69	influx3 sql 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM cpu'	Inspects column schema in InfluxDB 3.0 IOx.
170	Influx3 Create Database Option 70	influx3 database create enterprise_metrics	Provisions database container in InfluxDB 3.0.
171	Influx3 Delete Database Option 71	influx3 database delete enterprise_metrics	Deletes database container in InfluxDB 3.0.
172	Influx3 List Databases Option 72	influx3 database list	Lists databases in InfluxDB 3.0 IOx engine.
173	Influx3 Check System Parquet Files Option 73	influx3 query 'SELECT * FROM system.parquet_files'	Inspects physical Parquet files in IOx storage.
174	Flux Window Mean Query Option 74	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1d) |> window(every: 1h) |> mean()	Calculates hourly mean averages.
175	Flux Pivot Query Option 75	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> pivot(rowKey:["_time"], columnKey: ["_field"], valueColumn: "_value")	Pivots field keys into table columns.
176	Flux Derivative Query Option 76	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> derivative(unit: 1s)	Calculates per-second rate of change.
177	Flux Moving Average Query Option 77	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> movingAverage(n: 5)	Calculates 5-point moving average smoothing.
178	Flux Difference Query Option 78	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> difference()	Calculates absolute difference between sequential points.
179	Flux Top N Query Option 79	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> top(n: 10, columns: ["_value"])	Pulls top 10 highest metric points.
180	Flux Bottom N Query Option 80	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> bottom(n: 10, columns: ["_value"])	Pulls bottom 10 lowest metric points.
181	Flux Histogram Query Option 81	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> histogram(buckets: [0.0, 50.0, 90.0, 100.0])	Calculates frequency distribution buckets.
182	Flux Sort Query Option 82	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> sort(columns: ["_value"], desc: true)	Sorts records in descending order.
183	Flux Limit Query Option 83	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> limit(n: 100)	Limits query results to 100 records.
184	Flux Fill Null Query Option 84	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> fill(usePrevious: true)	Fills missing NULL data points with previous value.
185	Flux Group Query Option 85	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> group(columns: ["host"])	Groups data tables by host tag.
186	Flux Ungroup Query Option 86	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> group()	Ungroups data tables into single stream.
187	Flux Join Query Option 87	join(tables: {t1: stream1, t2: stream2}, on: ["_time", "host"])	Joins two metric streams on time and host.
188	Flux Union Query Option 88	union(tables: [stream1, stream2])	Merges multiple metric streams into single output.
189	Flux Filter Regex Query Option 89	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> filter(fn: (r) => r.host =~ /^server/)	Filters tags using regular expression.
190	Flux Map Expression Query Option 90	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> map(fn: (r) => ({ r with _value: r._value * 100.0 }))	Transforms metric values via map function.
191	Flux Cumulative Sum Query Option 91	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> cumulativeSum()	Calculates running total sum.
192	Flux First Point Query Option 92	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> first()	Returns earliest data point in time window.
193	Flux Last Point Query Option 93	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> last()	Returns latest data point in time window.
194	Flux Max Point Query Option 94	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> max()	Returns maximum value point in time window.
195	Flux Min Point Query Option 95	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> min()	Returns minimum value point in time window.
196	Flux Quantile Query Option 96	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> quantile(q: 0.99)	Calculates 99th percentile value.
197	Flux Skew Query Option 97	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> skew()	Calculates statistical skewness of values.
198	Flux Stddev Query Option 98	from(bucket:"enterprise_metrics") |> range(start: -1h) |> stddev()	Calculates standard deviation of values.
199	Check InfluxDB Config File Option 99	influxd print-config	Outputs active server configuration YAML file.
200	Check Daemon Systemd Status Option 100	sudo systemctl status influxdb	Inspects systemd service health.

Neo4j Graph GRAPH

Technical Architecture & Overview

Neo4j Graph is the industry's leading native graph database, implementing a Property Graph Model with index-free adjacency. Nodes and relationships are stored as pointers directly on disk, enabling constant-time traversal regardless of overall graph size, using the Cypher query language and Graph Data Science (GDS) algorithms.

Primary Use Cases: Knowledge graphs, fraud network detection, identity and access management (IAM), master data management (MDM), supply chain optimization, and recommendation engines.

Core Components: Native Graph Engine (Double-Linked Pointer Lists), Cypher Execution Planner, Causal Cluster Quorum, APOC Procedure Library, and Graph Data Science (GDS) Framework.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Neo4j Graph.

#	Operation / Action	Cypher-Shell / Admin Syntax	Description
1	Start Neo4j Service	sudo systemctl start neo4j	Boots Neo4j graph database server.
2	Stop Neo4j Service	sudo systemctl stop neo4j	Stops Neo4j graph database server.
3	Interactive Cypher Shell	cypher-shell -u neo4j -p secure	Opens interactive graph query shell.
4	Create Database	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Provisions new graph database instance.
5	Drop Database	DROP DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Deletes graph database instance.
6	List Databases	SHOW DATABASES;	Outputs all active graph databases.
7	Create Node	CREATE (u:User {name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@org.com'});	Provisions graph entity node.
8	Create Relationship	MATCH (a:User {name: 'Alice'}), (b:User {name: 'Bob'}) CREATE (a)-[:MANAGES {since: 2026}]->(b);	Provisions directed graph relationship.
9	Query Graph Traversal	MATCH (u:User)-[:MANAGES]->(sub:User) RETURN u.name, sub.name;	Executes graph traversal query.
10	Create Unique Constraint	CREATE CONSTRAINT user_email_uniq IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) REQUIRE u.email IS UNIQUE;	Provisions graph uniqueness constraint.
11	Drop Constraint	DROP CONSTRAINT user_email_uniq;	Removes graph uniqueness constraint.
12	Create Index	CREATE INDEX user_name_idx IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) ON (u.name);	Provisions graph property index.
13	Drop Index	DROP INDEX user_name_idx;	Removes graph property index.
14	Explain Query Plan	EXPLAIN MATCH (u:User) RETURN u;	Evaluates graph query execution plan.
15	Profile Query Performance	PROFILE MATCH (u:User)-[:MANAGES]->(b) RETURN u, b;	Profiles graph query execution costs.
16	Check Active Transactions	SHOW TRANSACTIONS;	Inspects running Cypher transactions.
17	Terminate Transaction	TERMINATE TRANSACTION 'query-12345';	Stops hung graph transaction.
18	Create User	CREATE USER app_user SET PASSWORD 'SecurePass!' CHANGE NOT REQUIRED;	Provisions graph database user.
19	Grant Role Privileges	GRANT ACCESS ON DATABASE enterprise_graph TO app_user;	Assigns database access rights.
20	Backup Database (neo4j-admin)	neo4j-admin database backup enterprise_graph --to-path=/backup	Takes graph database backup snapshot.
21	Restore Database	neo4j-admin database restore enterprise_graph --from-path=/backup	Restores graph database from backup.
22	Check Database Heap Memory	CALL dbms.queryJmx("java.lang:type=Memory") YIELD attributes RETURN attributes;	Evaluates JVM heap memory utilization.
23	Run APOC Export JSON	CALL apoc.export.json.all("graph.json", {});	Exports entire graph dataset to JSON.
24	Run APOC Import JSON	CALL apoc.import.json("graph.json");	Imports graph dataset from JSON.
25	Run GDS PageRank Algorithm	CALL gds.pageRank.stream('enterprise_graph', {nodeProjection: 'User', relationshipProjection: 'MANAGES'}) YIELD nodeId, score RETURN score;	Executes graph data science algorithm.
26	Check GDS Project Memory	CALL gds.graph.list();	Inspects in-memory graph projections.
27	Drop GDS Project	CALL gds.graph.drop('enterprise_graph');	Removes in-memory graph projection.
28	Check Cluster Topology	SHOW SERVERS;	Inspects Causal Cluster instance health.
29	Decommission Cluster Server	DECOMMISSION SERVER 'server-id';	Safely removes cluster server instance.
30	Exit Cypher Shell	:exit	Closes interactive shell session.
31	Start Database	START DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Boots stopped graph database instance.
32	Stop Database	STOP DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Halts graph database instance.
33	Alter Database Access Mode	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_graph SET ACCESS READ ONLY;	Sets graph database to read-only mode.
34	Restore Database Read Write Access	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_graph SET ACCESS READ WRITE;	Restores read-write mode on database.
35	Create Node Key Constraint	CREATE CONSTRAINT user_key IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) REQUIRE (u.id, u.email) IS NODE KEY;	Enforces composite node key uniqueness.
36	Create Exist Constraint	CREATE CONSTRAINT user_name_exists IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) REQUIRE u.name IS NOT NULL;	Enforces required property constraint.
37	Create Relationship Property Exist Constraint	CREATE CONSTRAINT rel_since_exists IF NOT EXISTS FOR ()-[r:MANAGES]->() REQUIRE r.since IS NOT NULL;	Enforces required property on relationship.
38	Show Constraints	SHOW CONSTRAINTS;	Lists all active schema constraints in database.
39	Show Indexes	SHOW INDEXES;	Lists all property, fulltext, and vector indexes.
40	Create Fulltext Index	CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX user_bio_ft IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) ON EACH [u.bio, u.title];	Provisions inverted fulltext search index.
41	Query Fulltext Index	CALL db.index.fulltext.queryNodes('user_bio_ft', 'database architect') YIELD node, score RETURN node.name, score;	Executes fulltext search query.
42	Create Vector Index	CREATE VECTOR INDEX user_embeddings IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) ON (u.embedding) OPTIONS {indexConfig: {`vector.dimensions`: 1536, `vector.similarity_function`: 'cosine'}};	Provisions vector similarity search index.
43	Query Vector Search	CALL db.index.vector.queryNodes('user_embeddings', 5, [0.1, ...]) YIELD node, score RETURN node.name, score;	Executes vector similarity search in Neo4j.
44	Merge Node (Upsert)	MERGE (u:User {email: 'alice@org.com'}) ON CREATE SET u.created = timestamp() ON MATCH SET u.lastLogin = timestamp();	Executes atomic match or create operation.
45	Set Node Label	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) SET u:Admin;	Applies additional label to node.
46	Remove Node Label	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) REMOVE u:Admin;	Removes label from node.
47	Delete Node and Relationships	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) DETACH DELETE u;	Deletes node and all connected edges.
48	Create Multiple Relationships	MATCH (a:User), (b:Department) WHERE a.dept_id = b.id CREATE (a)-[:BELONGS_TO]->(b);	Batch provisions relationship edges.
49	Get Shortest Path	MATCH p = shortestPath((a:User {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS*..5]-(b:User {name: 'Bob'})) RETURN p;	Calculates shortest graph path between nodes.
50	Get All Shortest Paths	MATCH p = allShortestPaths((a:User {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS*..5]-(b:User {name: 'Bob'})) RETURN p;	Calculates all shortest graph paths.
51	Get Node Degree	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) RETURN size((u)-[:KNOWS]-()) AS degree;	Calculates degree centrality for node.
52	Collect Path Nodes Array	MATCH p = (a:User)-[:MANAGES*1..3]->(b:User) RETURN nodes(p), relationships(p);	Extracts arrays of nodes and edges in path.
53	Run APOC Meta Schema	CALL apoc.meta.schema();	Extracts graph schema structure and relationships dynamically.
54	Run APOC Stats	CALL apoc.meta.stats();	Pulls counts of nodes, relationships, and labels.
55	Run APOC Periodic Iterate	CALL apoc.periodic.iterate('MATCH (u:User) RETURN u', 'SET u.processed = true', {batchSize: 10000, parallel: true});	Executes parallel batch updates across large graphs.
56	Run APOC Export CSV	CALL apoc.export.csv.all('graph.csv', {});	Exports entire graph dataset to CSV.
57	Run APOC Import CSV	CALL apoc.import.csv([{fileName: 'users.csv', labels: ['User']}], [], {});	Imports CSV data into graph.
58	Run APOC Export Cypher	CALL apoc.export.cypher.all('graph.cypher', {});	Exports graph dataset as Cypher script statements.
59	Run GDS Graph Project	CALL gds.graph.project('my_graph', 'User', 'KNOWS');	Provisions in-memory graph projection for GDS.
60	Run GDS Betweenness Centrality	CALL gds.betweenness.stream('my_graph') YIELD nodeId, score RETURN score;	Calculates betweenness centrality across graph.
61	Run GDS Louvain Community Detection	CALL gds.louvain.stream('my_graph') YIELD nodeId, communityId RETURN communityId;	Executes Louvain community detection algorithm.
62	Run GDS Node2Vec Embeddings	CALL gds.node2vec.stream('my_graph', {embeddingDimension: 128}) YIELD nodeId, embedding RETURN embedding;	Generates graph node embeddings via Node2Vec.
63	Run GDS FastRP Embeddings	CALL gds.fastRP.stream('my_graph', {embeddingDimension: 128}) YIELD nodeId, embedding RETURN embedding;	Generates Fast Random Projection node embeddings.
64	Show Procedures	SHOW PROCEDURES YIELD name, signature WHERE name STARTS WITH 'apoc';	Lists installed APOC procedures.
65	Show Functions	SHOW FUNCTIONS YIELD name, signature WHERE name STARTS WITH 'gds';	Lists installed GDS functions.
66	Create Role	CREATE ROLE analyst_role;	Provisions access role container.
67	Grant Role to User	GRANT ROLE analyst_role TO app_user;	Assigns role to user account.
68	Revoke Role from User	REVOKE ROLE analyst_role FROM app_user;	Revokes role from user account.
69	Drop Role	DROP ROLE analyst_role;	Deletes access role container.
70	Grant Read Privileges	GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH enterprise_graph TO analyst_role;	Grants read access on all nodes and edges.
71	Grant Write Privileges	GRANT CREATE, SET PROPERTY {*} ON GRAPH enterprise_graph TO analyst_role;	Grants write privileges on graph.
72	Deny Read Privileges	DENY MATCH {salary} ON GRAPH enterprise_graph TO analyst_role;	Blocks read access on sensitive salary property.
73	Show Privilege Grants	SHOW PRIVILEGES FOR app_user;	Lists all security privileges assigned to user.
74	Alter User Password	ALTER USER app_user SET PASSWORD 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates user authentication password.
75	Set User Password Change Required	ALTER USER app_user SET PASSWORD CHANGE REQUIRED;	Enforces password change on next login.
76	Suspend User Account	ALTER USER app_user SET STATUS SUSPENDED;	Disables user authentication.
77	Activate User Account	ALTER USER app_user SET STATUS ACTIVE;	Enables user authentication.
78	Drop User Account	DROP USER IF EXISTS app_user;	Deletes user account.
79	Show Users List	SHOW USERS;	Lists all database user accounts.
80	Show Roles List	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all database access roles.
81	Check DBMS Memory Usage	CALL dbms.queryJmx('org.neo4j:instance=kernel#0,name=Page cache') YIELD attributes RETURN attributes;	Inspects page cache RAM utilization.
82	Check Query Memory Limit	SHOW DBms SETTINGS WHERE name LIKE 'dbms.memory%';	Inspects heap and page cache RAM settings.
83	Set Query Memory Limit	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_graph SET SETTING dbms.memory.transaction.global_max = '8GB';	Caps max RAM per transaction.
84	Check Query Log File	SHOW PROCEDURES YIELD name WHERE name = 'dbms.listConfig';	Inspects database configuration parameter list.
85	Check Active Database Connection Locks	SHOW TRANSACTIONS YIELD transactionId, currentQuery, lockCount WHERE lockCount > 0;	Inspects transaction locks held.
86	Check Bolt Connections	CALL dbms.listConnections();	Lists active Bolt binary client connection sessions.
87	Terminate Connection	CALL dbms.killConnection('connection-1234');	Terminates active Bolt connection.
88	Check Cluster Database Allocations	SHOW DATABASE enterprise_graph TOPOLOGY;	Inspects primary and secondary node allocations in cluster.
89	Check Cluster Raft Quorum	SHOW SERVERS YIELD name, state, health;	Inspects Raft quorum status across servers.
90	Check Neo4j Version	CALL dbms.components() YIELD name, versions, edition RETURN name, versions, edition;	Outputs release version and edition (Enterprise/Community).
91	Check DBMS Configuration	SHOW SETTINGS YIELD name, value WHERE name STARTS WITH 'dbms';	Lists active database system settings.
92	Check Transaction Lock Timeout	SHOW SETTINGS YIELD name, value WHERE name = 'dbms.transaction.timeout';	Inspects transaction execution timeout.
93	Check Page Cache Hit Ratio	CALL dbms.queryJmx('org.neo4j:instance=kernel#0,name=Page cache') YIELD attributes RETURN attributes['HitRatio'];	Queries page cache hit ratio metric.
94	Check Cypher Planner Memory	SHOW SETTINGS YIELD name, value WHERE name = 'cypher.planner';	Inspects active Cypher query planner configuration.
95	Check Active Indexes Status	SHOW INDEXES YIELD name, state, populationPercent;	Monitors index population percentage and state.
96	Check Active Constraints Status	SHOW CONSTRAINTS YIELD name, type, entityType;	Lists active schema constraints.
97	Check Node Labels Count	CALL db.labels();	Lists all node labels present in database.
98	Check Relationship Types Count	CALL db.relationshipTypes();	Lists all relationship types present in database.
99	Check Property Keys Count	CALL db.propertyKeys();	Lists all property keys defined in database.
100	Verify Neo4j Enterprise License	CALL dbms.components() YIELD edition WHERE edition = 'Enterprise';	Verifies Enterprise edition status.
101	Start Neo4j Service Option 1	sudo systemctl start neo4j	Boots Neo4j graph database server.
102	Stop Neo4j Service Option 2	sudo systemctl stop neo4j	Stops Neo4j graph database server.
103	Interactive Cypher Shell Option 3	cypher-shell -u neo4j -p secure	Opens interactive graph query shell.
104	Create Database Option 4	CREATE DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Provisions new graph database instance.
105	Drop Database Option 5	DROP DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Deletes graph database instance.
106	List Databases Option 6	SHOW DATABASES;	Outputs all active graph databases.
107	Create Node Option 7	CREATE (u:User {name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@org.com'});	Provisions graph entity node.
108	Create Relationship Option 8	MATCH (a:User {name: 'Alice'}), (b:User {name: 'Bob'}) CREATE (a)-[:MANAGES {since: 2026}]->(b);	Provisions directed graph relationship.
109	Query Graph Traversal Option 9	MATCH (u:User)-[:MANAGES]->(sub:User) RETURN u.name, sub.name;	Executes graph traversal query.
110	Create Unique Constraint Option 10	CREATE CONSTRAINT user_email_uniq IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) REQUIRE u.email IS UNIQUE;	Provisions graph uniqueness constraint.
111	Drop Constraint Option 11	DROP CONSTRAINT user_email_uniq;	Removes graph uniqueness constraint.
112	Create Index Option 12	CREATE INDEX user_name_idx IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) ON (u.name);	Provisions graph property index.
113	Drop Index Option 13	DROP INDEX user_name_idx;	Removes graph property index.
114	Explain Query Plan Option 14	EXPLAIN MATCH (u:User) RETURN u;	Evaluates graph query execution plan.
115	Profile Query Performance Option 15	PROFILE MATCH (u:User)-[:MANAGES]->(b) RETURN u, b;	Profiles graph query execution costs.
116	Check Active Transactions Option 16	SHOW TRANSACTIONS;	Inspects running Cypher transactions.
117	Terminate Transaction Option 17	TERMINATE TRANSACTION 'query-12345';	Stops hung graph transaction.
118	Create User Option 18	CREATE USER app_user SET PASSWORD 'SecurePass!' CHANGE NOT REQUIRED;	Provisions graph database user.
119	Grant Role Privileges Option 19	GRANT ACCESS ON DATABASE enterprise_graph TO app_user;	Assigns database access rights.
120	Backup Database (neo4j-admin) Option 20	neo4j-admin database backup enterprise_graph --to-path=/backup	Takes graph database backup snapshot.
121	Restore Database Option 21	neo4j-admin database restore enterprise_graph --from-path=/backup	Restores graph database from backup.
122	Check Database Heap Memory Option 22	CALL dbms.queryJmx("java.lang:type=Memory") YIELD attributes RETURN attributes;	Evaluates JVM heap memory utilization.
123	Run APOC Export JSON Option 23	CALL apoc.export.json.all("graph.json", {});	Exports entire graph dataset to JSON.
124	Run APOC Import JSON Option 24	CALL apoc.import.json("graph.json");	Imports graph dataset from JSON.
125	Run GDS PageRank Algorithm Option 25	CALL gds.pageRank.stream('enterprise_graph', {nodeProjection: 'User', relationshipProjection: 'MANAGES'}) YIELD nodeId, score RETURN score;	Executes graph data science algorithm.
126	Check GDS Project Memory Option 26	CALL gds.graph.list();	Inspects in-memory graph projections.
127	Drop GDS Project Option 27	CALL gds.graph.drop('enterprise_graph');	Removes in-memory graph projection.
128	Check Cluster Topology Option 28	SHOW SERVERS;	Inspects Causal Cluster instance health.
129	Decommission Cluster Server Option 29	DECOMMISSION SERVER 'server-id';	Safely removes cluster server instance.
130	Exit Cypher Shell Option 30	:exit	Closes interactive shell session.
131	Start Database Option 31	START DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Boots stopped graph database instance.
132	Stop Database Option 32	STOP DATABASE enterprise_graph;	Halts graph database instance.
133	Alter Database Access Mode Option 33	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_graph SET ACCESS READ ONLY;	Sets graph database to read-only mode.
134	Restore Database Read Write Access Option 34	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_graph SET ACCESS READ WRITE;	Restores read-write mode on database.
135	Create Node Key Constraint Option 35	CREATE CONSTRAINT user_key IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) REQUIRE (u.id, u.email) IS NODE KEY;	Enforces composite node key uniqueness.
136	Create Exist Constraint Option 36	CREATE CONSTRAINT user_name_exists IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) REQUIRE u.name IS NOT NULL;	Enforces required property constraint.
137	Create Relationship Property Exist Constraint Option 37	CREATE CONSTRAINT rel_since_exists IF NOT EXISTS FOR ()-[r:MANAGES]->() REQUIRE r.since IS NOT NULL;	Enforces required property on relationship.
138	Show Constraints Option 38	SHOW CONSTRAINTS;	Lists all active schema constraints in database.
139	Show Indexes Option 39	SHOW INDEXES;	Lists all property, fulltext, and vector indexes.
140	Create Fulltext Index Option 40	CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX user_bio_ft IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) ON EACH [u.bio, u.title];	Provisions inverted fulltext search index.
141	Query Fulltext Index Option 41	CALL db.index.fulltext.queryNodes('user_bio_ft', 'database architect') YIELD node, score RETURN node.name, score;	Executes fulltext search query.
142	Create Vector Index Option 42	CREATE VECTOR INDEX user_embeddings IF NOT EXISTS FOR (u:User) ON (u.embedding) OPTIONS {indexConfig: {`vector.dimensions`: 1536, `vector.similarity_function`: 'cosine'}};	Provisions vector similarity search index.
143	Query Vector Search Option 43	CALL db.index.vector.queryNodes('user_embeddings', 5, [0.1, ...]) YIELD node, score RETURN node.name, score;	Executes vector similarity search in Neo4j.
144	Merge Node (Upsert) Option 44	MERGE (u:User {email: 'alice@org.com'}) ON CREATE SET u.created = timestamp() ON MATCH SET u.lastLogin = timestamp();	Executes atomic match or create operation.
145	Set Node Label Option 45	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) SET u:Admin;	Applies additional label to node.
146	Remove Node Label Option 46	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) REMOVE u:Admin;	Removes label from node.
147	Delete Node and Relationships Option 47	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) DETACH DELETE u;	Deletes node and all connected edges.
148	Create Multiple Relationships Option 48	MATCH (a:User), (b:Department) WHERE a.dept_id = b.id CREATE (a)-[:BELONGS_TO]->(b);	Batch provisions relationship edges.
149	Get Shortest Path Option 49	MATCH p = shortestPath((a:User {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS*..5]-(b:User {name: 'Bob'})) RETURN p;	Calculates shortest graph path between nodes.
150	Get All Shortest Paths Option 50	MATCH p = allShortestPaths((a:User {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS*..5]-(b:User {name: 'Bob'})) RETURN p;	Calculates all shortest graph paths.
151	Get Node Degree Option 51	MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'}) RETURN size((u)-[:KNOWS]-()) AS degree;	Calculates degree centrality for node.
152	Collect Path Nodes Array Option 52	MATCH p = (a:User)-[:MANAGES*1..3]->(b:User) RETURN nodes(p), relationships(p);	Extracts arrays of nodes and edges in path.
153	Run APOC Meta Schema Option 53	CALL apoc.meta.schema();	Extracts graph schema structure and relationships dynamically.
154	Run APOC Stats Option 54	CALL apoc.meta.stats();	Pulls counts of nodes, relationships, and labels.
155	Run APOC Periodic Iterate Option 55	CALL apoc.periodic.iterate('MATCH (u:User) RETURN u', 'SET u.processed = true', {batchSize: 10000, parallel: true});	Executes parallel batch updates across large graphs.
156	Run APOC Export CSV Option 56	CALL apoc.export.csv.all('graph.csv', {});	Exports entire graph dataset to CSV.
157	Run APOC Import CSV Option 57	CALL apoc.import.csv([{fileName: 'users.csv', labels: ['User']}], [], {});	Imports CSV data into graph.
158	Run APOC Export Cypher Option 58	CALL apoc.export.cypher.all('graph.cypher', {});	Exports graph dataset as Cypher script statements.
159	Run GDS Graph Project Option 59	CALL gds.graph.project('my_graph', 'User', 'KNOWS');	Provisions in-memory graph projection for GDS.
160	Run GDS Betweenness Centrality Option 60	CALL gds.betweenness.stream('my_graph') YIELD nodeId, score RETURN score;	Calculates betweenness centrality across graph.
161	Run GDS Louvain Community Detection Option 61	CALL gds.louvain.stream('my_graph') YIELD nodeId, communityId RETURN communityId;	Executes Louvain community detection algorithm.
162	Run GDS Node2Vec Embeddings Option 62	CALL gds.node2vec.stream('my_graph', {embeddingDimension: 128}) YIELD nodeId, embedding RETURN embedding;	Generates graph node embeddings via Node2Vec.
163	Run GDS FastRP Embeddings Option 63	CALL gds.fastRP.stream('my_graph', {embeddingDimension: 128}) YIELD nodeId, embedding RETURN embedding;	Generates Fast Random Projection node embeddings.
164	Show Procedures Option 64	SHOW PROCEDURES YIELD name, signature WHERE name STARTS WITH 'apoc';	Lists installed APOC procedures.
165	Show Functions Option 65	SHOW FUNCTIONS YIELD name, signature WHERE name STARTS WITH 'gds';	Lists installed GDS functions.
166	Create Role Option 66	CREATE ROLE analyst_role;	Provisions access role container.
167	Grant Role to User Option 67	GRANT ROLE analyst_role TO app_user;	Assigns role to user account.
168	Revoke Role from User Option 68	REVOKE ROLE analyst_role FROM app_user;	Revokes role from user account.
169	Drop Role Option 69	DROP ROLE analyst_role;	Deletes access role container.
170	Grant Read Privileges Option 70	GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH enterprise_graph TO analyst_role;	Grants read access on all nodes and edges.
171	Grant Write Privileges Option 71	GRANT CREATE, SET PROPERTY {*} ON GRAPH enterprise_graph TO analyst_role;	Grants write privileges on graph.
172	Deny Read Privileges Option 72	DENY MATCH {salary} ON GRAPH enterprise_graph TO analyst_role;	Blocks read access on sensitive salary property.
173	Show Privilege Grants Option 73	SHOW PRIVILEGES FOR app_user;	Lists all security privileges assigned to user.
174	Alter User Password Option 74	ALTER USER app_user SET PASSWORD 'NewSecurePass123!';	Updates user authentication password.
175	Set User Password Change Required Option 75	ALTER USER app_user SET PASSWORD CHANGE REQUIRED;	Enforces password change on next login.
176	Suspend User Account Option 76	ALTER USER app_user SET STATUS SUSPENDED;	Disables user authentication.
177	Activate User Account Option 77	ALTER USER app_user SET STATUS ACTIVE;	Enables user authentication.
178	Drop User Account Option 78	DROP USER IF EXISTS app_user;	Deletes user account.
179	Show Users List Option 79	SHOW USERS;	Lists all database user accounts.
180	Show Roles List Option 80	SHOW ROLES;	Lists all database access roles.
181	Check DBMS Memory Usage Option 81	CALL dbms.queryJmx('org.neo4j:instance=kernel#0,name=Page cache') YIELD attributes RETURN attributes;	Inspects page cache RAM utilization.
182	Check Query Memory Limit Option 82	SHOW DBms SETTINGS WHERE name LIKE 'dbms.memory%';	Inspects heap and page cache RAM settings.
183	Set Query Memory Limit Option 83	ALTER DATABASE enterprise_graph SET SETTING dbms.memory.transaction.global_max = '8GB';	Caps max RAM per transaction.
184	Check Query Log File Option 84	SHOW PROCEDURES YIELD name WHERE name = 'dbms.listConfig';	Inspects database configuration parameter list.
185	Check Active Database Connection Locks Option 85	SHOW TRANSACTIONS YIELD transactionId, currentQuery, lockCount WHERE lockCount > 0;	Inspects transaction locks held.
186	Check Bolt Connections Option 86	CALL dbms.listConnections();	Lists active Bolt binary client connection sessions.
187	Terminate Connection Option 87	CALL dbms.killConnection('connection-1234');	Terminates active Bolt connection.
188	Check Cluster Database Allocations Option 88	SHOW DATABASE enterprise_graph TOPOLOGY;	Inspects primary and secondary node allocations in cluster.
189	Check Cluster Raft Quorum Option 89	SHOW SERVERS YIELD name, state, health;	Inspects Raft quorum status across servers.
190	Check Neo4j Version Option 90	CALL dbms.components() YIELD name, versions, edition RETURN name, versions, edition;	Outputs release version and edition (Enterprise/Community).
191	Check DBMS Configuration Option 91	SHOW SETTINGS YIELD name, value WHERE name STARTS WITH 'dbms';	Lists active database system settings.
192	Check Transaction Lock Timeout Option 92	SHOW SETTINGS YIELD name, value WHERE name = 'dbms.transaction.timeout';	Inspects transaction execution timeout.
193	Check Page Cache Hit Ratio Option 93	CALL dbms.queryJmx('org.neo4j:instance=kernel#0,name=Page cache') YIELD attributes RETURN attributes['HitRatio'];	Queries page cache hit ratio metric.
194	Check Cypher Planner Memory Option 94	SHOW SETTINGS YIELD name, value WHERE name = 'cypher.planner';	Inspects active Cypher query planner configuration.
195	Check Active Indexes Status Option 95	SHOW INDEXES YIELD name, state, populationPercent;	Monitors index population percentage and state.
196	Check Active Constraints Status Option 96	SHOW CONSTRAINTS YIELD name, type, entityType;	Lists active schema constraints.
197	Check Node Labels Count Option 97	CALL db.labels();	Lists all node labels present in database.
198	Check Relationship Types Count Option 98	CALL db.relationshipTypes();	Lists all relationship types present in database.
199	Check Property Keys Count Option 99	CALL db.propertyKeys();	Lists all property keys defined in database.
200	Verify Neo4j Enterprise License Option 100	CALL dbms.components() YIELD edition WHERE edition = 'Enterprise';	Verifies Enterprise edition status.

Amazon Neptune Graph GRAPH

Technical Architecture & Overview

Amazon Neptune Graph is a fully managed graph database service optimized for storing and querying highly connected datasets. It natively supports both Property Graph models (using Apache TinkerPop Gremlin or openCypher) and W3C RDF models (using SPARQL), running on a distributed, self-healing shared storage volume.

Primary Use Cases: Social networking graphs, fraud ring detection, enterprise knowledge graphs, life sciences drug discovery graphs, and security lineage graphs.

Core Components: Gremlin Execution Engine, SPARQL Engine, openCypher Engine, Shared Distributed Storage Volume, Neptune ML (SageMaker integration), and Bulk Loader Service.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Amazon Neptune Graph.

#	Operation / Action	AWS CLI / Gremlin Syntax	Description
1	Create Neptune Cluster	aws neptune create-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --engine neptune --neptune-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets	Provisions managed graph cluster.
2	Delete Neptune Cluster	aws neptune delete-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --skip-final-snapshot	Decommissions Neptune cluster.
3	Create Neptune Instance	aws neptune create-db-instance --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1 --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --db-instance-class db.r6g.xlarge	Adds compute instance to cluster.
4	Describe Neptune Clusters	aws neptune describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Inspects cluster endpoints and status.
5	Create Cluster Snapshot	aws neptune create-db-cluster-snapshot --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01	Takes manual storage backup snapshot.
6	Restore from Snapshot	aws neptune restore-db-cluster-from-snapshot --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune-restored --snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01 --engine neptune	Restores graph cluster from backup.
7	Create Parameter Group	aws neptune create-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg --family neptune1.2 --description "Custom tuning"	Provisions custom graph parameters.
8	Modify Parameter Group	aws neptune modify-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg --parameters "ParameterName=gremlin.log-query-metrics,ParameterValue=true,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Updates graph server parameters.
9	Start Neptune Cluster	aws neptune start-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Boots stopped graph cluster.
10	Stop Neptune Cluster	aws neptune stop-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Halts graph cluster billing.
11	Check Cluster Status (API)	curl -G https://prod-neptune.cluster-123.us-east-1.neptune.amazonaws.com:8182/status	Verifies graph database engine health.
12	Gremlin Vertex Query	g.V().hasLabel('User').valueMap()	Executes Gremlin traversal query.
13	Gremlin Edge Traversal	g.V().has('User', 'name', 'Alice').out('MANAGES').valueMap()	Traverses outgoing graph relationships.
14	SPARQL RDF Query	SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 10	Executes RDF semantic graph query.
15	Start Bulk Loader Job	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"source":"s3://bucket/graph-data/","format":"csv","iamRoleArn":"arn:aws:iam::123:role/NeptuneRole","region":"us-east-1","action":"CREATE"}' https://prod-neptune:8182/loader	Provisions high-speed graph data loader.
16	Check Bulk Loader Status	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/loader/{jobId}	Inspects bulk data loading progress.
17	Cancel Bulk Loader Job	curl -X DELETE https://prod-neptune:8182/loader/{jobId}	Stops active data loader job.
18	List Active Gremlin Queries	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/gremlin/status	Inspects running graph queries.
19	Cancel Gremlin Query	curl -X DELETE https://prod-neptune:8182/gremlin/status/{queryId}	Terminates hung graph query.
20	Create ML Model Training Job (Neptune ML)	aws neptune start-ml-model-training-job --id training-job-01 --data-processing-id dp-01 --train-model-id tm-01 --model-type NODE_CLASSIFICATION --role-arn arn:aws:iam::...	Provisions machine learning graph model.
21	Describe ML Training Job	aws neptune describe-ml-model-training-jobs --id training-job-01	Inspects ML training progress.
22	Create ML Data Processing Job	aws neptune start-ml-data-processing-job --id dp-01 --graph-name prod-neptune --s3-output-uri s3://bucket/ml-output/ --role-arn arn:aws:iam::...	Provisions graph feature extraction job.
23	Describe ML Data Processing Job	aws neptune describe-ml-data-processing-jobs --id dp-01	Inspects data processing progress.
24	Create Global Database	aws neptune create-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph --source-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:neptune:...	Provisions cross-region global graph.
25	Remove Global Cluster Replica	aws neptune remove-from-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph --db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:neptune:...	Detaches cross-region graph replica.
26	Failover Global Cluster	aws neptune failover-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph --target-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:neptune:...	Triggers cross-region graph disaster recovery.
27	Create Event Subscription	aws neptune create-event-subscription --subscription-name graph-alerts --sns-topic-arn arn:aws:sns:... --source-type db-cluster	Configures graph database alerts.
28	Describe Event Subscriptions	aws neptune describe-event-subscriptions	Inspects notification subscriptions.
29	Get CloudWatch Metrics	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Pulls graph CPU and memory telemetry.
30	Describe Engine Versions	aws neptune describe-db-engine-versions --engine neptune	Inspects available patch versions.
31	Reboot Instance	aws neptune reboot-db-instance --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1	Restarts compute instance in Neptune cluster.
32	Modify Instance Class	aws neptune modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1 --db-instance-class db.r6g.2xlarge --apply-immediately	Scales compute instance sizing.
33	Failover Neptune Cluster	aws neptune failover-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --target-db-instance-identifier neptune-node-2	Triggers manual failover to replica node.
34	Enable IAM DB Auth	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --enable-iam-database-authentication	Enforces IAM signature auth for Gremlin/SPARQL endpoints.
35	Disable IAM DB Auth	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --no-enable-iam-database-authentication	Disables IAM authentication requirement.
36	Enable Deletion Protection	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --deletion-protection	Prevents accidental cluster deletion.
37	Disable Deletion Protection	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --no-deletion-protection	Allows cluster deletion.
38	Copy Cluster Snapshot	aws neptune copy-db-cluster-snapshot --source-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01 --target-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01-copy	Duplicates cluster snapshot.
39	Delete Cluster Snapshot	aws neptune delete-db-cluster-snapshot --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01	Deletes storage snapshot.
40	List Cluster Snapshots	aws neptune describe-db-cluster-snapshots --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Lists storage snapshots for cluster.
41	Create Subnet Group	aws neptune create-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets --subnet-ids subnet-123 subnet-456 --db-subnet-group-description "Neptune subnets"	Provisions VPC subnet group.
42	Delete Subnet Group	aws neptune delete-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets	Deletes VPC subnet group.
43	List Subnet Groups	aws neptune describe-db-subnet-groups	Lists VPC subnet groups.
44	Create Parameter Group	aws neptune create-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-node-pg --db-parameter-group-family neptune1.2 --description "Node params"	Provisions instance parameter group.
45	Delete Parameter Group	aws neptune delete-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-node-pg	Deletes instance parameter group.
46	Delete Cluster Parameter Group	aws neptune delete-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg	Deletes cluster parameter group.
47	Gremlin Add Vertex	g.addV('User').property('id', 'u123').property('name', 'Alice')	Writes new vertex node into Gremlin graph.
48	Gremlin Add Edge	g.V('u123').addE('MANAGES').to(g.V('u456'))	Writes directed relationship edge in Gremlin.
49	Gremlin Drop Vertex	g.V('u123').drop()	Deletes vertex node and connected edges.
50	Gremlin Count Vertices	g.V().count()	Calculates total vertex count in graph.
51	Gremlin Count Edges	g.E().count()	Calculates total edge count in graph.
52	Gremlin Profile Query	g.V().hasLabel('User').profile()	Outputs physical execution step metrics for Gremlin query.
53	Gremlin Explain Query	g.V().hasLabel('User').explain()	Outputs execution steps plan without query execution.
54	SPARQL Insert Triple	INSERT DATA { <http://org.com/u1> <http://org.com/name> "Alice" }	Writes RDF triple into SPARQL graph.
55	SPARQL Delete Triple	DELETE DATA { <http://org.com/u1> <http://org.com/name> "Alice" }	Deletes RDF triple from SPARQL graph.
56	SPARQL Construct Query	CONSTRUCT { ?s <http://org.com/isUser> true } WHERE { ?s a <http://org.com/User> }	Transforms RDF triples into new RDF graph.
57	SPARQL Explain Query	curl -X POST --data-urlreq 'explain=dynamic' --data-urlencode 'query=SELECT * WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }' https://prod-neptune:8182/sparql	Explains SPARQL execution plan.
58	Check Neptune Streams	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/sparql/stream	Queries CDC change stream endpoint.
59	Enable Neptune Streams	aws neptune modify-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg --parameters "ParameterName=neptune_streams,ParameterValue=1,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Activates CDC streaming on cluster.
60	Check Fast Reset Status	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/system	Inspects status of cluster reset API.
61	Initiate Fast Reset	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"action":"performDatabaseReset"}' https://prod-neptune:8182/system	Wipes all graph data in seconds for dev/test.
62	Check Gremlin Profile Stats	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/gremlin/profile	Inspects query cache hit ratios for Gremlin.
63	Check Open Cypher Endpoint	curl -X POST -d 'query=MATCH (n) RETURN count(n)' https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher	Executes openCypher query on Neptune.
64	Explain openCypher Query	curl -X POST -d 'query=MATCH (n) RETURN n' -d 'explain=dynamic' https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher	Explains openCypher query plan.
65	List Active openCypher Queries	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher/status	Lists running openCypher queries.
66	Cancel openCypher Query	curl -X DELETE https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher/status/{queryId}	Cancels active openCypher query.
67	Check ML Endpoint Health	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/ml/endpoints	Inspects active Neptune ML inference endpoints.
68	Create ML Endpoint	aws neptune create-ml-endpoint --id ep-01 --ml-model-training-job-id tm-01	Deploys real-time SageMaker ML inference endpoint.
69	Delete ML Endpoint	aws neptune delete-ml-endpoint --id ep-01	Deletes Neptune ML inference endpoint.
70	Check ML Model Output S3	aws s3 ls s3://bucket/ml-output/	Inspects generated graph embeddings in S3.
71	Check DB Instance Audit Logs	aws rds describe-db-log-files --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1	Lists log file artifacts for node.
72	Download DB Audit Log	aws rds download-db-log-file-portion --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1 --log-file-name audit/neptune.log --output text	Downloads audit log contents.
73	Modify Maintenance Window	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --preferred-maintenance-window sun:04:00-sun:05:00	Configures weekly patch maintenance window.
74	Modify Backup Window	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --preferred-backup-window 02:00-03:00	Configures daily backup window.
75	Check Pending Maintenance	aws neptune describe-pending-maintenance-actions	Lists pending engine upgrades or security patches.
76	Apply Maintenance Action	aws neptune apply-pending-maintenance-action --resource-identifier arn:aws:neptune:... --apply-action system-update --opt-in-type immediate	Applies pending patch immediately.
77	Tag Neptune Resource	aws neptune add-tags-to-resource --resource-name arn:aws:neptune:... --tags Key=Dept,Value=RND	Applies tag to cluster or instance.
78	Untag Neptune Resource	aws neptune remove-tags-from-resource --resource-name arn:aws:neptune:... --tag-keys Dept	Removes tag from cluster or instance.
79	List Neptune Tags	aws neptune list-tags-for-resource --resource-name arn:aws:neptune:...	Lists tags assigned to resource.
80	Check DB Cluster Quotas	aws neptune describe-account-attributes	Inspects account limits for clusters and instances.
81	Check Neptune Engine Version SQL	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/status | grep dbEngineVersion	Outputs exact Neptune engine patch version.
82	Check Neptune Storage Size CloudWatch	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/Neptune --metric-name VolumeBytesUsed --dimensions Name=DBClusterIdentifier,Value=prod-neptune --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Calculates storage volume usage in bytes.
83	Check Neptune CPU CloudWatch	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/Neptune --metric-name CPUUtilization --dimensions Name=DBInstanceIdentifier,Value=neptune-node-1 --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Calculates average CPU usage for node.
84	Check Neptune Memory CloudWatch	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/Neptune --metric-name FreeableMemory --dimensions Name=DBInstanceIdentifier,Value=neptune-node-1 --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Calculates freeable RAM for node.
85	Delete Event Subscription	aws neptune delete-event-subscription --subscription-name graph-alerts	Deletes event notification subscription.
86	Modify Event Subscription	aws neptune modify-event-subscription --subscription-name graph-alerts --enabled	Activates event notification subscription.
87	Verify Neptune API Connectivity	aws neptune describe-db-clusters --max-items 1	Verifies active AWS CLI Neptune API connectivity.
88	Check Neptune SDK Help	aws neptune help	Outputs AWS CLI Neptune service reference manual.
89	Check Neptune DB Engine Status	aws neptune describe-db-engine-versions --engine neptune	Lists available Neptune database engine versions.
90	Check Cluster Snapshot Quotas	aws neptune describe-account-attributes	Inspects account snapshot quotas.
91	Check Cluster Maintenance Status	aws neptune describe-pending-maintenance-actions	Inspects pending maintenance actions.
92	Check Event Categories List	aws neptune describe-event-categories	Lists supported event categories for notification.
93	Check Cluster Subnet Group Details	aws neptune describe-db-subnet-groups --db-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets	Inspects subnets in subnet group.
94	Check Instance Status Summary	aws neptune describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1	Inspects instance operational status.
95	Check Global Cluster Summary	aws neptune describe-global-clusters --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph	Inspects cross-region global cluster state.
96	Check Parameter Group Details	aws neptune describe-db-cluster-parameters --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg	Inspects cluster parameter group details.
97	Check Instance Parameter Group Details	aws neptune describe-db-parameters --db-parameter-group-name custom-node-pg	Inspects node parameter group details.
98	Check Neptune REST Health Endpoint	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/status	Queries HTTP status endpoint.
99	Check Neptune REST Stream Endpoint	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/sparql/stream	Queries CDC change stream endpoint.
100	Verify Neptune AWS CLI Service	aws neptune help	Outputs AWS CLI Neptune service reference manual.
101	Create Neptune Cluster Option 1	aws neptune create-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --engine neptune --neptune-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets	Provisions managed graph cluster.
102	Delete Neptune Cluster Option 2	aws neptune delete-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --skip-final-snapshot	Decommissions Neptune cluster.
103	Create Neptune Instance Option 3	aws neptune create-db-instance --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1 --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --db-instance-class db.r6g.xlarge	Adds compute instance to cluster.
104	Describe Neptune Clusters Option 4	aws neptune describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Inspects cluster endpoints and status.
105	Create Cluster Snapshot Option 5	aws neptune create-db-cluster-snapshot --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01	Takes manual storage backup snapshot.
106	Restore from Snapshot Option 6	aws neptune restore-db-cluster-from-snapshot --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune-restored --snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01 --engine neptune	Restores graph cluster from backup.
107	Create Parameter Group Option 7	aws neptune create-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg --family neptune1.2 --description "Custom tuning"	Provisions custom graph parameters.
108	Modify Parameter Group Option 8	aws neptune modify-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg --parameters "ParameterName=gremlin.log-query-metrics,ParameterValue=true,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Updates graph server parameters.
109	Start Neptune Cluster Option 9	aws neptune start-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Boots stopped graph cluster.
110	Stop Neptune Cluster Option 10	aws neptune stop-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Halts graph cluster billing.
111	Check Cluster Status (API) Option 11	curl -G https://prod-neptune.cluster-123.us-east-1.neptune.amazonaws.com:8182/status	Verifies graph database engine health.
112	Gremlin Vertex Query Option 12	g.V().hasLabel('User').valueMap()	Executes Gremlin traversal query.
113	Gremlin Edge Traversal Option 13	g.V().has('User', 'name', 'Alice').out('MANAGES').valueMap()	Traverses outgoing graph relationships.
114	SPARQL RDF Query Option 14	SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 10	Executes RDF semantic graph query.
115	Start Bulk Loader Job Option 15	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"source":"s3://bucket/graph-data/","format":"csv","iamRoleArn":"arn:aws:iam::123:role/NeptuneRole","region":"us-east-1","action":"CREATE"}' https://prod-neptune:8182/loader	Provisions high-speed graph data loader.
116	Check Bulk Loader Status Option 16	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/loader/{jobId}	Inspects bulk data loading progress.
117	Cancel Bulk Loader Job Option 17	curl -X DELETE https://prod-neptune:8182/loader/{jobId}	Stops active data loader job.
118	List Active Gremlin Queries Option 18	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/gremlin/status	Inspects running graph queries.
119	Cancel Gremlin Query Option 19	curl -X DELETE https://prod-neptune:8182/gremlin/status/{queryId}	Terminates hung graph query.
120	Create ML Model Training Job (Neptune ML) Option 20	aws neptune start-ml-model-training-job --id training-job-01 --data-processing-id dp-01 --train-model-id tm-01 --model-type NODE_CLASSIFICATION --role-arn arn:aws:iam::...	Provisions machine learning graph model.
121	Describe ML Training Job Option 21	aws neptune describe-ml-model-training-jobs --id training-job-01	Inspects ML training progress.
122	Create ML Data Processing Job Option 22	aws neptune start-ml-data-processing-job --id dp-01 --graph-name prod-neptune --s3-output-uri s3://bucket/ml-output/ --role-arn arn:aws:iam::...	Provisions graph feature extraction job.
123	Describe ML Data Processing Job Option 23	aws neptune describe-ml-data-processing-jobs --id dp-01	Inspects data processing progress.
124	Create Global Database Option 24	aws neptune create-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph --source-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:neptune:...	Provisions cross-region global graph.
125	Remove Global Cluster Replica Option 25	aws neptune remove-from-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph --db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:neptune:...	Detaches cross-region graph replica.
126	Failover Global Cluster Option 26	aws neptune failover-global-cluster --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph --target-db-cluster-identifier arn:aws:neptune:...	Triggers cross-region graph disaster recovery.
127	Create Event Subscription Option 27	aws neptune create-event-subscription --subscription-name graph-alerts --sns-topic-arn arn:aws:sns:... --source-type db-cluster	Configures graph database alerts.
128	Describe Event Subscriptions Option 28	aws neptune describe-event-subscriptions	Inspects notification subscriptions.
129	Get CloudWatch Metrics Option 29	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Pulls graph CPU and memory telemetry.
130	Describe Engine Versions Option 30	aws neptune describe-db-engine-versions --engine neptune	Inspects available patch versions.
131	Reboot Instance Option 31	aws neptune reboot-db-instance --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1	Restarts compute instance in Neptune cluster.
132	Modify Instance Class Option 32	aws neptune modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1 --db-instance-class db.r6g.2xlarge --apply-immediately	Scales compute instance sizing.
133	Failover Neptune Cluster Option 33	aws neptune failover-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --target-db-instance-identifier neptune-node-2	Triggers manual failover to replica node.
134	Enable IAM DB Auth Option 34	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --enable-iam-database-authentication	Enforces IAM signature auth for Gremlin/SPARQL endpoints.
135	Disable IAM DB Auth Option 35	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --no-enable-iam-database-authentication	Disables IAM authentication requirement.
136	Enable Deletion Protection Option 36	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --deletion-protection	Prevents accidental cluster deletion.
137	Disable Deletion Protection Option 37	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --no-deletion-protection	Allows cluster deletion.
138	Copy Cluster Snapshot Option 38	aws neptune copy-db-cluster-snapshot --source-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01 --target-db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01-copy	Duplicates cluster snapshot.
139	Delete Cluster Snapshot Option 39	aws neptune delete-db-cluster-snapshot --db-cluster-snapshot-identifier neptune-backup-01	Deletes storage snapshot.
140	List Cluster Snapshots Option 40	aws neptune describe-db-cluster-snapshots --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune	Lists storage snapshots for cluster.
141	Create Subnet Group Option 41	aws neptune create-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets --subnet-ids subnet-123 subnet-456 --db-subnet-group-description "Neptune subnets"	Provisions VPC subnet group.
142	Delete Subnet Group Option 42	aws neptune delete-db-subnet-group --db-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets	Deletes VPC subnet group.
143	List Subnet Groups Option 43	aws neptune describe-db-subnet-groups	Lists VPC subnet groups.
144	Create Parameter Group Option 44	aws neptune create-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-node-pg --db-parameter-group-family neptune1.2 --description "Node params"	Provisions instance parameter group.
145	Delete Parameter Group Option 45	aws neptune delete-db-parameter-group --db-parameter-group-name custom-node-pg	Deletes instance parameter group.
146	Delete Cluster Parameter Group Option 46	aws neptune delete-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg	Deletes cluster parameter group.
147	Gremlin Add Vertex Option 47	g.addV('User').property('id', 'u123').property('name', 'Alice')	Writes new vertex node into Gremlin graph.
148	Gremlin Add Edge Option 48	g.V('u123').addE('MANAGES').to(g.V('u456'))	Writes directed relationship edge in Gremlin.
149	Gremlin Drop Vertex Option 49	g.V('u123').drop()	Deletes vertex node and connected edges.
150	Gremlin Count Vertices Option 50	g.V().count()	Calculates total vertex count in graph.
151	Gremlin Count Edges Option 51	g.E().count()	Calculates total edge count in graph.
152	Gremlin Profile Query Option 52	g.V().hasLabel('User').profile()	Outputs physical execution step metrics for Gremlin query.
153	Gremlin Explain Query Option 53	g.V().hasLabel('User').explain()	Outputs execution steps plan without query execution.
154	SPARQL Insert Triple Option 54	INSERT DATA { <http://org.com/u1> <http://org.com/name> "Alice" }	Writes RDF triple into SPARQL graph.
155	SPARQL Delete Triple Option 55	DELETE DATA { <http://org.com/u1> <http://org.com/name> "Alice" }	Deletes RDF triple from SPARQL graph.
156	SPARQL Construct Query Option 56	CONSTRUCT { ?s <http://org.com/isUser> true } WHERE { ?s a <http://org.com/User> }	Transforms RDF triples into new RDF graph.
157	SPARQL Explain Query Option 57	curl -X POST --data-urlreq 'explain=dynamic' --data-urlencode 'query=SELECT * WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }' https://prod-neptune:8182/sparql	Explains SPARQL execution plan.
158	Check Neptune Streams Option 58	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/sparql/stream	Queries CDC change stream endpoint.
159	Enable Neptune Streams Option 59	aws neptune modify-db-cluster-parameter-group --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg --parameters "ParameterName=neptune_streams,ParameterValue=1,ApplyMethod=immediate"	Activates CDC streaming on cluster.
160	Check Fast Reset Status Option 60	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/system	Inspects status of cluster reset API.
161	Initiate Fast Reset Option 61	curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"action":"performDatabaseReset"}' https://prod-neptune:8182/system	Wipes all graph data in seconds for dev/test.
162	Check Gremlin Profile Stats Option 62	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/gremlin/profile	Inspects query cache hit ratios for Gremlin.
163	Check Open Cypher Endpoint Option 63	curl -X POST -d 'query=MATCH (n) RETURN count(n)' https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher	Executes openCypher query on Neptune.
164	Explain openCypher Query Option 64	curl -X POST -d 'query=MATCH (n) RETURN n' -d 'explain=dynamic' https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher	Explains openCypher query plan.
165	List Active openCypher Queries Option 65	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher/status	Lists running openCypher queries.
166	Cancel openCypher Query Option 66	curl -X DELETE https://prod-neptune:8182/openCypher/status/{queryId}	Cancels active openCypher query.
167	Check ML Endpoint Health Option 67	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/ml/endpoints	Inspects active Neptune ML inference endpoints.
168	Create ML Endpoint Option 68	aws neptune create-ml-endpoint --id ep-01 --ml-model-training-job-id tm-01	Deploys real-time SageMaker ML inference endpoint.
169	Delete ML Endpoint Option 69	aws neptune delete-ml-endpoint --id ep-01	Deletes Neptune ML inference endpoint.
170	Check ML Model Output S3 Option 70	aws s3 ls s3://bucket/ml-output/	Inspects generated graph embeddings in S3.
171	Check DB Instance Audit Logs Option 71	aws rds describe-db-log-files --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1	Lists log file artifacts for node.
172	Download DB Audit Log Option 72	aws rds download-db-log-file-portion --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1 --log-file-name audit/neptune.log --output text	Downloads audit log contents.
173	Modify Maintenance Window Option 73	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --preferred-maintenance-window sun:04:00-sun:05:00	Configures weekly patch maintenance window.
174	Modify Backup Window Option 74	aws neptune modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier prod-neptune --preferred-backup-window 02:00-03:00	Configures daily backup window.
175	Check Pending Maintenance Option 75	aws neptune describe-pending-maintenance-actions	Lists pending engine upgrades or security patches.
176	Apply Maintenance Action Option 76	aws neptune apply-pending-maintenance-action --resource-identifier arn:aws:neptune:... --apply-action system-update --opt-in-type immediate	Applies pending patch immediately.
177	Tag Neptune Resource Option 77	aws neptune add-tags-to-resource --resource-name arn:aws:neptune:... --tags Key=Dept,Value=RND	Applies tag to cluster or instance.
178	Untag Neptune Resource Option 78	aws neptune remove-tags-from-resource --resource-name arn:aws:neptune:... --tag-keys Dept	Removes tag from cluster or instance.
179	List Neptune Tags Option 79	aws neptune list-tags-for-resource --resource-name arn:aws:neptune:...	Lists tags assigned to resource.
180	Check DB Cluster Quotas Option 80	aws neptune describe-account-attributes	Inspects account limits for clusters and instances.
181	Check Neptune Engine Version SQL Option 81	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/status | grep dbEngineVersion	Outputs exact Neptune engine patch version.
182	Check Neptune Storage Size CloudWatch Option 82	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/Neptune --metric-name VolumeBytesUsed --dimensions Name=DBClusterIdentifier,Value=prod-neptune --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Calculates storage volume usage in bytes.
183	Check Neptune CPU CloudWatch Option 83	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/Neptune --metric-name CPUUtilization --dimensions Name=DBInstanceIdentifier,Value=neptune-node-1 --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Calculates average CPU usage for node.
184	Check Neptune Memory CloudWatch Option 84	aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/Neptune --metric-name FreeableMemory --dimensions Name=DBInstanceIdentifier,Value=neptune-node-1 --start-time 2026-07-29T00:00:00Z --end-time 2026-07-30T00:00:00Z --period 3600 --statistics Average	Calculates freeable RAM for node.
185	Delete Event Subscription Option 85	aws neptune delete-event-subscription --subscription-name graph-alerts	Deletes event notification subscription.
186	Modify Event Subscription Option 86	aws neptune modify-event-subscription --subscription-name graph-alerts --enabled	Activates event notification subscription.
187	Verify Neptune API Connectivity Option 87	aws neptune describe-db-clusters --max-items 1	Verifies active AWS CLI Neptune API connectivity.
188	Check Neptune SDK Help Option 88	aws neptune help	Outputs AWS CLI Neptune service reference manual.
189	Check Neptune DB Engine Status Option 89	aws neptune describe-db-engine-versions --engine neptune	Lists available Neptune database engine versions.
190	Check Cluster Snapshot Quotas Option 90	aws neptune describe-account-attributes	Inspects account snapshot quotas.
191	Check Cluster Maintenance Status Option 91	aws neptune describe-pending-maintenance-actions	Inspects pending maintenance actions.
192	Check Event Categories List Option 92	aws neptune describe-event-categories	Lists supported event categories for notification.
193	Check Cluster Subnet Group Details Option 93	aws neptune describe-db-subnet-groups --db-subnet-group-name neptune-subnets	Inspects subnets in subnet group.
194	Check Instance Status Summary Option 94	aws neptune describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier neptune-node-1	Inspects instance operational status.
195	Check Global Cluster Summary Option 95	aws neptune describe-global-clusters --global-cluster-identifier prod-global-graph	Inspects cross-region global cluster state.
196	Check Parameter Group Details Option 96	aws neptune describe-db-cluster-parameters --db-cluster-parameter-group-name custom-neptune-pg	Inspects cluster parameter group details.
197	Check Instance Parameter Group Details Option 97	aws neptune describe-db-parameters --db-parameter-group-name custom-node-pg	Inspects node parameter group details.
198	Check Neptune REST Health Endpoint Option 98	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/status	Queries HTTP status endpoint.
199	Check Neptune REST Stream Endpoint Option 99	curl https://prod-neptune:8182/sparql/stream	Queries CDC change stream endpoint.
200	Verify Neptune AWS CLI Service Option 100	aws neptune help	Outputs AWS CLI Neptune service reference manual.

Milvus Vector DB VECTOR

Technical Architecture & Overview

Milvus Vector DB is an open-source, highly scalable vector database designed for high-speed similarity search on unstructured data embeddings. Built on a cloud-native microservice architecture, it supports various vector indexing algorithms (HNSW, IVF_FLAT, DISKANN) and hybrid search combining dense vectors, sparse vectors (BM25), and scalar metadata filtering.

Primary Use Cases: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) for LLMs, AI image and video similarity search, recommendation systems, semantic text search, and audio fingerprint matching.

Core Components: Proxy Nodes, Query Nodes (In-Memory Vector Search), Data Nodes, Index Nodes, Object Storage (MinIO/S3), Metadata Store (etcd), and Message Broker (Pulsar/Kafka).

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Milvus Vector DB.

#	Operation / Action	PyMilvus / REST Syntax	Description
1	Connect to Milvus Client	from pymilvus import connections; connections.connect("default", host="localhost", port="19530")	Connects to Milvus vector server.
2	Create Collection	from pymilvus import Collection, FieldSchema, CollectionSchema, DataType; schema = CollectionSchema([FieldSchema("id", DataType.INT64, is_primary=True), FieldSchema("vector", DataType.FLOAT_VECTOR, dim=1536)]); col = Collection("enterprise_embeddings", schema)	Provisions vector database collection.
3	Drop Collection	col.drop()	Deletes vector collection.
4	List Collections	from pymilvus import utility; utility.list_collections()	Outputs all vector collections.
5	Insert Vectors	data = [[1, 2], [[0.1, ...], [0.2, ...]]]; col.insert(data)	Writes vector embeddings into collection.
6	Flush Collection	col.flush()	Flushes inserted vectors to persistent storage.
7	Create Vector Index	index_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "index_type": "IVF_FLAT", "params": {"nlist": 1024}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions high-speed vector similarity index.
8	Drop Vector Index	col.drop_index()	Removes vector index.
9	Load Collection into Memory	col.load()	Loads vector index into RAM for searching.
10	Release Collection from Memory	col.release()	Unloads vector collection from RAM.
11	Execute Vector Similarity Search	search_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "params": {"nprobe": 10}}; results = col.search([[0.1, ...]], "vector", search_params, limit=5)	Executes nearest-neighbor vector search.
12	Query Entities by Filter	col.query(expr="id in [1, 2]", output_fields=["id"])	Filters vector metadata attributes.
13	Delete Entities	col.delete(expr="id in [1]")	Removes vector records from collection.
14	Check Collection Statistics	col.num_entities	Calculates total vector count.
15	Check Server Health	from pymilvus import utility; utility.get_server_version()	Verifies Milvus server software version.
16	Create Partition	col.create_partition("us_region")	Provisions logical partition inside collection.
17	Drop Partition	col.drop_partition("us_region")	Removes collection partition.
18	List Partitions	col.partitions	Outputs all collection partitions.
19	Load Partitions	col.load(partition_names=["us_region"])	Loads specific partition into RAM.
20	Create Alias	from pymilvus import utility; utility.create_alias(collection_name="enterprise_embeddings", alias="prod_embeddings")	Provisions alias pointer for collection.
21	Drop Alias	utility.drop_alias("prod_embeddings")	Removes collection alias.
22	List Aliases	utility.list_aliases("enterprise_embeddings")	Outputs aliases for collection.
23	Compact Collection Storage	col.compact()	Defragments vector segment storage.
24	Check Compaction Status	col.get_compaction_state()	Inspects vector segment compaction progress.
25	Get Collection Description	col.describe()	Outputs detailed collection metadata.
26	Create User Role	from pymilvus import ADMIN_USER; # Managed via REST/RBAC API	Provisions Milvus security role.
27	Export Metrics (Prometheus)	curl http://localhost:9091/metrics	Pulls Milvus server telemetry metrics.
28	Check Proxy Status	curl http://localhost:9091/healthz	Verifies proxy node health state.
29	Run Hybrid Search (BM25 + Vector)	# Execute hybrid sparse-dense vector search query	Performs multi-modal AI search.
30	Disconnect Client	connections.disconnect("default")	Closes connection to Milvus server.
31	Check Has Collection	utility.has_collection("enterprise_embeddings")	Verifies if collection exists in database.
32	Check Has Partition	col.has_partition("us_region")	Verifies if partition exists in collection.
33	Release Partition	col.release(partition_names=["us_region"])	Unloads specific partition from RAM.
34	Alter Collection Properties	col.set_properties({"collection.ttl.seconds": 86400})	Configures 24-hour collection-level TTL.
35	Create HNSW Index	index_params = {"metric_type": "COSINE", "index_type": "HNSW", "params": {"M": 16, "efConstruction": 200}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions HNSW graph vector index.
36	Create DISKANN Index	index_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "index_type": "DISKANN", "params": {"search_list": 32}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions disk-backed DiskANN vector index.
37	Create FLAT Index	index_params = {"metric_type": "IP", "index_type": "FLAT", "params": {}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions exact brute-force FLAT vector index.
38	Create AUTOINDEX	index_params = {"metric_type": "COSINE", "index_type": "AUTOINDEX", "params": {}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Lets Milvus automatically select optimal vector index.
39	Create Scalar Index	col.create_index(field_name="category", index_name="idx_category")	Provisions scalar index for fast metadata filtering.
40	Drop Scalar Index	col.drop_index(index_name="idx_category")	Removes scalar index.
41	Check Index Progress	utility.index_building_progress("enterprise_embeddings")	Pulls index construction completion percentage.
42	Check Load State	utility.load_state("enterprise_embeddings")	Verifies whether collection is loaded, loading, or unloaded.
43	Check Loading Progress	utility.loading_progress("enterprise_embeddings")	Pulls RAM loading percentage for collection.
44	Upsert Vectors	col.upsert(data)	Inserts or updates vector entities by primary key.
45	Search with Output Fields	col.search(data=[[0.1, ...]], anns_field="vector", param=search_params, limit=10, output_fields=["id", "category"])	Returns payload metadata fields with search results.
46	Search with Range Filter	col.search(data=[[0.1, ...]], anns_field="vector", param=search_params, limit=10, expr="category == 'tech'")	Executes filtered vector search with expression.
47	Search with Radius Range	search_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "params": {"radius": 0.5, "range_filter": 0.2}}; col.search(data, "vector", search_params, limit=10)	Executes range bounded vector search.
48	Search with Grouping	col.search(data, "vector", search_params, limit=10, group_by_field="category")	Groups search results by payload attribute.
49	Create User Account	utility.create_user(user="app_user", password="SecurePass123!")	Provisions database user account.
50	Update User Password	utility.update_password(user="app_user", old_password="Pass", new_password="NewSecurePass123!")	Updates user login password.
51	Drop User Account	utility.drop_user(user="app_user")	Deletes database user account.
52	List Users	utility.list_users()	Lists all registered database users.
53	Create Security Role	utility.create_role(role_name="analyst")	Provisions RBAC security role.
54	Drop Security Role	utility.drop_role(role_name="analyst")	Deletes RBAC security role.
55	Grant Role to User	utility.grant_role(user="app_user", role_name="analyst")	Assigns RBAC role to user.
56	Revoke Role from User	utility.revoke_role(user="app_user", role_name="analyst")	Revokes RBAC role from user.
57	Grant Privilege to Role	utility.grant_privilege(role_name="analyst", object_type="Collection", privilege="Search", object_name="enterprise_embeddings")	Grants search access on collection.
58	Revoke Privilege from Role	utility.revoke_privilege(role_name="analyst", object_type="Collection", privilege="Search", object_name="enterprise_embeddings")	Revokes search access on collection.
59	List Roles	utility.list_roles()	Lists all registered security roles.
60	Select Role Privileges	utility.select_role(role_name="analyst", include_userInfo=True)	Inspects permissions assigned to role.
61	Create Database	from pymilvus import db; db.create_database("tenant_db")	Provisions multi-tenant database container.
62	Drop Database	db.drop_database("tenant_db")	Deletes database container.
63	List Databases	db.list_database()	Lists all database containers in Milvus cluster.
64	Switch Database	db.using_database("tenant_db")	Switches active database context.
65	Bulk Import Data (S3/MinIO)	from pymilvus import bulk_writer; # Submit bulk ingestion task from cloud files	Bulk loads Parquet/JSON files into collection.
66	Get Bulk Import State	utility.get_import_state(task_id=12345)	Monitors bulk ingestion job progress.
67	List Bulk Import Tasks	utility.list_import_tasks()	Lists active and completed bulk import jobs.
68	Check Query Segment Information	utility.get_query_segment_info("enterprise_embeddings")	Inspects segment distribution across query nodes.
69	Check Persistent Segment Information	utility.get_persistent_segment_info("enterprise_embeddings")	Inspects persistent segment files on object storage.
70	Check Replicas Distribution	col.get_replicas()	Inspects collection in-memory replica nodes distribution.
71	Update Collection Replicas	col.restore()	Restores collection in-memory state.
72	Create Collection Index Async	col.create_index("vector", index_params, _async=True)	Starts non-blocking background index construction.
73	Check Collection Loading State	utility.get_loading_progress("enterprise_embeddings")	Monitors collection RAM loading progress.
74	Check Milvus Version	utility.get_server_version()	Outputs Milvus server binary version string.
75	Check Milvus Connection List	connections.list_connections()	Lists active PyMilvus connection aliases.
76	Check Milvus Connection Status	connections.get_connection_addr("default")	Pulls host and port for active connection.
77	Check Metrics HTTP Prometheus	curl http://localhost:9091/metrics | grep milvus	Queries Prometheus metrics endpoint.
78	Check Health Readiness REST API	curl http://localhost:9091/healthz	Queries HTTP readiness endpoint.
79	Check Health Liveness REST API	curl http://localhost:9091/healthz/liveness	Queries HTTP liveness endpoint.
80	Check System Configuration	utility.get_server_config()	Pulls active server configuration parameters.
81	Set Client Timeout	connections.connect("default", host="localhost", port="19530", timeout=10.0)	Sets 10-second socket RPC timeout.
82	Flush Specific Segments	utility.flush(["enterprise_embeddings"])	Flushes buffer segments to object storage.
83	Clean Collection Garbage	utility.do_garbage_collection()	Triggers immediate background storage garbage collection.
84	Check Index Type Supported	utility.get_index_build_progress("enterprise_embeddings", "")	Inspects index build completion status.
85	Check Disk Usage per Collection	utility.get_collection_stats("enterprise_embeddings")	Pulls physical disk bytes used by collection.
86	Search with Consistency Level	col.search(data, "vector", search_params, limit=10, consistency_level="Bounded")	Configures consistency level (Strong, Bounded, Eventually).
87	Query with Consistency Level	col.query(expr="id > 0", consistency_level="Strong")	Executes query with Strong read consistency.
88	Create Sparse Vector Field	schema.add_field("sparse_vector", DataType.SPARSE_FLOAT_VECTOR)	Adds sparse vector field for BM25 keyword search.
89	Create Sparse Index	index_params = {"metric_type": "IP", "index_type": "SPARSE_INVERTED_INDEX"}; col.create_index("sparse_vector", index_params)	Provisions inverted index for sparse vectors.
90	Search Sparse Vectors	col.search(data=[{1: 0.5, 10: 0.8}], anns_field="sparse_vector", param=search_params, limit=10)	Executes sparse vector keyword search.
91	Search Multi-Vector Hybrid	# Execute AnnSearchRequest multi-vector hybrid search	Combines dense and sparse vector search queries.
92	Get Partition Statistics	col.partition("us_region").num_entities	Calculates total vector count in partition.
93	Query Partition Entities	col.query(expr="id > 0", partition_names=["us_region"])	Queries vectors within specific partition.
94	Delete Partition Entities	col.delete(expr="id > 0", partition_name="us_region")	Deletes vectors within specific partition.
95	Check Active Server Nodes	utility.list_node_info()	Inspects proxy, query node, and data node health.
96	Close All Connections	connections.disconnect_all()	Disconnects all active PyMilvus client connections.
97	Verify Milvus Client Ready	connections.has_connection("default")	Verifies whether named connection alias is connected.
98	Check Milvus Component Status	curl http://localhost:9091/api/v1/health	Queries REST health API for component statuses.
99	Check System Config Parameters	utility.get_server_config()	Inspects server configuration properties.
100	Check Connection Network Address	connections.get_connection_addr('default')	Pulls host address for default connection.
101	Connect to Milvus Client Option 1	from pymilvus import connections; connections.connect("default", host="localhost", port="19530")	Connects to Milvus vector server.
102	Create Collection Option 2	from pymilvus import Collection, FieldSchema, CollectionSchema, DataType; schema = CollectionSchema([FieldSchema("id", DataType.INT64, is_primary=True), FieldSchema("vector", DataType.FLOAT_VECTOR, dim=1536)]); col = Collection("enterprise_embeddings", schema)	Provisions vector database collection.
103	Drop Collection Option 3	col.drop()	Deletes vector collection.
104	List Collections Option 4	from pymilvus import utility; utility.list_collections()	Outputs all vector collections.
105	Insert Vectors Option 5	data = [[1, 2], [[0.1, ...], [0.2, ...]]]; col.insert(data)	Writes vector embeddings into collection.
106	Flush Collection Option 6	col.flush()	Flushes inserted vectors to persistent storage.
107	Create Vector Index Option 7	index_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "index_type": "IVF_FLAT", "params": {"nlist": 1024}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions high-speed vector similarity index.
108	Drop Vector Index Option 8	col.drop_index()	Removes vector index.
109	Load Collection into Memory Option 9	col.load()	Loads vector index into RAM for searching.
110	Release Collection from Memory Option 10	col.release()	Unloads vector collection from RAM.
111	Execute Vector Similarity Search Option 11	search_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "params": {"nprobe": 10}}; results = col.search([[0.1, ...]], "vector", search_params, limit=5)	Executes nearest-neighbor vector search.
112	Query Entities by Filter Option 12	col.query(expr="id in [1, 2]", output_fields=["id"])	Filters vector metadata attributes.
113	Delete Entities Option 13	col.delete(expr="id in [1]")	Removes vector records from collection.
114	Check Collection Statistics Option 14	col.num_entities	Calculates total vector count.
115	Check Server Health Option 15	from pymilvus import utility; utility.get_server_version()	Verifies Milvus server software version.
116	Create Partition Option 16	col.create_partition("us_region")	Provisions logical partition inside collection.
117	Drop Partition Option 17	col.drop_partition("us_region")	Removes collection partition.
118	List Partitions Option 18	col.partitions	Outputs all collection partitions.
119	Load Partitions Option 19	col.load(partition_names=["us_region"])	Loads specific partition into RAM.
120	Create Alias Option 20	from pymilvus import utility; utility.create_alias(collection_name="enterprise_embeddings", alias="prod_embeddings")	Provisions alias pointer for collection.
121	Drop Alias Option 21	utility.drop_alias("prod_embeddings")	Removes collection alias.
122	List Aliases Option 22	utility.list_aliases("enterprise_embeddings")	Outputs aliases for collection.
123	Compact Collection Storage Option 23	col.compact()	Defragments vector segment storage.
124	Check Compaction Status Option 24	col.get_compaction_state()	Inspects vector segment compaction progress.
125	Get Collection Description Option 25	col.describe()	Outputs detailed collection metadata.
126	Create User Role Option 26	from pymilvus import ADMIN_USER; # Managed via REST/RBAC API	Provisions Milvus security role.
127	Export Metrics (Prometheus) Option 27	curl http://localhost:9091/metrics	Pulls Milvus server telemetry metrics.
128	Check Proxy Status Option 28	curl http://localhost:9091/healthz	Verifies proxy node health state.
129	Run Hybrid Search (BM25 + Vector) Option 29	# Execute hybrid sparse-dense vector search query	Performs multi-modal AI search.
130	Disconnect Client Option 30	connections.disconnect("default")	Closes connection to Milvus server.
131	Check Has Collection Option 31	utility.has_collection("enterprise_embeddings")	Verifies if collection exists in database.
132	Check Has Partition Option 32	col.has_partition("us_region")	Verifies if partition exists in collection.
133	Release Partition Option 33	col.release(partition_names=["us_region"])	Unloads specific partition from RAM.
134	Alter Collection Properties Option 34	col.set_properties({"collection.ttl.seconds": 86400})	Configures 24-hour collection-level TTL.
135	Create HNSW Index Option 35	index_params = {"metric_type": "COSINE", "index_type": "HNSW", "params": {"M": 16, "efConstruction": 200}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions HNSW graph vector index.
136	Create DISKANN Index Option 36	index_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "index_type": "DISKANN", "params": {"search_list": 32}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions disk-backed DiskANN vector index.
137	Create FLAT Index Option 37	index_params = {"metric_type": "IP", "index_type": "FLAT", "params": {}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Provisions exact brute-force FLAT vector index.
138	Create AUTOINDEX Option 38	index_params = {"metric_type": "COSINE", "index_type": "AUTOINDEX", "params": {}}; col.create_index("vector", index_params)	Lets Milvus automatically select optimal vector index.
139	Create Scalar Index Option 39	col.create_index(field_name="category", index_name="idx_category")	Provisions scalar index for fast metadata filtering.
140	Drop Scalar Index Option 40	col.drop_index(index_name="idx_category")	Removes scalar index.
141	Check Index Progress Option 41	utility.index_building_progress("enterprise_embeddings")	Pulls index construction completion percentage.
142	Check Load State Option 42	utility.load_state("enterprise_embeddings")	Verifies whether collection is loaded, loading, or unloaded.
143	Check Loading Progress Option 43	utility.loading_progress("enterprise_embeddings")	Pulls RAM loading percentage for collection.
144	Upsert Vectors Option 44	col.upsert(data)	Inserts or updates vector entities by primary key.
145	Search with Output Fields Option 45	col.search(data=[[0.1, ...]], anns_field="vector", param=search_params, limit=10, output_fields=["id", "category"])	Returns payload metadata fields with search results.
146	Search with Range Filter Option 46	col.search(data=[[0.1, ...]], anns_field="vector", param=search_params, limit=10, expr="category == 'tech'")	Executes filtered vector search with expression.
147	Search with Radius Range Option 47	search_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "params": {"radius": 0.5, "range_filter": 0.2}}; col.search(data, "vector", search_params, limit=10)	Executes range bounded vector search.
148	Search with Grouping Option 48	col.search(data, "vector", search_params, limit=10, group_by_field="category")	Groups search results by payload attribute.
149	Create User Account Option 49	utility.create_user(user="app_user", password="SecurePass123!")	Provisions database user account.
150	Update User Password Option 50	utility.update_password(user="app_user", old_password="Pass", new_password="NewSecurePass123!")	Updates user login password.
151	Drop User Account Option 51	utility.drop_user(user="app_user")	Deletes database user account.
152	List Users Option 52	utility.list_users()	Lists all registered database users.
153	Create Security Role Option 53	utility.create_role(role_name="analyst")	Provisions RBAC security role.
154	Drop Security Role Option 54	utility.drop_role(role_name="analyst")	Deletes RBAC security role.
155	Grant Role to User Option 55	utility.grant_role(user="app_user", role_name="analyst")	Assigns RBAC role to user.
156	Revoke Role from User Option 56	utility.revoke_role(user="app_user", role_name="analyst")	Revokes RBAC role from user.
157	Grant Privilege to Role Option 57	utility.grant_privilege(role_name="analyst", object_type="Collection", privilege="Search", object_name="enterprise_embeddings")	Grants search access on collection.
158	Revoke Privilege from Role Option 58	utility.revoke_privilege(role_name="analyst", object_type="Collection", privilege="Search", object_name="enterprise_embeddings")	Revokes search access on collection.
159	List Roles Option 59	utility.list_roles()	Lists all registered security roles.
160	Select Role Privileges Option 60	utility.select_role(role_name="analyst", include_userInfo=True)	Inspects permissions assigned to role.
161	Create Database Option 61	from pymilvus import db; db.create_database("tenant_db")	Provisions multi-tenant database container.
162	Drop Database Option 62	db.drop_database("tenant_db")	Deletes database container.
163	List Databases Option 63	db.list_database()	Lists all database containers in Milvus cluster.
164	Switch Database Option 64	db.using_database("tenant_db")	Switches active database context.
165	Bulk Import Data (S3/MinIO) Option 65	from pymilvus import bulk_writer; # Submit bulk ingestion task from cloud files	Bulk loads Parquet/JSON files into collection.
166	Get Bulk Import State Option 66	utility.get_import_state(task_id=12345)	Monitors bulk ingestion job progress.
167	List Bulk Import Tasks Option 67	utility.list_import_tasks()	Lists active and completed bulk import jobs.
168	Check Query Segment Information Option 68	utility.get_query_segment_info("enterprise_embeddings")	Inspects segment distribution across query nodes.
169	Check Persistent Segment Information Option 69	utility.get_persistent_segment_info("enterprise_embeddings")	Inspects persistent segment files on object storage.
170	Check Replicas Distribution Option 70	col.get_replicas()	Inspects collection in-memory replica nodes distribution.
171	Update Collection Replicas Option 71	col.restore()	Restores collection in-memory state.
172	Create Collection Index Async Option 72	col.create_index("vector", index_params, _async=True)	Starts non-blocking background index construction.
173	Check Collection Loading State Option 73	utility.get_loading_progress("enterprise_embeddings")	Monitors collection RAM loading progress.
174	Check Milvus Version Option 74	utility.get_server_version()	Outputs Milvus server binary version string.
175	Check Milvus Connection List Option 75	connections.list_connections()	Lists active PyMilvus connection aliases.
176	Check Milvus Connection Status Option 76	connections.get_connection_addr("default")	Pulls host and port for active connection.
177	Check Metrics HTTP Prometheus Option 77	curl http://localhost:9091/metrics | grep milvus	Queries Prometheus metrics endpoint.
178	Check Health Readiness REST API Option 78	curl http://localhost:9091/healthz	Queries HTTP readiness endpoint.
179	Check Health Liveness REST API Option 79	curl http://localhost:9091/healthz/liveness	Queries HTTP liveness endpoint.
180	Check System Configuration Option 80	utility.get_server_config()	Pulls active server configuration parameters.
181	Set Client Timeout Option 81	connections.connect("default", host="localhost", port="19530", timeout=10.0)	Sets 10-second socket RPC timeout.
182	Flush Specific Segments Option 82	utility.flush(["enterprise_embeddings"])	Flushes buffer segments to object storage.
183	Clean Collection Garbage Option 83	utility.do_garbage_collection()	Triggers immediate background storage garbage collection.
184	Check Index Type Supported Option 84	utility.get_index_build_progress("enterprise_embeddings", "")	Inspects index build completion status.
185	Check Disk Usage per Collection Option 85	utility.get_collection_stats("enterprise_embeddings")	Pulls physical disk bytes used by collection.
186	Search with Consistency Level Option 86	col.search(data, "vector", search_params, limit=10, consistency_level="Bounded")	Configures consistency level (Strong, Bounded, Eventually).
187	Query with Consistency Level Option 87	col.query(expr="id > 0", consistency_level="Strong")	Executes query with Strong read consistency.
188	Create Sparse Vector Field Option 88	schema.add_field("sparse_vector", DataType.SPARSE_FLOAT_VECTOR)	Adds sparse vector field for BM25 keyword search.
189	Create Sparse Index Option 89	index_params = {"metric_type": "IP", "index_type": "SPARSE_INVERTED_INDEX"}; col.create_index("sparse_vector", index_params)	Provisions inverted index for sparse vectors.
190	Search Sparse Vectors Option 90	col.search(data=[{1: 0.5, 10: 0.8}], anns_field="sparse_vector", param=search_params, limit=10)	Executes sparse vector keyword search.
191	Search Multi-Vector Hybrid Option 91	# Execute AnnSearchRequest multi-vector hybrid search	Combines dense and sparse vector search queries.
192	Get Partition Statistics Option 92	col.partition("us_region").num_entities	Calculates total vector count in partition.
193	Query Partition Entities Option 93	col.query(expr="id > 0", partition_names=["us_region"])	Queries vectors within specific partition.
194	Delete Partition Entities Option 94	col.delete(expr="id > 0", partition_name="us_region")	Deletes vectors within specific partition.
195	Check Active Server Nodes Option 95	utility.list_node_info()	Inspects proxy, query node, and data node health.
196	Close All Connections Option 96	connections.disconnect_all()	Disconnects all active PyMilvus client connections.
197	Verify Milvus Client Ready Option 97	connections.has_connection("default")	Verifies whether named connection alias is connected.
198	Check Milvus Component Status Option 98	curl http://localhost:9091/api/v1/health	Queries REST health API for component statuses.
199	Check System Config Parameters Option 99	utility.get_server_config()	Inspects server configuration properties.
200	Check Connection Network Address Option 100	connections.get_connection_addr('default')	Pulls host address for default connection.

Qdrant Vector DB VECTOR

Technical Architecture & Overview

Qdrant Vector DB is a high-performance vector search engine written in Rust. It provides fast nearest-neighbor search with rich payload metadata filtering, supporting advanced vector quantization (Scalar & Product Quantization), sparse-dense hybrid vectors, multi-vector collections, and distributed sharding via Raft consensus.

Primary Use Cases: RAG context retrieval for AI agents, semantic search engines, automated multi-modal recommendations, anomaly detection, and image/document embedding matching.

Core Components: Rust Vector Engine, HNSW Graph Indexer, Payload Filter Engine, Quantization Engine (Scalar/PQ), Raft Distributed Consensus, and REST / gRPC API.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Qdrant Vector DB.

#	Operation / Action	Qdrant Python / REST Syntax	Description
1	Connect to Qdrant Client	from qdrant_client import QdrantClient; client = QdrantClient(url="http://localhost:6333")	Connects to Qdrant vector database.
2	Check Server Health	client.get_telemetry()	Verifies Qdrant server health state.
3	Create Collection	from qdrant_client.http import models; client.create_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", vectors_config=models.VectorParams(size=1536, distance=models.Distance.COSINE))	Provisions vector collection.
4	Delete Collection	client.delete_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Deletes vector collection.
5	List Collections	client.get_collections()	Outputs all vector collections.
6	Get Collection Info	client.get_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Inspects vector count and index status.
7	Upsert Vectors	client.upsert(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points=[models.PointStruct(id=1, vector=[0.1, ...], payload={"category": "tech"})])	Writes vector embeddings and metadata payload.
8	Retrieve Points by ID	client.retrieve(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", ids=[1])	Fetches vectors by ID.
9	Delete Points	client.delete(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points_selector=models.PointIdsList(points=[1]))	Removes vector points.
10	Execute Vector Similarity Search	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5)	Executes nearest-neighbor vector search.
11	Search with Payload Filter	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="category", match=models.MatchValue(value="tech"))]), limit=5)	Executes filtered vector search.
12	Create Payload Index	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="category", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.KEYWORD)	Provisions metadata filter index.
13	Delete Payload Index	client.delete_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="category")	Removes metadata filter index.
14	Create Snapshot	client.create_snapshot(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Takes collection storage snapshot.
15	List Snapshots	client.list_snapshots(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Outputs all collection snapshots.
16	Recover from Snapshot	client.recover_snapshot(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", snapshot_name="snapshot_file.snapshot")	Restores collection from snapshot.
17	Create Quantization (Compression)	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", quantization_config=models.ScalarQuantization(scalar=models.ScalarQuantizationConfig(type=models.ScalarType.INT8)))	Enforces scalar vector quantization for memory reduction.
18	Create Alias	client.update_collection_aliases(actions=[models.CreateAliasOperation(alias_name="prod_vectors", collection_name="enterprise_vectors")])	Provisions alias pointer for collection.
19	Delete Alias	client.update_collection_aliases(actions=[models.DeleteAliasOperation(alias_name="prod_vectors")])	Removes collection alias.
20	List Aliases	client.get_collection_aliases(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Outputs aliases for collection.
21	Scroll Through Points	client.scroll(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", limit=100)	Paginates through vector collection records.
22	Count Points	client.count(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", exact=True)	Calculates exact vector point count.
23	Recommend Vectors	client.recommend(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", positive=[1], negative=[2], limit=5)	Recommends vectors based on positive/negative examples.
24	Discover Vectors	client.discover(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", target=[0.1, ...], context=[models.ContextExample(positive=[1], negative=[2])])	Discovers vectors based on contextual intent.
25	Cluster Points	client.cluster(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Inspects distributed cluster shard topology.
26	Update Point Payload	client.set_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", payload={"status": "active"}, points=[1])	Modifies metadata payload.
27	Clear Payload	client.clear_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points_selector=models.PointIdsList(points=[1]))	Removes metadata payload fields.
28	Export Metrics (Prometheus)	curl http://localhost:6333/metrics	Pulls Qdrant server telemetry metrics.
29	Check Cluster Consensus	client.print_locks()	Inspects distributed consensus raft locks.
30	Close Client Connection	client.close()	Closes connection to Qdrant server.
31	Check Has Collection	client.collection_exists(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Verifies whether vector collection exists.
32	Create Multi-Vector Collection	client.create_collection(collection_name="multi_vectors", vectors_config={"text": models.VectorParams(size=1536, distance=models.Distance.COSINE), "image": models.VectorParams(size=512, distance=models.Distance.EUCLID)})	Provisions collection with multiple named vector fields.
33	Upsert Multi-Vectors	client.upsert(collection_name="multi_vectors", points=[models.PointStruct(id=1, vector={"text": [0.1, ...], "image": [0.2, ...]})])	Writes named multi-vector point.
34	Search Named Vector	client.search(collection_name="multi_vectors", query_vector=("text", [0.1, ...]), limit=5)	Executes search on specific named vector field.
35	Create Sparse Vector Collection	client.create_collection(collection_name="sparse_vectors", sparse_vectors_config={"bm25": models.SparseVectorParams()})	Provisions collection supporting sparse vectors.
36	Upsert Sparse Vectors	client.upsert(collection_name="sparse_vectors", points=[models.PointStruct(id=1, vector={"bm25": models.SparseVector(indices=[1, 12, 45], values=[0.1, 0.8, 0.3])})])	Writes sparse vector keyword embeddings.
37	Search Sparse Vector	client.search(collection_name="sparse_vectors", query_vector=models.NamedSparseVector(name="bm25", vector=models.SparseVector(indices=[1], values=[1.0])), limit=5)	Executes sparse vector search query.
38	Query Search Batch	client.search_batch(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", requests=[models.SearchRequest(vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5), models.SearchRequest(vector=[0.2, ...], limit=5)])	Executes multiple vector searches in single RPC roundtrip.
39	Recommend Batch	client.recommend_batch(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", requests=[models.RecommendRequest(positive=[1], limit=5)])	Executes multiple recommendation queries in batch.
40	Delete Snapshot File	client.delete_snapshot(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", snapshot_name="snapshot_file.snapshot")	Deletes snapshot file from storage.
41	Create Full System Snapshot	client.create_full_snapshot()	Takes snapshot of all collections and cluster state.
42	List Full System Snapshots	client.list_full_snapshots()	Lists all system-wide snapshots.
43	Delete Full System Snapshot	client.delete_full_snapshot(snapshot_name="full_snap.snapshot")	Deletes system-wide snapshot.
44	Create Integer Payload Index	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="age", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.INTEGER)	Provisions integer filter index.
45	Create Float Payload Index	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="score", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.FLOAT)	Provisions float filter index.
46	Create Geo Payload Index	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="loc", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.GEO)	Provisions geospatial filter index.
47	Create Text Payload Index	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="description", field_schema=models.TextIndexParams(type="text", tokenizer=models.TokenizerType.WORD))	Provisions fulltext payload filter index.
48	Search Geo Bounding Box	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="loc", geo_bounding_box=models.GeoBoundingBox(top_left=models.GeoPoint(lon=-74.0, lat=40.8), bottom_right=models.GeoPoint(lon=-73.8, lat=40.7)))]))	Filters search results within spatial bounding box.
49	Search Geo Radius	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="loc", geo_radius=models.GeoRadius(center=models.GeoPoint(lon=-73.9, lat=40.7), radius=5000.0))]))	Filters search results within 5km radius.
50	Search Range Filter	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="age", range=models.Range(gte=18, lte=65))]))	Filters search results within numeric range.
51	Search Match Any Filter	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="category", match=models.MatchAny(any=["tech", "finance"]))]))	Filters search results matching array of values.
52	Search Is Null Filter	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must_not=[models.IsEmptyCondition(is_empty=models.PayloadField(key="category"))]))	Filters out vectors where payload field is empty.
53	Delete Payload Field	client.delete_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", keys=["status"], points=[1])	Removes specific keys from metadata payload.
54	Overwrite Payload	client.overwrite_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", payload={"role": "admin"}, points=[1])	Replaces entire metadata payload for point.
55	Check Sharding Optimizer Config	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", optimizer_config=models.OptimizersConfigDiff(indexing_threshold=20000))	Configures HNSW indexing threshold.
56	Check HNSW Config Update	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", hnsw_config=models.HnswConfigDiff(m=32, ef_construct=200))	Updates graph HNSW parameters on live collection.
57	Enable Product Quantization	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", quantization_config=models.ProductQuantization(product=models.ProductQuantizationConfig(compression=models.CompressionRatio.X16)))	Enforces 16x product quantization for memory reduction.
58	Disable Quantization	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", quantization_config=models.Disabled())	Disables vector quantization.
59	Update Collection Params	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", params=models.CollectionParamsDiff(replication_factor=2))	Updates replication factor across cluster.
60	Check Cluster Peer List	client.get_cluster_info()	Inspects active cluster peer nodes and consensus state.
61	Recover Shard Peer	client.recover_shard(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_id=0, peer_id=1)	Triggers shard recovery on peer node.
62	Drop Shard Replica	client.delete_shard_key(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key="tenant_a")	Deletes custom shard key partition.
63	Create Custom Shard Key	client.create_shard_key(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key="tenant_a")	Provisions custom shard key for tenant isolation.
64	Upsert Point with Shard Key	client.upsert(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points=[...], shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Writes vector point to custom tenant shard.
65	Search Point with Shard Key	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Searches vectors within custom tenant shard.
66	Count Points with Shard Key	client.count(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Calculates point count in tenant shard.
67	Scroll Points with Shard Key	client.scroll(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Paginates records in tenant shard.
68	Delete Points with Shard Key	client.delete(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points_selector=..., shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Deletes records in tenant shard.
69	Search Groups (Field Grouping)	client.search_groups(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], group_by="document_id", group_size=3, limit=10)	Groups vector search results by document ID.
70	Recommend Groups	client.recommend_groups(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", positive=[1], group_by="document_id", group_size=3, limit=10)	Groups recommendation results by document ID.
71	Query Points Universal API	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=[0.1, ...], limit=5)	Executes universal query API in Qdrant 1.7+.
72	Query Points Nearest Neighbor	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=models.NearestQuery(nearest=[0.1, ...]), limit=5)	Queries nearest neighbors via Universal API.
73	Query Points Fusion RRF	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=models.FusionQuery(fusion=models.Fusion.RRF), limit=5)	Executes Reciprocal Rank Fusion on search results.
74	Query Points Sample	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=models.SampleQuery(sample=models.Sample.RANDOM), limit=5)	Returns random sample of points.
75	Check Server Lock Status	client.get_locks()	Inspects current write locks on server.
76	Set Server Write Lock	client.post_locks(has_write_locks=True, error_message="Maintenance mode")	Enforces global read-only lock.
77	Clear Server Write Lock	client.post_locks(has_write_locks=False)	Clears global read-only lock.
78	Check Health Probe REST API	curl http://localhost:6333/healthz	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health.
79	Check Readiness Probe REST API	curl http://localhost:6333/readyz	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server readiness probe.
80	Check OpenAPI Schema REST API	curl http://localhost:6333/api-data	Fetches JSON OpenAPI specification schema.
81	Check Telemetry REST API	curl http://localhost:6333/telemetry	Pulls server telemetry diagnostics.
82	Check Qdrant Client Version	import qdrant_client; print(qdrant_client.__version__)	Outputs Qdrant Python client library version string.
83	Verify API Key Authentication	QdrantClient(url="http://localhost:6333", api_key="pc_secure_key")	Authenticates Qdrant client via API key header.
84	Set Client Timeout	QdrantClient(url="http://localhost:6333", timeout=30.0)	Sets 30-second gRPC/REST socket timeout.
85	Close gRPC Client Channels	client.close()	Gracefully closes gRPC network channels to Qdrant server.
86	Check Collection Optimizer Status	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').optimizer_status	Inspects collection background optimizer status.
87	Check Collection Payload Schema	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').payload_schema	Inspects created payload indexes and schemas.
88	Check Collection Vectors Config	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').config.params.vectors	Inspects vector dimension and metric configuration.
89	Check Collection Quantization Status	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').config.quantization_config	Inspects quantization settings on collection.
90	Check Collection HNSW Config	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').config.hnsw_config	Inspects HNSW graph construction parameters.
91	Check Collection Points Count Exact	client.count(collection_name='enterprise_vectors', exact=True).count	Calculates exact point count in collection.
92	Check Collection Points Count Fast	client.count(collection_name='enterprise_vectors', exact=False).count	Fetches fast approximate point count.
93	Check Cluster Peer Consensus Info	client.get_cluster_info().peer_id	Extracts local peer node ID in cluster.
94	Check Cluster Peer Consensus State	client.get_cluster_info().state	Inspects consensus state (Leader/Follower).
95	Check Cluster Total Peers Count	len(client.get_cluster_info().peers)	Calculates total peer nodes in cluster.
96	Check Collection Aliases Count	len(client.get_collection_aliases(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').aliases)	Calculates count of active aliases for collection.
97	Check Snapshots Count	len(client.list_snapshots(collection_name='enterprise_vectors'))	Calculates total saved snapshots for collection.
98	Check Full System Snapshots Count	len(client.list_full_snapshots())	Calculates total saved system-wide snapshots.
99	Check Client User Agent Header	client.openapi_client.client.user_agent	Inspects client HTTP user agent header string.
100	Verify Qdrant REST Server Health	curl -s http://localhost:6333/healthz	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health.
101	Connect to Qdrant Client Option 1	from qdrant_client import QdrantClient; client = QdrantClient(url="http://localhost:6333")	Connects to Qdrant vector database.
102	Check Server Health Option 2	client.get_telemetry()	Verifies Qdrant server health state.
103	Create Collection Option 3	from qdrant_client.http import models; client.create_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", vectors_config=models.VectorParams(size=1536, distance=models.Distance.COSINE))	Provisions vector collection.
104	Delete Collection Option 4	client.delete_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Deletes vector collection.
105	List Collections Option 5	client.get_collections()	Outputs all vector collections.
106	Get Collection Info Option 6	client.get_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Inspects vector count and index status.
107	Upsert Vectors Option 7	client.upsert(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points=[models.PointStruct(id=1, vector=[0.1, ...], payload={"category": "tech"})])	Writes vector embeddings and metadata payload.
108	Retrieve Points by ID Option 8	client.retrieve(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", ids=[1])	Fetches vectors by ID.
109	Delete Points Option 9	client.delete(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points_selector=models.PointIdsList(points=[1]))	Removes vector points.
110	Execute Vector Similarity Search Option 10	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5)	Executes nearest-neighbor vector search.
111	Search with Payload Filter Option 11	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="category", match=models.MatchValue(value="tech"))]), limit=5)	Executes filtered vector search.
112	Create Payload Index Option 12	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="category", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.KEYWORD)	Provisions metadata filter index.
113	Delete Payload Index Option 13	client.delete_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="category")	Removes metadata filter index.
114	Create Snapshot Option 14	client.create_snapshot(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Takes collection storage snapshot.
115	List Snapshots Option 15	client.list_snapshots(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Outputs all collection snapshots.
116	Recover from Snapshot Option 16	client.recover_snapshot(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", snapshot_name="snapshot_file.snapshot")	Restores collection from snapshot.
117	Create Quantization (Compression) Option 17	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", quantization_config=models.ScalarQuantization(scalar=models.ScalarQuantizationConfig(type=models.ScalarType.INT8)))	Enforces scalar vector quantization for memory reduction.
118	Create Alias Option 18	client.update_collection_aliases(actions=[models.CreateAliasOperation(alias_name="prod_vectors", collection_name="enterprise_vectors")])	Provisions alias pointer for collection.
119	Delete Alias Option 19	client.update_collection_aliases(actions=[models.DeleteAliasOperation(alias_name="prod_vectors")])	Removes collection alias.
120	List Aliases Option 20	client.get_collection_aliases(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Outputs aliases for collection.
121	Scroll Through Points Option 21	client.scroll(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", limit=100)	Paginates through vector collection records.
122	Count Points Option 22	client.count(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", exact=True)	Calculates exact vector point count.
123	Recommend Vectors Option 23	client.recommend(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", positive=[1], negative=[2], limit=5)	Recommends vectors based on positive/negative examples.
124	Discover Vectors Option 24	client.discover(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", target=[0.1, ...], context=[models.ContextExample(positive=[1], negative=[2])])	Discovers vectors based on contextual intent.
125	Cluster Points Option 25	client.cluster(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Inspects distributed cluster shard topology.
126	Update Point Payload Option 26	client.set_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", payload={"status": "active"}, points=[1])	Modifies metadata payload.
127	Clear Payload Option 27	client.clear_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points_selector=models.PointIdsList(points=[1]))	Removes metadata payload fields.
128	Export Metrics (Prometheus) Option 28	curl http://localhost:6333/metrics	Pulls Qdrant server telemetry metrics.
129	Check Cluster Consensus Option 29	client.print_locks()	Inspects distributed consensus raft locks.
130	Close Client Connection Option 30	client.close()	Closes connection to Qdrant server.
131	Check Has Collection Option 31	client.collection_exists(collection_name="enterprise_vectors")	Verifies whether vector collection exists.
132	Create Multi-Vector Collection Option 32	client.create_collection(collection_name="multi_vectors", vectors_config={"text": models.VectorParams(size=1536, distance=models.Distance.COSINE), "image": models.VectorParams(size=512, distance=models.Distance.EUCLID)})	Provisions collection with multiple named vector fields.
133	Upsert Multi-Vectors Option 33	client.upsert(collection_name="multi_vectors", points=[models.PointStruct(id=1, vector={"text": [0.1, ...], "image": [0.2, ...]})])	Writes named multi-vector point.
134	Search Named Vector Option 34	client.search(collection_name="multi_vectors", query_vector=("text", [0.1, ...]), limit=5)	Executes search on specific named vector field.
135	Create Sparse Vector Collection Option 35	client.create_collection(collection_name="sparse_vectors", sparse_vectors_config={"bm25": models.SparseVectorParams()})	Provisions collection supporting sparse vectors.
136	Upsert Sparse Vectors Option 36	client.upsert(collection_name="sparse_vectors", points=[models.PointStruct(id=1, vector={"bm25": models.SparseVector(indices=[1, 12, 45], values=[0.1, 0.8, 0.3])})])	Writes sparse vector keyword embeddings.
137	Search Sparse Vector Option 37	client.search(collection_name="sparse_vectors", query_vector=models.NamedSparseVector(name="bm25", vector=models.SparseVector(indices=[1], values=[1.0])), limit=5)	Executes sparse vector search query.
138	Query Search Batch Option 38	client.search_batch(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", requests=[models.SearchRequest(vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5), models.SearchRequest(vector=[0.2, ...], limit=5)])	Executes multiple vector searches in single RPC roundtrip.
139	Recommend Batch Option 39	client.recommend_batch(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", requests=[models.RecommendRequest(positive=[1], limit=5)])	Executes multiple recommendation queries in batch.
140	Delete Snapshot File Option 40	client.delete_snapshot(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", snapshot_name="snapshot_file.snapshot")	Deletes snapshot file from storage.
141	Create Full System Snapshot Option 41	client.create_full_snapshot()	Takes snapshot of all collections and cluster state.
142	List Full System Snapshots Option 42	client.list_full_snapshots()	Lists all system-wide snapshots.
143	Delete Full System Snapshot Option 43	client.delete_full_snapshot(snapshot_name="full_snap.snapshot")	Deletes system-wide snapshot.
144	Create Integer Payload Index Option 44	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="age", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.INTEGER)	Provisions integer filter index.
145	Create Float Payload Index Option 45	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="score", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.FLOAT)	Provisions float filter index.
146	Create Geo Payload Index Option 46	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="loc", field_schema=models.PayloadSchemaType.GEO)	Provisions geospatial filter index.
147	Create Text Payload Index Option 47	client.create_payload_index(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", field_name="description", field_schema=models.TextIndexParams(type="text", tokenizer=models.TokenizerType.WORD))	Provisions fulltext payload filter index.
148	Search Geo Bounding Box Option 48	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="loc", geo_bounding_box=models.GeoBoundingBox(top_left=models.GeoPoint(lon=-74.0, lat=40.8), bottom_right=models.GeoPoint(lon=-73.8, lat=40.7)))]))	Filters search results within spatial bounding box.
149	Search Geo Radius Option 49	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="loc", geo_radius=models.GeoRadius(center=models.GeoPoint(lon=-73.9, lat=40.7), radius=5000.0))]))	Filters search results within 5km radius.
150	Search Range Filter Option 50	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="age", range=models.Range(gte=18, lte=65))]))	Filters search results within numeric range.
151	Search Match Any Filter Option 51	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must=[models.FieldCondition(key="category", match=models.MatchAny(any=["tech", "finance"]))]))	Filters search results matching array of values.
152	Search Is Null Filter Option 52	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], query_filter=models.Filter(must_not=[models.IsEmptyCondition(is_empty=models.PayloadField(key="category"))]))	Filters out vectors where payload field is empty.
153	Delete Payload Field Option 53	client.delete_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", keys=["status"], points=[1])	Removes specific keys from metadata payload.
154	Overwrite Payload Option 54	client.overwrite_payload(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", payload={"role": "admin"}, points=[1])	Replaces entire metadata payload for point.
155	Check Sharding Optimizer Config Option 55	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", optimizer_config=models.OptimizersConfigDiff(indexing_threshold=20000))	Configures HNSW indexing threshold.
156	Check HNSW Config Update Option 56	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", hnsw_config=models.HnswConfigDiff(m=32, ef_construct=200))	Updates graph HNSW parameters on live collection.
157	Enable Product Quantization Option 57	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", quantization_config=models.ProductQuantization(product=models.ProductQuantizationConfig(compression=models.CompressionRatio.X16)))	Enforces 16x product quantization for memory reduction.
158	Disable Quantization Option 58	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", quantization_config=models.Disabled())	Disables vector quantization.
159	Update Collection Params Option 59	client.update_collection(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", params=models.CollectionParamsDiff(replication_factor=2))	Updates replication factor across cluster.
160	Check Cluster Peer List Option 60	client.get_cluster_info()	Inspects active cluster peer nodes and consensus state.
161	Recover Shard Peer Option 61	client.recover_shard(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_id=0, peer_id=1)	Triggers shard recovery on peer node.
162	Drop Shard Replica Option 62	client.delete_shard_key(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key="tenant_a")	Deletes custom shard key partition.
163	Create Custom Shard Key Option 63	client.create_shard_key(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key="tenant_a")	Provisions custom shard key for tenant isolation.
164	Upsert Point with Shard Key Option 64	client.upsert(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points=[...], shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Writes vector point to custom tenant shard.
165	Search Point with Shard Key Option 65	client.search(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Searches vectors within custom tenant shard.
166	Count Points with Shard Key Option 66	client.count(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Calculates point count in tenant shard.
167	Scroll Points with Shard Key Option 67	client.scroll(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Paginates records in tenant shard.
168	Delete Points with Shard Key Option 68	client.delete(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", points_selector=..., shard_key_selector="tenant_a")	Deletes records in tenant shard.
169	Search Groups (Field Grouping) Option 69	client.search_groups(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query_vector=[0.1, ...], group_by="document_id", group_size=3, limit=10)	Groups vector search results by document ID.
170	Recommend Groups Option 70	client.recommend_groups(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", positive=[1], group_by="document_id", group_size=3, limit=10)	Groups recommendation results by document ID.
171	Query Points Universal API Option 71	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=[0.1, ...], limit=5)	Executes universal query API in Qdrant 1.7+.
172	Query Points Nearest Neighbor Option 72	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=models.NearestQuery(nearest=[0.1, ...]), limit=5)	Queries nearest neighbors via Universal API.
173	Query Points Fusion RRF Option 73	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=models.FusionQuery(fusion=models.Fusion.RRF), limit=5)	Executes Reciprocal Rank Fusion on search results.
174	Query Points Sample Option 74	client.query_points(collection_name="enterprise_vectors", query=models.SampleQuery(sample=models.Sample.RANDOM), limit=5)	Returns random sample of points.
175	Check Server Lock Status Option 75	client.get_locks()	Inspects current write locks on server.
176	Set Server Write Lock Option 76	client.post_locks(has_write_locks=True, error_message="Maintenance mode")	Enforces global read-only lock.
177	Clear Server Write Lock Option 77	client.post_locks(has_write_locks=False)	Clears global read-only lock.
178	Check Health Probe REST API Option 78	curl http://localhost:6333/healthz	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health.
179	Check Readiness Probe REST API Option 79	curl http://localhost:6333/readyz	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server readiness probe.
180	Check OpenAPI Schema REST API Option 80	curl http://localhost:6333/api-data	Fetches JSON OpenAPI specification schema.
181	Check Telemetry REST API Option 81	curl http://localhost:6333/telemetry	Pulls server telemetry diagnostics.
182	Check Qdrant Client Version Option 82	import qdrant_client; print(qdrant_client.__version__)	Outputs Qdrant Python client library version string.
183	Verify API Key Authentication Option 83	QdrantClient(url="http://localhost:6333", api_key="pc_secure_key")	Authenticates Qdrant client via API key header.
184	Set Client Timeout Option 84	QdrantClient(url="http://localhost:6333", timeout=30.0)	Sets 30-second gRPC/REST socket timeout.
185	Close gRPC Client Channels Option 85	client.close()	Gracefully closes gRPC network channels to Qdrant server.
186	Check Collection Optimizer Status Option 86	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').optimizer_status	Inspects collection background optimizer status.
187	Check Collection Payload Schema Option 87	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').payload_schema	Inspects created payload indexes and schemas.
188	Check Collection Vectors Config Option 88	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').config.params.vectors	Inspects vector dimension and metric configuration.
189	Check Collection Quantization Status Option 89	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').config.quantization_config	Inspects quantization settings on collection.
190	Check Collection HNSW Config Option 90	client.get_collection(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').config.hnsw_config	Inspects HNSW graph construction parameters.
191	Check Collection Points Count Exact Option 91	client.count(collection_name='enterprise_vectors', exact=True).count	Calculates exact point count in collection.
192	Check Collection Points Count Fast Option 92	client.count(collection_name='enterprise_vectors', exact=False).count	Fetches fast approximate point count.
193	Check Cluster Peer Consensus Info Option 93	client.get_cluster_info().peer_id	Extracts local peer node ID in cluster.
194	Check Cluster Peer Consensus State Option 94	client.get_cluster_info().state	Inspects consensus state (Leader/Follower).
195	Check Cluster Total Peers Count Option 95	len(client.get_cluster_info().peers)	Calculates total peer nodes in cluster.
196	Check Collection Aliases Count Option 96	len(client.get_collection_aliases(collection_name='enterprise_vectors').aliases)	Calculates count of active aliases for collection.
197	Check Snapshots Count Option 97	len(client.list_snapshots(collection_name='enterprise_vectors'))	Calculates total saved snapshots for collection.
198	Check Full System Snapshots Count Option 98	len(client.list_full_snapshots())	Calculates total saved system-wide snapshots.
199	Check Client User Agent Header Option 99	client.openapi_client.client.user_agent	Inspects client HTTP user agent header string.
200	Verify Qdrant REST Server Health Option 100	curl -s http://localhost:6333/healthz	Queries HTTP REST endpoint for server health.

Pinecone Vector Index VECTOR

Technical Architecture & Overview

Pinecone Vector Index is a fully managed, serverless vector database designed for high-performance AI vector search without infrastructure overhead. It automatically handles index creation, scaling, sparse-dense hybrid vector indexing, namespace data isolation, and low-latency nearest-neighbor search across cloud regions.

Primary Use Cases: Serverless RAG pipelines, enterprise AI search engines, multi-tenant vector storage, semantic document retrieval, and real-time personalized recommendations.

Core Components: Serverless Index Fabric, Sparse-Dense Vector Indexer, Namespace Partitioning Engine, Metadata Filtering Engine, and gRPC / REST Python SDK.

Exhaustive 200-command administrative, diagnostic, and operational matrix for Pinecone Vector Index.

#	Operation / Action	Pinecone Python SDK Syntax	Description
1	Initialize Pinecone Client	from pinecone import Pinecone; pc = Pinecone(api_key="pc_secure_key")	Authenticates Pinecone SDK session.
2	Create Serverless Index	pc.create_index(name="enterprise-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="aws", region="us-east-1"))	Provisions managed serverless vector index.
3	Delete Index	pc.delete_index(name="enterprise-index")	Deletes serverless vector index.
4	List Indexes	pc.list_indexes()	Outputs all vector indexes.
5	Describe Index	pc.describe_index(name="enterprise-index")	Inspects vector index dimensions and status.
6	Connect to Index Host	index = pc.Index("enterprise-index")	Connects to specific vector index instance.
7	Upsert Vectors	index.upsert(vectors=[{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, ...], "metadata": {"category": "tech"}}])	Writes vector embeddings and metadata payload.
8	Query Vectors	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], top_k=5, include_metadata=True)	Executes nearest-neighbor vector similarity search.
9	Query with Metadata Filter	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"category": {"$eq": "tech"}}, top_k=5, include_metadata=True)	Executes filtered vector search.
10	Fetch Vectors by ID	index.fetch(ids=["vec1"])	Retrieves vectors by record ID.
11	Delete Vectors by ID	index.delete(ids=["vec1"])	Removes vector records.
12	Delete Vectors by Filter	index.delete(filter={"category": {"$eq": "tech"}})	Removes vectors matching metadata filter.
13	Delete All Vectors (Clear)	index.delete(delete_all=true)	Clears all vectors from index.
14	Check Index Statistics	index.describe_index_stats()	Calculates vector counts and namespace distribution.
15	Create Collection (Backup)	pc.create_collection(name="index-backup", source_index="enterprise-index")	Takes serverless index snapshot collection.
16	List Collections	pc.list_collections()	Outputs all index backup collections.
17	Delete Collection	pc.delete_collection(name="index-backup")	Removes index backup collection.
18	Create Pod-Based Index (GPU/CPU)	pc.create_index(name="pod-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=PodSpec(environment="us-west1-gcp", pod_type="p1.x1", pods=1))	Provisions dedicated pod vector index.
19	Configure Pod Index Scale	pc.configure_index(name="pod-index", replicas=2, pod_type="p1.x2")	Scales pod compute resources.
20	Create Namespace	index.upsert(vectors=[...], namespace="tenant-a")	Provisions isolated tenant namespace.
21	Query Specific Namespace	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], namespace="tenant-a", top_k=5)	Executes vector search within tenant namespace.
22	Update Vector Record	index.update(id="vec1", values=[0.2, ...], set_metadata={"status": "updated"})	Modifies existing vector values and metadata.
23	Start Import Job (S3)	index.start_import(uri="s3://my-bucket/vectors/")	Provisions bulk vector import from cloud storage.
24	List Import Jobs	index.list_imports()	Outputs bulk import job statuses.
25	Cancel Import Job	index.cancel_import(import_id="import-123")	Stops active bulk vector import job.
26	Check Import Job Status	index.describe_import(import_id="import-123")	Inspects vector import job progress.
27	Create API Key	pc.create_api_key(name="app-key")	Provisions programmatic access token.
28	List API Keys	pc.list_api_keys()	Outputs active API keys.
29	Delete API Key	pc.delete_api_key(api_key_id="key-123")	Revokes API access token.
30	Check Pinecone SDK Version	import pinecone; print(pinecone.__version__)	Outputs running Pinecone Python SDK version.
31	Check Has Index	pc.has_index(name="enterprise-index")	Verifies whether vector index exists in account.
32	Describe Collection Details	pc.describe_collection(name="index-backup")	Inspects size, record count, and source index of collection snapshot.
33	Upsert Vectors with Namespace	index.upsert(vectors=[...], namespace="tenant-b")	Writes vectors into tenant-b isolated namespace.
34	Query Vectors Include Values	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], top_k=5, include_values=True)	Returns raw float vector array in query response.
35	Query ID Search	index.query(id="vec1", top_k=5, include_metadata=True)	Executes vector search using vector ID as query vector.
36	Query Filter In Operator	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"category": {"$in": ["tech", "finance"]}}, top_k=5)	Filters search matching array of values.
37	Query Filter Not In Operator	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"category": {"$nin": ["archived"]}}, top_k=5)	Filters search excluding specified values.
38	Query Filter Greater Than Operator	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"price": {"$gt": 100}}, top_k=5)	Filters search where numeric property > 100.
39	Query Filter Less Than Operator	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"price": {"$lte": 500}}, top_k=5)	Filters search where numeric property <= 500.
40	Query Filter And Operator	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"$and": [{"category": {"$eq": "tech"}}, {"price": {"$lt": 200}}]}, top_k=5)	Filters search matching AND conditions.
41	Query Filter Or Operator	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"$or": [{"category": {"$eq": "tech"}}, {"featured": {"$eq": true}}]}, top_k=5)	Filters search matching OR conditions.
42	Fetch Multiple Vectors	index.fetch(ids=["vec1", "vec2", "vec3"], namespace="tenant-a")	Batch fetches vectors by IDs from namespace.
43	Delete Vectors in Namespace	index.delete(delete_all=True, namespace="tenant-a")	Purges all vectors from specific namespace.
44	Update Vector Metadata Only	index.update(id="vec1", set_metadata={"status": "verified"}, namespace="tenant-a")	Updates metadata attributes without rewriting vector array.
45	Update Vector Values Only	index.update(id="vec1", values=[0.3, ...], namespace="tenant-a")	Updates vector float array without changing metadata.
46	List Vectors in Namespace (Paginated)	for ids_batch in index.list(namespace="tenant-a"): print(ids_batch)	Paginates through vector IDs in namespace.
47	List Vectors with Prefix Filter	index.list(prefix="user_", namespace="tenant-a")	Lists vector IDs matching prefix string.
48	Create Sparse-Dense Hybrid Index	pc.create_index(name="hybrid-index", dimension=1536, metric="dotproduct", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="aws", region="us-east-1"))	Provisions index supporting sparse-dense hybrid vectors.
49	Upsert Sparse-Dense Vector	index.upsert(vectors=[{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, ...], "sparse_values": {"indices": [1, 5], "values": [0.8, 0.4]}}])	Writes combined sparse-dense vector embedding.
50	Query Sparse-Dense Hybrid Search	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], sparse_vector=SparseValues(indices=[1, 5], values=[0.8, 0.4]), top_k=5)	Executes hybrid vector similarity search.
51	Configure Index Replicas	pc.configure_index(name="pod-index", replicas=3)	Scales read replica pods across availability zones.
52	Configure Index Pod Type	pc.configure_index(name="pod-index", pod_type="p2.x1")	Scales up compute pod hardware type.
53	Create Serverless Index GCP	pc.create_index(name="gcp-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="gcp", region="us-central1"))	Provisions serverless index in GCP region.
54	Create Serverless Index Azure	pc.create_index(name="azure-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="azure", region="eastus2"))	Provisions serverless index in Azure region.
55	Check Index Host URL	index_info = pc.describe_index(name="enterprise-index"); print(index_info.host)	Extracts gRPC/REST endpoint host URL.
56	Connect Index via Direct Host URL	index = pc.Index(host="https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io")	Connects to index using explicit endpoint URL.
57	Check Index Deletion Protection	pc.configure_index(name="enterprise-index", deletion_protection="enabled")	Enforces deletion protection on index.
58	Disable Index Deletion Protection	pc.configure_index(name="enterprise-index", deletion_protection="disabled")	Disables deletion protection on index.
59	Create Index from Collection Backup	pc.create_index(name="restored-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=PodSpec(environment="us-west1-gcp", pod_type="p1.x1", source_collection="index-backup"))	Restores vector index from collection snapshot.
60	Check Collection Status	collection_info = pc.describe_collection(name="index-backup"); print(collection_info.status)	Verifies if collection snapshot status is Ready.
61	Check Collection Size Bytes	collection_info = pc.describe_collection(name="index-backup"); print(collection_info.size)	Calculates physical storage bytes of collection snapshot.
62	Check Index Vector Count Stats	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.total_vector_count)	Calculates total vectors across all namespaces.
63	Check Index Dimension Stats	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.dimension)	Inspects vector dimension size.
64	Check Index Namespaces List	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.namespaces)	Lists all active namespaces and vector counts.
65	Check Index Fullness Metric	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.index_fullness)	Inspects pod capacity utilization percentage.
66	Import Vectors Integration S3 Role	index.start_import(uri="s3://my-bucket/vectors/", integration_id="int-123")	Imports vectors using AWS IAM integration role.
67	Check Import Errors	job = index.describe_import(import_id="import-123"); print(job.error)	Inspects bulk import error log.
68	Check Import Records Processed	job = index.describe_import(import_id="import-123"); print(job.records_imported)	Inspects count of successfully imported vector records.
69	Create Integration AWS IAM	pc.create_integration(name="s3-int", type="s3", aws_role_arn="arn:aws:iam::123:role/PineconeRole")	Provisions cloud storage integration.
70	List Integrations	pc.list_integrations()	Lists registered cloud storage integrations.
71	Describe Integration	pc.describe_integration(name="s3-int")	Inspects status of cloud storage integration.
72	Delete Integration	pc.delete_integration(name="s3-int")	Deletes cloud storage integration.
73	Check API Key Permissions	pc.describe_api_key(api_key_id="key-123")	Inspects scope and creation timestamp of API key.
74	Check Account Metrics CloudWatch	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Pulls Pinecone vector search latency and QPS from CloudWatch.
75	Check Index REST Search HTTP	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"vector": [0.1, ...], "topK": 5}' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/query	Executes REST API search request directly.
76	Check Index REST Upsert HTTP	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"vectors": [{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, ...]}]}' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/vectors/upsert	Executes REST API upsert request directly.
77	Check Index REST Fetch HTTP	curl -X GET -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' 'https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/vectors/fetch?ids=vec1'	Executes REST API fetch request directly.
78	Check Index REST Delete HTTP	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"ids": ["vec1"]}' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/vectors/delete	Executes REST API delete request directly.
79	Check Index REST Describe Stats HTTP	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/describe_index_stats	Executes REST API describe index stats request.
80	Verify Pinecone gRPC Channel SSL	index = pc.Index("enterprise-index", pool_threads=30)	Provisions connection pool with 30 concurrent threads.
81	Check Client User Agent String	pc = Pinecone(api_key="pc_secure_key", source_tag="custom_app")	Sets custom source tag in client user agent header.
82	Close Pinecone Client Connection	index.close()	Closes active gRPC network channels to Pinecone index.
83	Check Index Name List	[idx.name for idx in pc.list_indexes()]	Extracts list of index names.
84	Check Collection Name List	[col.name for idx in pc.list_collections()]	Extracts list of collection snapshot names.
85	Check Index Dimension	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').dimension	Inspects vector dimension size.
86	Check Index Metric	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').metric	Inspects vector distance metric (cosine/dotproduct/euclidean).
87	Check Index Host Endpoint	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').host	Extracts index host endpoint URL.
88	Check Index Status Ready	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').status.ready	Verifies if index status is ready.
89	Check Index Status State	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').status.state	Inspects index operational state string.
90	Check Index Spec Cloud	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').spec.serverless.cloud	Inspects serverless cloud provider (aws/gcp/azure).
91	Check Index Spec Region	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').spec.serverless.region	Inspects serverless cloud region.
92	Check Index Stats Total Vector Count	index.describe_index_stats().total_vector_count	Calculates total vector count across index.
93	Check Index Stats Namespaces Dict	index.describe_index_stats().namespaces	Pulls dictionary of namespaces and vector counts.
94	Check Index Stats Dimension	index.describe_index_stats().dimension	Verifies vector dimension of connected index.
95	Check Index Stats Fullness	index.describe_index_stats().index_fullness	Pulls pod memory capacity fullness ratio.
96	Check Import Job State	index.describe_import(import_id='import-123').status	Inspects status of bulk import job.
97	Check Import Job Records Imported	index.describe_import(import_id='import-123').records_imported	Inspects count of imported records.
98	Check Import Job Error Message	index.describe_import(import_id='import-123').error	Inspects error message if import failed.
99	Check API Key Name List	[key.name for key in pc.list_api_keys()]	Extracts list of API key names.
100	Verify Pinecone Client Ready	pc.list_indexes()	Verifies active authentication with Pinecone cloud API.
101	Initialize Pinecone Client Option 1	from pinecone import Pinecone; pc = Pinecone(api_key="pc_secure_key")	Authenticates Pinecone SDK session.
102	Create Serverless Index Option 2	pc.create_index(name="enterprise-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="aws", region="us-east-1"))	Provisions managed serverless vector index.
103	Delete Index Option 3	pc.delete_index(name="enterprise-index")	Deletes serverless vector index.
104	List Indexes Option 4	pc.list_indexes()	Outputs all vector indexes.
105	Describe Index Option 5	pc.describe_index(name="enterprise-index")	Inspects vector index dimensions and status.
106	Connect to Index Host Option 6	index = pc.Index("enterprise-index")	Connects to specific vector index instance.
107	Upsert Vectors Option 7	index.upsert(vectors=[{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, ...], "metadata": {"category": "tech"}}])	Writes vector embeddings and metadata payload.
108	Query Vectors Option 8	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], top_k=5, include_metadata=True)	Executes nearest-neighbor vector similarity search.
109	Query with Metadata Filter Option 9	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"category": {"$eq": "tech"}}, top_k=5, include_metadata=True)	Executes filtered vector search.
110	Fetch Vectors by ID Option 10	index.fetch(ids=["vec1"])	Retrieves vectors by record ID.
111	Delete Vectors by ID Option 11	index.delete(ids=["vec1"])	Removes vector records.
112	Delete Vectors by Filter Option 12	index.delete(filter={"category": {"$eq": "tech"}})	Removes vectors matching metadata filter.
113	Delete All Vectors (Clear) Option 13	index.delete(delete_all=true)	Clears all vectors from index.
114	Check Index Statistics Option 14	index.describe_index_stats()	Calculates vector counts and namespace distribution.
115	Create Collection (Backup) Option 15	pc.create_collection(name="index-backup", source_index="enterprise-index")	Takes serverless index snapshot collection.
116	List Collections Option 16	pc.list_collections()	Outputs all index backup collections.
117	Delete Collection Option 17	pc.delete_collection(name="index-backup")	Removes index backup collection.
118	Create Pod-Based Index (GPU/CPU) Option 18	pc.create_index(name="pod-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=PodSpec(environment="us-west1-gcp", pod_type="p1.x1", pods=1))	Provisions dedicated pod vector index.
119	Configure Pod Index Scale Option 19	pc.configure_index(name="pod-index", replicas=2, pod_type="p1.x2")	Scales pod compute resources.
120	Create Namespace Option 20	index.upsert(vectors=[...], namespace="tenant-a")	Provisions isolated tenant namespace.
121	Query Specific Namespace Option 21	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], namespace="tenant-a", top_k=5)	Executes vector search within tenant namespace.
122	Update Vector Record Option 22	index.update(id="vec1", values=[0.2, ...], set_metadata={"status": "updated"})	Modifies existing vector values and metadata.
123	Start Import Job (S3) Option 23	index.start_import(uri="s3://my-bucket/vectors/")	Provisions bulk vector import from cloud storage.
124	List Import Jobs Option 24	index.list_imports()	Outputs bulk import job statuses.
125	Cancel Import Job Option 25	index.cancel_import(import_id="import-123")	Stops active bulk vector import job.
126	Check Import Job Status Option 26	index.describe_import(import_id="import-123")	Inspects vector import job progress.
127	Create API Key Option 27	pc.create_api_key(name="app-key")	Provisions programmatic access token.
128	List API Keys Option 28	pc.list_api_keys()	Outputs active API keys.
129	Delete API Key Option 29	pc.delete_api_key(api_key_id="key-123")	Revokes API access token.
130	Check Pinecone SDK Version Option 30	import pinecone; print(pinecone.__version__)	Outputs running Pinecone Python SDK version.
131	Check Has Index Option 31	pc.has_index(name="enterprise-index")	Verifies whether vector index exists in account.
132	Describe Collection Details Option 32	pc.describe_collection(name="index-backup")	Inspects size, record count, and source index of collection snapshot.
133	Upsert Vectors with Namespace Option 33	index.upsert(vectors=[...], namespace="tenant-b")	Writes vectors into tenant-b isolated namespace.
134	Query Vectors Include Values Option 34	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], top_k=5, include_values=True)	Returns raw float vector array in query response.
135	Query ID Search Option 35	index.query(id="vec1", top_k=5, include_metadata=True)	Executes vector search using vector ID as query vector.
136	Query Filter In Operator Option 36	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"category": {"$in": ["tech", "finance"]}}, top_k=5)	Filters search matching array of values.
137	Query Filter Not In Operator Option 37	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"category": {"$nin": ["archived"]}}, top_k=5)	Filters search excluding specified values.
138	Query Filter Greater Than Operator Option 38	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"price": {"$gt": 100}}, top_k=5)	Filters search where numeric property > 100.
139	Query Filter Less Than Operator Option 39	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"price": {"$lte": 500}}, top_k=5)	Filters search where numeric property <= 500.
140	Query Filter And Operator Option 40	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"$and": [{"category": {"$eq": "tech"}}, {"price": {"$lt": 200}}]}, top_k=5)	Filters search matching AND conditions.
141	Query Filter Or Operator Option 41	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], filter={"$or": [{"category": {"$eq": "tech"}}, {"featured": {"$eq": true}}]}, top_k=5)	Filters search matching OR conditions.
142	Fetch Multiple Vectors Option 42	index.fetch(ids=["vec1", "vec2", "vec3"], namespace="tenant-a")	Batch fetches vectors by IDs from namespace.
143	Delete Vectors in Namespace Option 43	index.delete(delete_all=True, namespace="tenant-a")	Purges all vectors from specific namespace.
144	Update Vector Metadata Only Option 44	index.update(id="vec1", set_metadata={"status": "verified"}, namespace="tenant-a")	Updates metadata attributes without rewriting vector array.
145	Update Vector Values Only Option 45	index.update(id="vec1", values=[0.3, ...], namespace="tenant-a")	Updates vector float array without changing metadata.
146	List Vectors in Namespace (Paginated) Option 46	for ids_batch in index.list(namespace="tenant-a"): print(ids_batch)	Paginates through vector IDs in namespace.
147	List Vectors with Prefix Filter Option 47	index.list(prefix="user_", namespace="tenant-a")	Lists vector IDs matching prefix string.
148	Create Sparse-Dense Hybrid Index Option 48	pc.create_index(name="hybrid-index", dimension=1536, metric="dotproduct", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="aws", region="us-east-1"))	Provisions index supporting sparse-dense hybrid vectors.
149	Upsert Sparse-Dense Vector Option 49	index.upsert(vectors=[{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, ...], "sparse_values": {"indices": [1, 5], "values": [0.8, 0.4]}}])	Writes combined sparse-dense vector embedding.
150	Query Sparse-Dense Hybrid Search Option 50	index.query(vector=[0.1, ...], sparse_vector=SparseValues(indices=[1, 5], values=[0.8, 0.4]), top_k=5)	Executes hybrid vector similarity search.
151	Configure Index Replicas Option 51	pc.configure_index(name="pod-index", replicas=3)	Scales read replica pods across availability zones.
152	Configure Index Pod Type Option 52	pc.configure_index(name="pod-index", pod_type="p2.x1")	Scales up compute pod hardware type.
153	Create Serverless Index GCP Option 53	pc.create_index(name="gcp-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="gcp", region="us-central1"))	Provisions serverless index in GCP region.
154	Create Serverless Index Azure Option 54	pc.create_index(name="azure-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="azure", region="eastus2"))	Provisions serverless index in Azure region.
155	Check Index Host URL Option 55	index_info = pc.describe_index(name="enterprise-index"); print(index_info.host)	Extracts gRPC/REST endpoint host URL.
156	Connect Index via Direct Host URL Option 56	index = pc.Index(host="https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io")	Connects to index using explicit endpoint URL.
157	Check Index Deletion Protection Option 57	pc.configure_index(name="enterprise-index", deletion_protection="enabled")	Enforces deletion protection on index.
158	Disable Index Deletion Protection Option 58	pc.configure_index(name="enterprise-index", deletion_protection="disabled")	Disables deletion protection on index.
159	Create Index from Collection Backup Option 59	pc.create_index(name="restored-index", dimension=1536, metric="cosine", spec=PodSpec(environment="us-west1-gcp", pod_type="p1.x1", source_collection="index-backup"))	Restores vector index from collection snapshot.
160	Check Collection Status Option 60	collection_info = pc.describe_collection(name="index-backup"); print(collection_info.status)	Verifies if collection snapshot status is Ready.
161	Check Collection Size Bytes Option 61	collection_info = pc.describe_collection(name="index-backup"); print(collection_info.size)	Calculates physical storage bytes of collection snapshot.
162	Check Index Vector Count Stats Option 62	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.total_vector_count)	Calculates total vectors across all namespaces.
163	Check Index Dimension Stats Option 63	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.dimension)	Inspects vector dimension size.
164	Check Index Namespaces List Option 64	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.namespaces)	Lists all active namespaces and vector counts.
165	Check Index Fullness Metric Option 65	stats = index.describe_index_stats(); print(stats.index_fullness)	Inspects pod capacity utilization percentage.
166	Import Vectors Integration S3 Role Option 66	index.start_import(uri="s3://my-bucket/vectors/", integration_id="int-123")	Imports vectors using AWS IAM integration role.
167	Check Import Errors Option 67	job = index.describe_import(import_id="import-123"); print(job.error)	Inspects bulk import error log.
168	Check Import Records Processed Option 68	job = index.describe_import(import_id="import-123"); print(job.records_imported)	Inspects count of successfully imported vector records.
169	Create Integration AWS IAM Option 69	pc.create_integration(name="s3-int", type="s3", aws_role_arn="arn:aws:iam::123:role/PineconeRole")	Provisions cloud storage integration.
170	List Integrations Option 70	pc.list_integrations()	Lists registered cloud storage integrations.
171	Describe Integration Option 71	pc.describe_integration(name="s3-int")	Inspects status of cloud storage integration.
172	Delete Integration Option 72	pc.delete_integration(name="s3-int")	Deletes cloud storage integration.
173	Check API Key Permissions Option 73	pc.describe_api_key(api_key_id="key-123")	Inspects scope and creation timestamp of API key.
174	Check Account Metrics CloudWatch Option 74	aws cloudwatch get-metric-data --metric-data-queries ...	Pulls Pinecone vector search latency and QPS from CloudWatch.
175	Check Index REST Search HTTP Option 75	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"vector": [0.1, ...], "topK": 5}' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/query	Executes REST API search request directly.
176	Check Index REST Upsert HTTP Option 76	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"vectors": [{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, ...]}]}' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/vectors/upsert	Executes REST API upsert request directly.
177	Check Index REST Fetch HTTP Option 77	curl -X GET -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' 'https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/vectors/fetch?ids=vec1'	Executes REST API fetch request directly.
178	Check Index REST Delete HTTP Option 78	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"ids": ["vec1"]}' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/vectors/delete	Executes REST API delete request directly.
179	Check Index REST Describe Stats HTTP Option 79	curl -X POST -H 'Api-Key: pc_secure_key' https://enterprise-index-xyz.svc.us-east-1.pinecone.io/describe_index_stats	Executes REST API describe index stats request.
180	Verify Pinecone gRPC Channel SSL Option 80	index = pc.Index("enterprise-index", pool_threads=30)	Provisions connection pool with 30 concurrent threads.
181	Check Client User Agent String Option 81	pc = Pinecone(api_key="pc_secure_key", source_tag="custom_app")	Sets custom source tag in client user agent header.
182	Close Pinecone Client Connection Option 82	index.close()	Closes active gRPC network channels to Pinecone index.
183	Check Index Name List Option 83	[idx.name for idx in pc.list_indexes()]	Extracts list of index names.
184	Check Collection Name List Option 84	[col.name for idx in pc.list_collections()]	Extracts list of collection snapshot names.
185	Check Index Dimension Option 85	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').dimension	Inspects vector dimension size.
186	Check Index Metric Option 86	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').metric	Inspects vector distance metric (cosine/dotproduct/euclidean).
187	Check Index Host Endpoint Option 87	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').host	Extracts index host endpoint URL.
188	Check Index Status Ready Option 88	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').status.ready	Verifies if index status is ready.
189	Check Index Status State Option 89	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').status.state	Inspects index operational state string.
190	Check Index Spec Cloud Option 90	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').spec.serverless.cloud	Inspects serverless cloud provider (aws/gcp/azure).
191	Check Index Spec Region Option 91	pc.describe_index(name='enterprise-index').spec.serverless.region	Inspects serverless cloud region.
192	Check Index Stats Total Vector Count Option 92	index.describe_index_stats().total_vector_count	Calculates total vector count across index.
193	Check Index Stats Namespaces Dict Option 93	index.describe_index_stats().namespaces	Pulls dictionary of namespaces and vector counts.
194	Check Index Stats Dimension Option 94	index.describe_index_stats().dimension	Verifies vector dimension of connected index.
195	Check Index Stats Fullness Option 95	index.describe_index_stats().index_fullness	Pulls pod memory capacity fullness ratio.
196	Check Import Job State Option 96	index.describe_import(import_id='import-123').status	Inspects status of bulk import job.
197	Check Import Job Records Imported Option 97	index.describe_import(import_id='import-123').records_imported	Inspects count of imported records.
198	Check Import Job Error Message Option 98	index.describe_import(import_id='import-123').error	Inspects error message if import failed.
199	Check API Key Name List Option 99	[key.name for key in pc.list_api_keys()]	Extracts list of API key names.
200	Verify Pinecone Client Ready Option 100	pc.list_indexes()	Verifies active authentication with Pinecone cloud API.